Dano-Norwegian (Danish and Norwegian: dansk-norsk) was a koiné/mixed language that evolved among the urban elite in Norwegian cities during the later years of the union between the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway (1536/1537–1814). It is from this koiné that the unofficial written standard Riksmål and the official written standard Bokmål developed. Bokmål is now the most widely used written standard of contemporary Norwegian.
During the period when Norway was in a union with Denmark, Norwegian writing died out and Danish became the language of the literate class in Norway. At first, Danish was used primarily in writing; later it came to be spoken on formal or official occasions; and by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a Dano-Norwegian vernacular often called the "cultivated everyday speech" had become the mother tongue of parts of the urban elite. This new Dano-Norwegian koiné could be described as Danish with Norwegian pronunciation, some Norwegian vocabulary, and some minor grammatical differences from Danish.
As a written languageEdit
In the late middle ages and early modern age, the Scandinavian languages went through great changes, as they were influenced in particular by Low German. Written Danish language mostly found its modern form in the 17th century, based on the vernacular of the educated classes of Copenhagen. At the time, Copenhagen was the capital of Denmark–Norway, and Danish was used as an official written language in Norway at the time of the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union in 1814. In Norway it was generally referred to as Norwegian,[1] particularly after the dissolution of the Dano-Norwegian union.
During the 19th century, spoken Dano-Norwegian language gradually came to incorporate more of Norwegian vocabulary and grammar. At the start of the 20th century, written Dano-Norwegian was mostly identical with written Danish, with only minor differences, such as some additional Norwegian vocabulary in Dano-Norwegian. In 1907 and 1917, spelling and grammar reforms brought the written language closer to the spoken koiné (Dano-Norwegian). Based on the Danish model, the Dano-Norwegian language in Norway was referred to as Rigsmål, later spelled Riksmål, from the late 19th century, and this name was officially adopted in the early 20th century. In 1929, the name Riksmål was officially changed to Bokmål after a proposition to use the name dansk-norsk lost with a single vote in the Lagting (a chamber in the Norwegian parliament).[2]
In the mid-19th century, a new written language, Landsmål, based on selected rural Norwegian dialects, was launched as an alternative to Dano-Norwegian, but it did not replace the existing written language. Landsmål, renamed Nynorsk, is currently used by around 12% of the population, mostly in western Norway; it had reached its height in the 1940s. The Norwegian language conflict is an ongoing controversy within Norwegian culture and politics related to these two official versions of the Norwegian language.
The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed. The dispute is about the claim that Standard East Norwegian is a less socially distinct dialect, rather than being the sociolect spoken in Oslo and its metropolitan area. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. See the relevant discussion on the talk page.(August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nowadays, the term Bokmål officially refers only to the written language of that name (and possibly to its use in the media, by actors etc.). There are, however, a number of spoken varieties of Norwegian that are close or largely identical[3] to written Bokmål, sometimes even in a conservative form similar to historical Dano-Norwegian - notably, the higher sociolect in Oslo and in other cities in Eastern Norway. A socially less distinct variety known as standard østnorsk (Standard East Norwegian) is increasingly becoming the standard spoken language of a growing part of Eastern Norway. Colloquially, the latter form is also called the Oslo dialect, which is misleading since the Oslo dialect predates the Dano-Norwegian koiné, and though both influenced by and partially replaced by standard østnorsk, it is still in use, and since the koiné language is not a dialect. Over the years the spoken Dano-Norwegian standard and its successors, on the one hand, and Modern Norwegian dialects on the other hand have influenced each other. Nowadays, no clear dividing line can be drawn between the two.
The term Dano-Norwegian is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names Riksmål and Bokmål, meaning state language and literary language respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of a new Norwegian written language in the 19th century, now known as Nynorsk, which is based on Modern Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish and Dano-Norwegian. Historically, many Nynorsk supporters have held that Nynorsk is the only genuinely Norwegian language, since Riksmål/Bokmål is a relic of the dual monarchy; therefore, the term Dano-Norwegian applied to Bokmål can be used to stigmatize or delegitimize the language. Many Bokmål users consider this association to be offensive, and it is therefore mainly confined to the Nynorsk-supporting side of heated discussions.
^Stig Brøndbo (12 November 2014). "Danskene lo av at språket i Grunnloven ble kalt norsk". University of Tromsø.
^Lundeby, Einar. "Stortinget og språksaken". Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
^Vikør, Lars. . Archived from the original on December 1, 2005. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
August 28, 2023
dano, norwegian, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, august, 20. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Dano Norwegian news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message For other uses see Dano Norwegian disambiguation Dano Norwegian Danish and Norwegian dansk norsk was a koine mixed language that evolved among the urban elite in Norwegian cities during the later years of the union between the Kingdoms of Denmark and Norway 1536 1537 1814 It is from this koine that the unofficial written standard Riksmal and the official written standard Bokmal developed Bokmal is now the most widely used written standard of contemporary Norwegian Dano NorwegianDanish Norwegiandansk norskRegionDenmark Norway and independent NorwayEra18th 19th centuryLanguage familyIndo European GermanicNorth GermanicContinental ScandinavianDanishDano NorwegianEarly formsProto Norse Old Norse Old East Norse Early Old Danish Late Old DanishWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis GlottologNoneIETFda NOThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Contents 1 History 1 1 As a spoken language 1 2 As a written language 2 Modern developments 3 See also 4 NotesHistory EditAs a spoken language Edit During the period when Norway was in a union with Denmark Norwegian writing died out and Danish became the language of the literate class in Norway At first Danish was used primarily in writing later it came to be spoken on formal or official occasions and by the time Norway s ties with Denmark were severed in 1814 a Dano Norwegian vernacular often called the cultivated everyday speech had become the mother tongue of parts of the urban elite This new Dano Norwegian koine could be described as Danish with Norwegian pronunciation some Norwegian vocabulary and some minor grammatical differences from Danish As a written language Edit In the late middle ages and early modern age the Scandinavian languages went through great changes as they were influenced in particular by Low German Written Danish language mostly found its modern form in the 17th century based on the vernacular of the educated classes of Copenhagen At the time Copenhagen was the capital of Denmark Norway and Danish was used as an official written language in Norway at the time of the dissolution of the Dano Norwegian union in 1814 In Norway it was generally referred to as Norwegian 1 particularly after the dissolution of the Dano Norwegian union During the 19th century spoken Dano Norwegian language gradually came to incorporate more of Norwegian vocabulary and grammar At the start of the 20th century written Dano Norwegian was mostly identical with written Danish with only minor differences such as some additional Norwegian vocabulary in Dano Norwegian In 1907 and 1917 spelling and grammar reforms brought the written language closer to the spoken koine Dano Norwegian Based on the Danish model the Dano Norwegian language in Norway was referred to as Rigsmal later spelled Riksmal from the late 19th century and this name was officially adopted in the early 20th century In 1929 the name Riksmal was officially changed to Bokmal after a proposition to use the name dansk norsk lost with a single vote in the Lagting a chamber in the Norwegian parliament 2 In the mid 19th century a new written language Landsmal based on selected rural Norwegian dialects was launched as an alternative to Dano Norwegian but it did not replace the existing written language Landsmal renamed Nynorsk is currently used by around 12 of the population mostly in western Norway it had reached its height in the 1940s The Norwegian language conflict is an ongoing controversy within Norwegian culture and politics related to these two official versions of the Norwegian language Modern developments EditSee also Norwegian language conflict This section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed The dispute is about the claim that Standard East Norwegian is a less socially distinct dialect rather than being the sociolect spoken in Oslo and its metropolitan area Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced See the relevant discussion on the talk page August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Nowadays the term Bokmal officially refers only to the written language of that name and possibly to its use in the media by actors etc There are however a number of spoken varieties of Norwegian that are close or largely identical 3 to written Bokmal sometimes even in a conservative form similar to historical Dano Norwegian notably the higher sociolect in Oslo and in other cities in Eastern Norway A socially less distinct variety known as standard ostnorsk Standard East Norwegian is increasingly becoming the standard spoken language of a growing part of Eastern Norway Colloquially the latter form is also called the Oslo dialect which is misleading since the Oslo dialect predates the Dano Norwegian koine and though both influenced by and partially replaced by standard ostnorsk it is still in use and since the koine language is not a dialect Over the years the spoken Dano Norwegian standard and its successors on the one hand and Modern Norwegian dialects on the other hand have influenced each other Nowadays no clear dividing line can be drawn between the two The term Dano Norwegian is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmal and its spoken varieties The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish hence the neutral names Riksmal and Bokmal meaning state language and literary language respectively The debate intensified with the advent of a new Norwegian written language in the 19th century now known as Nynorsk which is based on Modern Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to Danish and Dano Norwegian Historically many Nynorsk supporters have held that Nynorsk is the only genuinely Norwegian language since Riksmal Bokmal is a relic of the dual monarchy therefore the term Dano Norwegian applied to Bokmal can be used to stigmatize or delegitimize the language Many Bokmal users consider this association to be offensive and it is therefore mainly confined to the Nynorsk supporting side of heated discussions See also EditGotudanskt SvorskNotes Edit Stig Brondbo 12 November 2014 Danskene lo av at spraket i Grunnloven ble kalt norsk University of Tromso Lundeby Einar Stortinget og spraksaken Archived from the original on 2013 02 22 Retrieved 2010 06 13 Vikor Lars Fra norront til bokmal og nynorsk Archived from the original on December 1 2005 Retrieved 2006 10 20 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Dano Norwegian amp oldid 1148669446, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
