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Deng Shichang

Deng Shichang (4 October 1849 – 17 September 1894), courtesy name Zhengqing, posthumous name Zhuangjie, was an Imperial Chinese Navy officer who lived in the late Qing dynasty. He is best known for his service in the Beiyang Fleet during the First Sino-Japanese War as the captain of the protected cruiser Zhiyuan. He participated in the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894 against the Imperial Japanese Navy. After Zhiyuan was sunk in battle, he refused to be rescued and eventually went down with his ship. He was posthumously awarded the position of taizi shaobao (Tutor to the Crown Prince) by the Qing government and honoured as a hero in the Shrine of Loyalty in Beijing.

Deng Shichang
Deng Shichang
Born(1849-10-04)4 October 1849
Panyu County, Guangzhou Prefecture, Guangdong, Qing China
(present-day Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)
Died17 September 1894(1894-09-17) (aged 44)
Korea Bay, Yellow Sea
Allegiance Qing Dynasty
Service/branchImperial Chinese Navy
Years of service1874–1894
RankGuandai (equivalent to Captain)
UnitZhiyuan
Battles/warsBattle of the Yalu River (1894)  
AwardsPosthumously awarded the position of taizi shaobao (Tutor to the Crown Prince)
Deng Shichang
Traditional Chinese鄧世昌
Simplified Chinese邓世昌
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDèng Shìchāng
Wade–GilesTeng Shih-Ch'ang
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingDang6 Sai3-coeng1
Zhengqing
(courtesy name)
Chinese正卿
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhèngqīng
Wade–GilesCheng-ching
Zhuangjie
(posthumous name)
Traditional Chinese壯節
Simplified Chinese壮节
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhuàngjié
Wade–GilesChuang-chieh

Early life edit

Deng was born in Longdaowei, Panyu, Guangdong, which is in present-day Haizhu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province. His given name was originally "Yongchang" (永昌) but was later changed to "Shichang". He was born in a relatively wealthy family that ran a tea trading business. When he was a child, his father sent him to attend a missionary school in Shanghai, where he received a Western education.

Service in the Fujian Fleet edit

In 1867, Deng was accepted into the Naval Academy (船政學堂) in Mawei, Fujian, as part of the first batch of students. After completing seven years of education – five years of theoretical learning, and two years of practical training on board the Jianwei (建威) – he graduated from the Naval Academy in 1874 with excellent results, and impressed Shen Baozhen, the Naval Minister in the Qing government. Upon Deng's graduation, Shen assigned Deng to the Fujian Fleet and appointed him as the bangdai (幫帶; equivalent to Commander) of the scout transport boat Chenhang (琛航). In the following year, Deng was promoted to serve as the guandai (管帶; equivalent to Captain) of the gunboat Haidongyun (海東雲). In May 1874, when the Japanese invaded Taiwan, Deng was ordered to lead Qing forces to reinforce the defences at Keelung and the Pescadores. He was also appointed as qianzong (千總; seven ranks below tidu).

Service in the Beiyang Fleet edit

In 1880, Deng was transferred to the Beiyang Fleet and sent to Britain to receive and escort the cruiser Yangwei back to China. Upon his return, he was appointed as the guandai (Captain) of the Yangwei. In 1887, he was sent to Britain again to receive the protected cruiser Zhiyuan, and was subsequently appointed as its guandai. He was also promoted to the position of a fujiang (副將; two ranks below tidu) in the central administration of the Beiyang Fleet. At the time, Deng was the only guandai in the Beiyang Fleet who was not educated or trained outside of China. In 1891, when Li Hongzhang, the Viceroy of the Capital Province, inspected the Beiyang Fleet, he was so impressed with how Deng trained his sailors that he awarded Deng the honorary title of a baturu.

Battle of the Yalu River edit

The Battle of the Yalu River broke out on 17 September 1894, as a naval battle of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, which was fought between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan. Early in the battle, Deng moved aggressively against the Japanese command vessel Sei-Kyo Maru, inflicting considerable damage on it, and coming under counterattack by the Japanese flying squadron led by Admiral Tsuboi Kōzō (Yoshino, Takachiho, Akitsushima, and Naniwa). The Japanese cruisers circled the Zhiyuan, firing at a more rapid pace and scoring more hits than the poorly trained Chinese gunners with their obsolete cannons. Deng ordered the Zhiyuan to close on the Naniwa and attempt to ram it, but was hit in the bow by a shell fired from either the Naniwa or Takachiho at 1550 hours, which caused a massive explosion, after which the Zhiyuan rapidly sank. Some 245 officers and crewmen went down with the cruiser. Deng refused to be rescued and eventually drowned at sea with his pet dog.

Posthumous honours edit

At a meeting after the battle, the top brass of the Beiyang Fleet expressed strong disapproval of Deng's decision to die in battle, stating that although Deng's action was heroic, it nonetheless resulted in the loss of not only the cruiser but also its captain. They were worried that other captains might try to emulate Deng and be only too willing to give up their lives easily, hence they produced a legal instrument, the Naval Constitution on Punishing Evil and Encouraging Goodness (海軍懲勸章程), to pardon the sailors who lost their ships in battle. Li Hongzhang also shared the same view as the Beiyang Fleet's top brass – that Deng's decision to reject rescue and drown was not praiseworthy – and ordered other military leaders to not follow Deng as an example.

In spite of such negative views, Deng's death stirred up strong nationalist sentiments throughout China. The Guangxu Emperor, while wiping away tears, wrote about Deng, "On this day, the people shed tears but your act of courage has raised the navy's morale." The Qing government also awarded Deng the posthumous name "Zhuangjie" (literally "courageous and chaste") and posthumous appointment of taizi shaobao (太子少保; Tutor to the Crown Prince), and honoured him as a hero in the Shrine of Loyalty (昭忠祠) in Beijing. Deng's mother was presented with a 1.5 kilogramme plaque made of gold and inscribed with the words "Excellent Upbringing of a Child", while Deng's family were given 100,000 taels of silver as pension. Deng's family used the money to build a Deng Family Shrine in Deng's hometown. The shrine was not damaged by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War because of the respect and admiration they had for Deng.[citation needed]

Family edit

Deng had three sons and two daughters. His eldest son, Deng Haohong (鄧浩鴻), died in 1947. His second son, Deng Haoyang (鄧浩洋), died at a relatively young age. His third son, Deng Haoqian (鄧浩乾), who was born after his death, served in the Republic of China Navy and died in 1969 in Wuxi.

PLA Navy training ship edit

In 1996, the People's Liberation Army Navy named its Type 0891A training ship Shichang after Deng to commemorate him.

Portrayals in the media edit

Actors who have portrayed Deng on screen include:

References edit

  • Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Index" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
  • Paine, S.C.M. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Perception, Power, and Primacy, 2003, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, 412 pp. ISBN 0-521-61745-6

deng, shichang, october, 1849, september, 1894, courtesy, name, zhengqing, posthumous, name, zhuangjie, imperial, chinese, navy, officer, lived, late, qing, dynasty, best, known, service, beiyang, fleet, during, first, sino, japanese, captain, protected, cruis. Deng Shichang 4 October 1849 17 September 1894 courtesy name Zhengqing posthumous name Zhuangjie was an Imperial Chinese Navy officer who lived in the late Qing dynasty He is best known for his service in the Beiyang Fleet during the First Sino Japanese War as the captain of the protected cruiser Zhiyuan He participated in the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894 against the Imperial Japanese Navy After Zhiyuan was sunk in battle he refused to be rescued and eventually went down with his ship He was posthumously awarded the position of taizi shaobao Tutor to the Crown Prince by the Qing government and honoured as a hero in the Shrine of Loyalty in Beijing Deng ShichangDeng ShichangBorn 1849 10 04 4 October 1849Panyu County Guangzhou Prefecture Guangdong Qing China present day Haizhu District Guangzhou Guangdong China Died17 September 1894 1894 09 17 aged 44 Korea Bay Yellow SeaAllegiance Qing DynastyService wbr branchImperial Chinese Navy Beiyang Fleet 1880 1894 Fujian Fleet 1874 1880 Years of service1874 1894RankGuandai equivalent to Captain UnitZhiyuanBattles warsBattle of the Yalu River 1894 AwardsPosthumously awarded the position of taizi shaobao Tutor to the Crown Prince In this Chinese name the family name is Deng Deng ShichangTraditional Chinese鄧世昌Simplified Chinese邓世昌TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDeng ShichangWade GilesTeng Shih Ch angYue CantoneseJyutpingDang6 Sai3 coeng1Zhengqing courtesy name Chinese正卿TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhengqingWade GilesCheng chingZhuangjie posthumous name Traditional Chinese壯節Simplified Chinese壮节TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhuangjieWade GilesChuang chieh Contents 1 Early life 2 Service in the Fujian Fleet 3 Service in the Beiyang Fleet 3 1 Battle of the Yalu River 4 Posthumous honours 5 Family 6 PLA Navy training ship 7 Portrayals in the media 8 ReferencesEarly life editDeng was born in Longdaowei Panyu Guangdong which is in present day Haizhu District Guangzhou City Guangdong Province His given name was originally Yongchang 永昌 but was later changed to Shichang He was born in a relatively wealthy family that ran a tea trading business When he was a child his father sent him to attend a missionary school in Shanghai where he received a Western education Service in the Fujian Fleet editIn 1867 Deng was accepted into the Naval Academy 船政學堂 in Mawei Fujian as part of the first batch of students After completing seven years of education five years of theoretical learning and two years of practical training on board the Jianwei 建威 he graduated from the Naval Academy in 1874 with excellent results and impressed Shen Baozhen the Naval Minister in the Qing government Upon Deng s graduation Shen assigned Deng to the Fujian Fleet and appointed him as the bangdai 幫帶 equivalent to Commander of the scout transport boat Chenhang 琛航 In the following year Deng was promoted to serve as the guandai 管帶 equivalent to Captain of the gunboat Haidongyun 海東雲 In May 1874 when the Japanese invaded Taiwan Deng was ordered to lead Qing forces to reinforce the defences at Keelung and the Pescadores He was also appointed as qianzong 千總 seven ranks below tidu Service in the Beiyang Fleet editIn 1880 Deng was transferred to the Beiyang Fleet and sent to Britain to receive and escort the cruiser Yangwei back to China Upon his return he was appointed as the guandai Captain of the Yangwei In 1887 he was sent to Britain again to receive the protected cruiser Zhiyuan and was subsequently appointed as its guandai He was also promoted to the position of a fujiang 副將 two ranks below tidu in the central administration of the Beiyang Fleet At the time Deng was the only guandai in the Beiyang Fleet who was not educated or trained outside of China In 1891 when Li Hongzhang the Viceroy of the Capital Province inspected the Beiyang Fleet he was so impressed with how Deng trained his sailors that he awarded Deng the honorary title of a baturu Battle of the Yalu River edit Main article Battle of the Yalu River 1894 The Battle of the Yalu River broke out on 17 September 1894 as a naval battle of the First Sino Japanese War of 1894 1895 which was fought between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan Early in the battle Deng moved aggressively against the Japanese command vessel Sei Kyo Maru inflicting considerable damage on it and coming under counterattack by the Japanese flying squadron led by Admiral Tsuboi Kōzō Yoshino Takachiho Akitsushima and Naniwa The Japanese cruisers circled the Zhiyuan firing at a more rapid pace and scoring more hits than the poorly trained Chinese gunners with their obsolete cannons Deng ordered the Zhiyuan to close on the Naniwa and attempt to ram it but was hit in the bow by a shell fired from either the Naniwa or Takachiho at 1550 hours which caused a massive explosion after which the Zhiyuan rapidly sank Some 245 officers and crewmen went down with the cruiser Deng refused to be rescued and eventually drowned at sea with his pet dog Posthumous honours editAt a meeting after the battle the top brass of the Beiyang Fleet expressed strong disapproval of Deng s decision to die in battle stating that although Deng s action was heroic it nonetheless resulted in the loss of not only the cruiser but also its captain They were worried that other captains might try to emulate Deng and be only too willing to give up their lives easily hence they produced a legal instrument the Naval Constitution on Punishing Evil and Encouraging Goodness 海軍懲勸章程 to pardon the sailors who lost their ships in battle Li Hongzhang also shared the same view as the Beiyang Fleet s top brass that Deng s decision to reject rescue and drown was not praiseworthy and ordered other military leaders to not follow Deng as an example In spite of such negative views Deng s death stirred up strong nationalist sentiments throughout China The Guangxu Emperor while wiping away tears wrote about Deng On this day the people shed tears but your act of courage has raised the navy s morale The Qing government also awarded Deng the posthumous name Zhuangjie literally courageous and chaste and posthumous appointment of taizi shaobao 太子少保 Tutor to the Crown Prince and honoured him as a hero in the Shrine of Loyalty 昭忠祠 in Beijing Deng s mother was presented with a 1 5 kilogramme plaque made of gold and inscribed with the words Excellent Upbringing of a Child while Deng s family were given 100 000 taels of silver as pension Deng s family used the money to build a Deng Family Shrine in Deng s hometown The shrine was not damaged by the Japanese during the Second Sino Japanese War because of the respect and admiration they had for Deng citation needed Family editDeng had three sons and two daughters His eldest son Deng Haohong 鄧浩鴻 died in 1947 His second son Deng Haoyang 鄧浩洋 died at a relatively young age His third son Deng Haoqian 鄧浩乾 who was born after his death served in the Republic of China Navy and died in 1969 in Wuxi PLA Navy training ship editIn 1996 the People s Liberation Army Navy named its Type 0891A training ship Shichang after Deng to commemorate him Portrayals in the media editActors who have portrayed Deng on screen include Li Moran in the 1962 Chinese film Jia Wu Feng Yun 甲午風雲 Chen Baoguo in the 1992 Chinese television series The Beiyang Fleet Lu Yi in the 2012 Chinese film The Sino Japanese War at Sea 1894References editHummel Arthur W Sr ed 1943 Index Eminent Chinese of the Ch ing Period United States Government Printing Office Paine S C M The Sino Japanese War of 1894 1895 Perception Power and Primacy 2003 Cambridge University Press Cambridge MA 412 pp ISBN 0 521 61745 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Deng Shichang amp oldid 1189371713, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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