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Diabrotica undecimpunctata

February 16, 2024

Diabrotica undecimpunctata, the spotted cucumber beetle or southern corn rootworm, is a species of cucumber beetle that is native to North America. The species can be a major agricultural pest insect in North America. Spotted cucumber beetles cause damage to crops in the larval and adult stages of their life cycle. Larvae feed on the roots of the emerging plants, which causes the most damage since the young plants are more vulnerable.[1] In the adult stage the beetles cause damage by eating the flowers, leaves, stems, and fruits of the plant[1] The beetles can also spread diseases such as bacterial wilt and mosaic virus.[2]

Spotted cucumber beetle
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Diabrotica
Species:
D. undecimpunctata
Binomial name
Diabrotica undecimpunctata
Spotted cucumber beetle
A spotted cucumber beetle eating a leaf.
Diabrotica undecimpunctata on goldenrod.

Description edit

The three primary types of cucumber beetles are the spotted cucumber beetle, the banded cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata), and the striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum).[3] In North America, the spotted and striped cucumber beetles are the most commonly encountered varieties.

The spotted cucumber beetle has three subspecies, each with a different common name:

  • Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi – spotted cucumber beetle or southern corn rootworm[4]
  • Diabrotica undecimpunctata tenella – western cucumber beetle[5]
  • Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata – western spotted cucumber beetle[6]

In the adult form, it eats leaves of many crops, including squash, cucumbers, soybeans, cotton, beans, and corn. Adult beetles lay eggs in the soil near a cucurbit plant. In a lifetime, females can lay between 150-400 eggs. However, there have been cases in which females have surpassed this quota, with some laying a total of 1,200 eggs.[7] The eggs hatch around mid spring and take 6–9 days to hatch under favorable conditions.[1] In some cases, specifically when the climate is at a lower temperature, eggs can take 30 days to hatch.[8] The ideal soil for egg survival is moist.[8] The larval stage lasts around 2–3 weeks[1] and the larvae are yellowish and wormlike.[9] After the larval stage insects become pupae, this stage lasts for 6–10 days.[10] The pupae measure around 6.25 millimeters in length and 3.5 millimeters in width. They feature a pair of robust spines located at the end of their abdomen, along with smaller spines on the upper side of their other abdominal segments.[11] After 6–10 days the adult beetle emerges. Adult beetles are greenish-yellow with six large black spots on each elytron. They are about 0.5 cm long.[12] In the summertime, adults usually have a lifespan of 60 days, while in winter, they can survive for as long as 200 days.[11]

Distribution edit

This species is found throughout southern Canada, the continental USA, and the central highlands of Mexico,[13] but is particularly widespread throughout the southern states.[14]

Mating edit

During mating, the male spotted cucumber beetle positions himself on top of the female. Frequently, the female will make efforts to dislodge him. If the male manages to maintain his position despite the female's attempts, he will commence a gentle stroking of the female's antennae, eyes, and prolegs using his own antennae. This behavior is commonly referred to as 'antennal stroking.'[15]

Before accepting a reproductive partner, a female spotted cucumber beetle may mate with up to 15 males.[16]

Diet edit

Adult Spotted Cucumber beetles consume over fifty different types of crops and wild plants, including corn, peanuts, beans, apples, cherries, clovers, lettuce, potatoes, and more. Spotted Cucumber Beetles are classified as generalist feeders, which means they consume a wide variety of foods, however they often prefer cucurbits (plants belonging to the gourd family).[17]

Predators and biological control edit

The spotted cucumber beetle faces predation from a variety of insects and animals. Carabid beetles and wolf spiders, for example, are known to prey upon the Spotted Cucumber Beetle, and their presence in cucumber and squash fields has been associated with reduced beetle populations. Research has indicated that encouraging populations of these predators can be an effective biological control strategy.[18] Additionally, various birds, mammals, and amphibians feed on the Spotted Cucumber Beetle, while the beetle's eggs are targeted by spiders, ground beetles, ants, and crickets.[19]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "spotted cucumber beetle - Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber". entnemdept.ufl.edu. from the original on 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  2. ^ Almanac, Old Farmer's. "Cucumber Beetles". Old Farmer's Almanac. from the original on 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  3. ^ Gill, Harsimran; Goyal, Gaurav; Kaufman, Jennifer (September 2013). "common name: spotted cucumber beetle". University of Florida Featured Creatures. Retrieved October 17, 2023.
  4. ^ "Cucumber beetles". extension.umn.edu. UMN Extension. from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  5. ^ "D. undecimpunctata tenella LeConte". USDA-APHIS Identification Technology Program. from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  6. ^ "Identification & Management of Major Pest & Beneficial Insects in Potato" (PDF). US Pest. Oregon State University. (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  7. ^ Peters, Leroy L. (1988-01-01). "Western Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1986". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests. 13 (1): 230–230. doi:10.1093/iat/13.1.230. ISSN 0276-3656.
  8. ^ a b Krysan, James L. (June 1976). "MOISTURE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE EGG OF THE SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA UNDECIMPUNCTATA HOWARDI (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 20 (2): 154–162. doi:10.1111/j.1570-7458.1976.tb02628.x.
  9. ^ "Spotted Cucumber Beetle? - Diabrotica undecimpunctata". bugguide.net. from the original on 2015-07-07. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
  10. ^ Treat, Asher E. (1970-03-16). "Wormlike Objects (Nematode Larvae?) on Two Gamasine Mites Taken from Noctuid Moths". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 63 (2): 619–620. doi:10.1093/aesa/63.2.619. ISSN 1938-2901.
  11. ^ a b Peters, Leroy L. (1988-01-01). "Western Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer Control, 1986". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests. 13 (1): 230–230. doi:10.1093/iat/13.1.230. ISSN 0276-3656.
  12. ^ "Spotted Cucumber Beetle? - Diabrotica undecimpunctata - BugGuide.Net". bugguide.net. from the original on 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  13. ^ (PDF). Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
  14. ^ "EENY572/IN1008: Spotted Cucumber Beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
  15. ^ Tallamy, Douglas; Powell, Bradford; McClafferty, Julie (July 1, 2022). "Male traits under cryptic female choice in the spotted cucumber beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". academic.oup.com. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  16. ^ Tallamy, Douglas W.; Gorski, Piotr M.; Burzon, Julia K. (2000). "Fate of Male-derived Cucurbitacins in Spotted Cucumber Beetle Females". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 26 (2): 413–427. doi:10.1023/a:1005461522609. ISSN 0098-0331.
  17. ^ Haber, Ariela I.; Pasteur, Kayla; Guzman, Filadelfo; Boyle, Sean M.; Kuhar, Thomas P.; Weber, Donald C. (2023-01-01). "Spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) is attracted to vittatalactone, the pheromone of striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum)". Journal of Pest Science. 96 (1): 21–27. doi:10.1007/s10340-022-01586-1. hdl:10919/113194. ISSN 1612-4766.
  18. ^ Snyder, William E.; Wise, David H. (July 1999). "Predator Interference and the Establishment of Generalist Predator Populations for Biocontrol". Biological Control. 15 (3): 283–292. doi:10.1006/bcon.1999.0723.
  19. ^ Phillips, Benjamin W.; Gardiner, Mary M. (January 2016). "Does local habitat management or large-scale landscape composition alter the biocontrol services provided to pumpkin agroecosystems?". Biological Control. 92: 181–194. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2015.10.001.

External links edit

  •   Data related to Diabrotica undecimpunctata at Wikispecies
  •   Media related to Diabrotica undecimpunctata at Wikimedia Commons
  • "Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (DIABUH)[Datasheet]". Global Database. EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). 2021-09-09. Retrieved 2021-10-21.

February 16, 2024
diabrotica, undecimpunctata, spotted, cucumber, beetle, southern, corn, rootworm, species, cucumber, beetle, that, native, north, america, species, major, agricultural, pest, insect, north, america, spotted, cucumber, beetles, cause, damage, crops, larval, adu. Diabrotica undecimpunctata the spotted cucumber beetle or southern corn rootworm is a species of cucumber beetle that is native to North America The species can be a major agricultural pest insect in North America Spotted cucumber beetles cause damage to crops in the larval and adult stages of their life cycle Larvae feed on the roots of the emerging plants which causes the most damage since the young plants are more vulnerable 1 In the adult stage the beetles cause damage by eating the flowers leaves stems and fruits of the plant 1 The beetles can also spread diseases such as bacterial wilt and mosaic virus 2 Spotted cucumber beetleScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder ColeopteraInfraorder CucujiformiaFamily ChrysomelidaeGenus DiabroticaSpecies D undecimpunctataBinomial nameDiabrotica undecimpunctataMannerheim 1843Spotted cucumber beetleA spotted cucumber beetle eating a leaf source source source source source source source source Diabrotica undecimpunctata on goldenrod Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Mating 4 Diet 5 Predators and biological control 6 References 7 External linksDescription editThe three primary types of cucumber beetles are the spotted cucumber beetle the banded cucumber beetle Diabrotica balteata and the striped cucumber beetle Acalymma vittatum 3 In North America the spotted and striped cucumber beetles are the most commonly encountered varieties The spotted cucumber beetle has three subspecies each with a different common name Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi spotted cucumber beetle or southern corn rootworm 4 Diabrotica undecimpunctata tenella western cucumber beetle 5 Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata western spotted cucumber beetle 6 In the adult form it eats leaves of many crops including squash cucumbers soybeans cotton beans and corn Adult beetles lay eggs in the soil near a cucurbit plant In a lifetime females can lay between 150 400 eggs However there have been cases in which females have surpassed this quota with some laying a total of 1 200 eggs 7 The eggs hatch around mid spring and take 6 9 days to hatch under favorable conditions 1 In some cases specifically when the climate is at a lower temperature eggs can take 30 days to hatch 8 The ideal soil for egg survival is moist 8 The larval stage lasts around 2 3 weeks 1 and the larvae are yellowish and wormlike 9 After the larval stage insects become pupae this stage lasts for 6 10 days 10 The pupae measure around 6 25 millimeters in length and 3 5 millimeters in width They feature a pair of robust spines located at the end of their abdomen along with smaller spines on the upper side of their other abdominal segments 11 After 6 10 days the adult beetle emerges Adult beetles are greenish yellow with six large black spots on each elytron They are about 0 5 cm long 12 In the summertime adults usually have a lifespan of 60 days while in winter they can survive for as long as 200 days 11 Distribution editThis species is found throughout southern Canada the continental USA and the central highlands of Mexico 13 but is particularly widespread throughout the southern states 14 Mating editDuring mating the male spotted cucumber beetle positions himself on top of the female Frequently the female will make efforts to dislodge him If the male manages to maintain his position despite the female s attempts he will commence a gentle stroking of the female s antennae eyes and prolegs using his own antennae This behavior is commonly referred to as antennal stroking 15 Before accepting a reproductive partner a female spotted cucumber beetle may mate with up to 15 males 16 Diet editAdult Spotted Cucumber beetles consume over fifty different types of crops and wild plants including corn peanuts beans apples cherries clovers lettuce potatoes and more Spotted Cucumber Beetles are classified as generalist feeders which means they consume a wide variety of foods however they often prefer cucurbits plants belonging to the gourd family 17 Predators and biological control editThe spotted cucumber beetle faces predation from a variety of insects and animals Carabid beetles and wolf spiders for example are known to prey upon the Spotted Cucumber Beetle and their presence in cucumber and squash fields has been associated with reduced beetle populations Research has indicated that encouraging populations of these predators can be an effective biological control strategy 18 Additionally various birds mammals and amphibians feed on the Spotted Cucumber Beetle while the beetle s eggs are targeted by spiders ground beetles ants and crickets 19 References edit a b c d spotted cucumber beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber entnemdept ufl edu Archived from the original on 2020 02 19 Retrieved 2020 04 25 Almanac Old Farmer s Cucumber Beetles Old Farmer s Almanac Archived from the original on 2020 04 22 Retrieved 2020 04 25 Gill Harsimran Goyal Gaurav Kaufman Jennifer September 2013 common name spotted cucumber beetle University of Florida Featured Creatures Retrieved October 17 2023 Cucumber beetles extension umn edu UMN Extension Archived from the original on 24 July 2019 Retrieved 24 July 2019 D undecimpunctata tenella LeConte USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program Archived from the original on 25 July 2019 Retrieved 24 July 2019 Identification amp Management of Major Pest amp Beneficial Insects in Potato PDF US Pest Oregon State University Archived PDF from the original on 19 May 2021 Retrieved 21 May 2019 Peters Leroy L 1988 01 01 Western Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer Control 1986 Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13 1 230 230 doi 10 1093 iat 13 1 230 ISSN 0276 3656 a b Krysan James L June 1976 MOISTURE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE EGG OF THE SOUTHERN CORN ROOTWORM DIABROTICA UNDECIMPUNCTATA HOWARDI COLEOPTERA CHRYSOMELIDAE Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 20 2 154 162 doi 10 1111 j 1570 7458 1976 tb02628 x Spotted Cucumber Beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata bugguide net Archived from the original on 2015 07 07 Retrieved 2012 06 02 Treat Asher E 1970 03 16 Wormlike Objects Nematode Larvae on Two Gamasine Mites Taken from Noctuid Moths Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63 2 619 620 doi 10 1093 aesa 63 2 619 ISSN 1938 2901 a b Peters Leroy L 1988 01 01 Western Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer Control 1986 Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13 1 230 230 doi 10 1093 iat 13 1 230 ISSN 0276 3656 Spotted Cucumber Beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata BugGuide Net bugguide net Archived from the original on 2018 02 20 Retrieved 2020 04 25 Diabrotica undecimpunctata PDF Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Archived from the original PDF on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2012 06 20 EENY572 IN1008 Spotted Cucumber Beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber Insecta Coleoptera Chrysomelidae edis ifas ufl edu Retrieved 2023 10 17 Tallamy Douglas Powell Bradford McClafferty Julie July 1 2022 Male traits under cryptic female choice in the spotted cucumber beetle Coleoptera Chrysomelidae academic oup com Retrieved October 13 2022 Tallamy Douglas W Gorski Piotr M Burzon Julia K 2000 Fate of Male derived Cucurbitacins in Spotted Cucumber Beetle Females Journal of Chemical Ecology 26 2 413 427 doi 10 1023 a 1005461522609 ISSN 0098 0331 Haber Ariela I Pasteur Kayla Guzman Filadelfo Boyle Sean M Kuhar Thomas P Weber Donald C 2023 01 01 Spotted cucumber beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi is attracted to vittatalactone the pheromone of striped cucumber beetle Acalymma vittatum Journal of Pest Science 96 1 21 27 doi 10 1007 s10340 022 01586 1 hdl 10919 113194 ISSN 1612 4766 Snyder William E Wise David H July 1999 Predator Interference and the Establishment of Generalist Predator Populations for Biocontrol Biological Control 15 3 283 292 doi 10 1006 bcon 1999 0723 Phillips Benjamin W Gardiner Mary M January 2016 Does local habitat management or large scale landscape composition alter the biocontrol services provided to pumpkin agroecosystems Biological Control 92 181 194 doi 10 1016 j biocontrol 2015 10 001 External links edit nbsp Data related to Diabrotica undecimpunctata at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Diabrotica undecimpunctata at Wikimedia Commons Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi DIABUH Datasheet Global Database EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2021 09 09 Retrieved 2021 10 21 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Diabrotica undecimpunctata amp oldid 1205968181, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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