fbpx
Wikipedia

Circuit (administrative division)

March 13, 2024

A circuit (Chinese: 道; pinyin: dào or Chinese: 路; pinyin: lù) was a historical political division of China and is a historical and modern administrative unit in Japan. The primary level of administrative division of Korea under the Joseon and in modern North and South Korea employs the same Chinese character as the Chinese and Japanese divisions but, because of its relatively greater importance, is usually translated as province instead.

Circuit
The inspection circuits of the Tang dynasty in 742[1]
Dao (mainly Tang dynasty)
Chinese道
Literal meaningway, path, circuit
Lu (Song and Jin dynasties)
Chinese路
Korean name
Hangul도
Hanja道
Japanese name
Kanji道
Kanaどう
Transcriptions
Romanizationdō

China edit

See also: Administration of territory in dynastic China and History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–49)
"Circuit"
Period Chinese Pinyin Level
Han 道 dào 3rd
Tang, Liao 1st
Song, Jin 路 lù
Yuan 道 dào 2nd
Qing, ROC (12-28)
ROC (32-49) 行政督察區 xíngzhèng dūchá qū

Circuits originated in China during the Han dynasty and were used as a lower-tier administrative division, comparable to the county (simplified Chinese: 县; traditional Chinese: 縣; pinyin: xiàn, also translated as "districts"). They were used only in the fringes of the empire, which were either inhabited primarily by non-Han Chinese peoples or too geographically isolated from the rest of the Han centers of power. The system fell into disuse after the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty.

The administrative division was revived in 627 when Tang Emperor Taizong made it the highest level administrative division and subdivided China into ten circuits. These were originally meant to be purely geographic and not administrative. Emperor Xuanzong added a further five, and slowly the circuits strengthened their own power until they became powerful regional forces that tore the country apart during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. During the Song and Jin dynasties, circuits (“dao”) were renamed lu (路), both of which mean "road" or "path".

Dao were revived during the Yuan dynasty. Circuits were demoted to the second level after the Yuan dynasty established provinces at the very top and remained there for the next several centuries. The Yuan dynasty also had lu (sometimes translated as "route"), but it was simply the Chinese word used for the Mongolian administrative unit, the cölge. The Yuan lu had little to do with the circuits (lu) in the Song and Jin dynasties and were closer in size to prefectures.[2]

Under the Qing, they were overseen by a circuit intendant or tao-tai (Chinese: 道臺; pinyin: dàotái). The circuit intendant of Shanghai was particularly influential.

During the Republic of China era, circuits still existed as high-level, though not top-level, administrative divisions such as Qiongya Circuit (now Hainan province). After the Nationalists had successfully reunite China in 1928, all circuits were replaced with committees or simply abandoned. In 1932, administrative circuits (Chinese: 行政督察區; pinyin: xíngzhèng dūchá qū) were reintroduced and lasted until 1949.

In 1949, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, all of the administrative circuits were converted into zhuanqu (Chinese: 专区; pinyin: zhuānqū) in 1949 and renamed diqu (Chinese: 地区; pinyin: dìqū; lit. 'prefecture') in the 1970s.

Japan edit

 
Gokishichidō in the context of modern prefectures.

During the Asuka period (538–710), Japan was organized into five provinces and seven circuits, known as the Gokishichidō (5 ki 7 dō), as part of a legal and governmental system borrowed from the Chinese.[3] Though these units did not survive as administrative structures beyond the Muromachi period (1336–1573), they did remain important geographical entities until the 19th century. The seven circuits spread over the islands of Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū:

  • Tōkaidō (東海道) "East Sea Circuit": 15 provinces (kuni)
  • Nankaidō (南海道) "South Sea Circuit": 6 provinces
  • Saikaidō (西海道) "West Sea Circuit": 8 provinces
  • Hokurikudō (北陸道) "North Land Circuit": 7 provinces
  • San'indō (山陰道) "Shaded-side Circuit": 8 provinces
  • San'yōdō (山陽道) "Sunny-side Circuit": 8 provinces
  • Tōsandō (東山道) "East Mountain Circuit": 13 provinces

In the mid-19th century, the northern island of Ezo was settled, and renamed Hokkaidō (北海道, "North Sea Circuit"). It is currently the only prefecture of Japan named with the dō (circuit) suffix.

Korea edit

Since the late 10th century, the do ("province") has been the primary administrative division in Korea. See Eight Provinces, Provinces of Korea, Subdivisions of South Korea and Administrative divisions of North Korea for details.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Cambridge History of China.
  2. ^ Buell, Paul D. (2003). The A to Z of the Mongol World Empire. Scarecrow Press. pp. 141, 188. ISBN 978-0-8108-7578-4.
  3. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Goki-shichidō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 255, p. 255, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File.

March 13, 2024
circuit, administrative, division, circuit, chinese, pinyin, dào, chinese, pinyin, historical, political, division, china, historical, modern, administrative, unit, japan, primary, level, administrative, division, korea, under, joseon, modern, north, south, ko. A circuit Chinese 道 pinyin dao or Chinese 路 pinyin lu was a historical political division of China and is a historical and modern administrative unit in Japan The primary level of administrative division of Korea under the Joseon and in modern North and South Korea employs the same Chinese character as the Chinese and Japanese divisions but because of its relatively greater importance is usually translated as province instead CircuitThe inspection circuits of the Tang dynasty in 742 1 Dao mainly Tang dynasty Chinese道Literal meaningway path circuitTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyindaoBopomofoㄉㄠˋWade GilestaoLu Song and Jin dynasties Chinese路TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinluKorean nameHangul도Hanja道TranscriptionsRevised RomanizationdoMcCune ReischauertoJapanese nameKanji道KanaどうTranscriptionsRomanizationdō Contents 1 China 2 Japan 3 Korea 4 See also 5 ReferencesChina editSee also Administration of territory in dynastic China and History of the administrative divisions of China 1912 49 Circuit Period Chinese Pinyin LevelHan 道 dao 3rdTang Liao 1stSong Jin 路 luYuan 道 dao 2ndQing ROC 12 28 ROC 32 49 行政督察區 xingzheng ducha quCircuits originated in China during the Han dynasty and were used as a lower tier administrative division comparable to the county simplified Chinese 县 traditional Chinese 縣 pinyin xian also translated as districts They were used only in the fringes of the empire which were either inhabited primarily by non Han Chinese peoples or too geographically isolated from the rest of the Han centers of power The system fell into disuse after the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty The administrative division was revived in 627 when Tang Emperor Taizong made it the highest level administrative division and subdivided China into ten circuits These were originally meant to be purely geographic and not administrative Emperor Xuanzong added a further five and slowly the circuits strengthened their own power until they became powerful regional forces that tore the country apart during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period During the Song and Jin dynasties circuits dao were renamed lu 路 both of which mean road or path Dao were revived during the Yuan dynasty Circuits were demoted to the second level after the Yuan dynasty established provinces at the very top and remained there for the next several centuries The Yuan dynasty also had lu sometimes translated as route but it was simply the Chinese word used for the Mongolian administrative unit the colge The Yuan lu had little to do with the circuits lu in the Song and Jin dynasties and were closer in size to prefectures 2 Under the Qing they were overseen by a circuit intendant or tao tai Chinese 道臺 pinyin daotai The circuit intendant of Shanghai was particularly influential During the Republic of China era circuits still existed as high level though not top level administrative divisions such as Qiongya Circuit now Hainan province After the Nationalists had successfully reunite China in 1928 all circuits were replaced with committees or simply abandoned In 1932 administrative circuits Chinese 行政督察區 pinyin xingzheng ducha qu were reintroduced and lasted until 1949 In 1949 after the founding of the People s Republic of China all of the administrative circuits were converted into zhuanqu Chinese 专区 pinyin zhuanqu in 1949 and renamed diqu Chinese 地区 pinyin diqu lit prefecture in the 1970s Japan edit nbsp Gokishichidō in the context of modern prefectures Kinai Tōkaidō Tōsandō Hokurikudō San indō San yōdō Nankaidō SaikaidōDuring the Asuka period 538 710 Japan was organized into five provinces and seven circuits known as the Gokishichidō 5 ki 7 dō as part of a legal and governmental system borrowed from the Chinese 3 Though these units did not survive as administrative structures beyond the Muromachi period 1336 1573 they did remain important geographical entities until the 19th century The seven circuits spread over the islands of Honshu Shikoku and Kyushu Tōkaidō 東海道 East Sea Circuit 15 provinces kuni Nankaidō 南海道 South Sea Circuit 6 provinces Saikaidō 西海道 West Sea Circuit 8 provinces Hokurikudō 北陸道 North Land Circuit 7 provinces San indō 山陰道 Shaded side Circuit 8 provinces San yōdō 山陽道 Sunny side Circuit 8 provinces Tōsandō 東山道 East Mountain Circuit 13 provincesIn the mid 19th century the northern island of Ezo was settled and renamed Hokkaidō 北海道 North Sea Circuit It is currently the only prefecture of Japan named with the dō circuit suffix Korea editSince the late 10th century the do province has been the primary administrative division in Korea See Eight Provinces Provinces of Korea Subdivisions of South Korea and Administrative divisions of North Korea for details See also editPrefectures of Japan Provinces of JapanReferences edit Cambridge History of China Buell Paul D 2003 The A to Z of the Mongol World Empire Scarecrow Press pp 141 188 ISBN 978 0 8108 7578 4 Nussbaum Louis Frederic 2005 Goki shichidō in Japan Encyclopedia p 255 p 255 at Google Books n b Louis Frederic is pseudonym of Louis Frederic Nussbaum see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Circuit administrative division amp oldid 1200149530, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.