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Croissant (linguistic zone)

December 15, 2023

The Croissant (Occitan:[1] lo Creissent; French: le Croissant) is a linguistic transitional zone between the Langue d'oc (also referred to as Occitan) dialects and the Langue d'oïl dialects, situated in the centre of France where Occitan dialects are spoken (Limousin and Auvergnat) that have transitional traits toward French (Langue d'oïl[2]). The name derives from the contours of the zone that resemble a croissant, or crescent.

Northern parts of the Lemosin and Auvernhat dialects

The first author to use the term Croissant was the linguist Jules Ronjat [fr] (1864-1925) in 1913.[3]

There are two main Croissant dialects:

  • Marchois, which is closer to the Limousin[4] dialect, is found in the west, going from Confolentais (Charente) to Montluçon and its surrounds (west of Allier/Gorges du Cher) and passing through the north of Creuse and Guéret.[5][6][7]
  • The dialects in the eastern two-thirds of the Bourbonnais d'oc dialect region are, as far as they are concerned, Arverno-Bourbonnais dialects belonging to the Auvergnat dialect zone of the Croissant, centered around Chantelle and Vichy, with influences from Francoprovençal.[8]

Territory edit

The Croissant’s territory is shaped like a tapered crescent, joining the Tardoire valley in Charente (to the west) to Monts de la Madeleine in Allier (to the east). The crescent is very narrow between its westernmost point and Le Dorat (between 10 and 15 km wide) but widens towards the east: between 30 km (at Guéret) and 45 km (at Culan).

The principal communes in the zone:

The main Langue d’oc cities in the Croissant are Guéret, Montluçon et Vichy.[9]

Classification edit

Most linguists specializing in the Croissant dialects confirm it is a predominantly Occitan-speaking zone. (Tourtoulon & Bringuier, Dahmen, Escoffier, Chambon & Olivier, Quint). Only Jules Ronjat expresses a more cautious opinion by refusing to explicitly say if the Croissant comes under Langue d’Oc or Langue d’Oïl (French). Since Ronjat’s hesitation, some books by Occitan scholars (Pierre Bec, Robert Lafont) have been reluctant to present the Croissant as a completely Langue d'oc zone. However, cultural studies conducted in the Croissant from the 1970s (Quint, Merle) prove that linguistic and cultural awareness of Occitan is widespread there.

Since the 1970s, edited maps include nearly all of the Croissant in the Langue d’oc region. Guylaine Brun-Trigaud even includes the Langue d’oïl dialects with Occitan features.[10]

Likewise, the writer Valery Larbaud (1881-1957), who originated from Vichy, in the Croissant zone, expressed his support for the idea of a union of Langue d’oc regions in his work Jaune bleu blanc (Yellow blue white) (1927).

Historical, territorial and linguistic evolution edit

The influence of French in the Croissant zone goes back a long way. The presence of French-speaking nobility and administrators caused, from the second half of the 13th century, administrative and legal documents to be written in French and not in the local dialects, as well as in Marche County (Limousin-speaking territory) and in Bourbonnais (Auvergnat-speaking territory). In Bourbonnais, the earliest known documents written in the local vernacular are deeds in French with some Occitan forms inserted from 1245. Therefore, the Croissant has been a Langue d’oc-Langue d’oïl diglossia since that time, long before French had spread through the rest of the Langue d’oc linguistic area. The border between Langue d’oc and [Langue d’oïl was once located further north and has moved southward over the centuries. The French dialects the north of the Croissant (the southern part of Berry and the northern part of Bourbonnais) still contain traces of the Langue d’oc substrate.[11]

The spread of French towards the Croissant has been a long and progressive process, in contrast to the quite rapid désoccitanisation of Poitou, Saintonge and Angoumois, which took place between the 12th and 15th centuries, principally from the ravages of the Hundred Years' War, which caused the area to be consecutively repopulated.

In the Croissant dialects, the spread of Gallicisms has increased, weakening the local Occitan variants. During the last few centuries, it seems that progression to have been more rapid in Marche County (Limousin-speaking territory) than in Bourbonnais (Auvergnat-speaking territory). However, since the 20th century, in all cases, the spread of French has resulted in a diglossia, and linguistic substitutions similar to those across all of the Langue d’oc regions. That puts into perspective the "gallicised" aspects of the Croissant dialects today since nearly all Occitan dialects are undergoing a process of Gallicization.

Dialectological subdivisions edit

There is no clear dialectological subdivision in the Croissant region, and the general impression is that it is largely fragmented. There is no clear border between the Auvergnat dialect region and the Limousin dialect region since the "border" between these two dialects is a vast transitional zone spanning the entire eastern part of the Limousin region (well beyond the Croissant).

In any case, from a cultural and possibly dialectological point of view, the west of the Croissant as far as Montluçon belongs to Limousin or La Marche (Marchois is spoken there).

The eastern part of the Croissant from Montmarault, where the Averno-Bourbonnais dialect is found, is linked to Auvergnat.

Within the Auvergnat area, there is a distinct zone influenced by Francoprovençal in the south-east of Bourbonnais (the south-eastern part of Allier), towards the Bourbonnais Mountains. There, since ancient times, the intervocalic d is dropped, in particular in -aa endings (for -ada), as is also the case in Vivaro-Alpin, where the loss of the d can also be explained by its proximity to Francoprovençal.

Traits edit

The Croissant dialects are quite heterogenous according to Ronjat, but the following characteristics are commonly found:

  • According to accounts from Croissant dialect speakers, intercomprehension is a little difficult but often possible with other dialects located to the south. It is much more difficult with the dialects located to the north.
  • The final vowels -a and -e are often completely silent in the Croissant, but they are very clearly pronounced in the other Occitan dialects. On the other hand, it is possible to hear -as [a(:)] and -es [ej/ij] endings, which can potentially bring out the tonic accent. Despite that phenomenon, there are still traces of a mobile tonic accent, which can fall either on the second-last syllable of a word (a paroxytone) or on the last syllable (an oxytone), in contrast to modern French, whose stress is always on the last syllable.
  • Expressive uses, despite the invasion of French forms (such as était starting to take the place of èra), retain a large number of authentic Occitan traits and considerable lexical and idiomatic creativity (Escoffier).

Bibliography edit

  • BEC Pierre (1995) La langue occitane, coll. Que sais-je? n° 1059, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France [1st ed.1963]
  • BONIN Marcel (1981) Le patois de Langy et de la Forterre (région de Varennes-sur-Allier), Cagnes-sur-Mer: Cahiers Bourbonnais
  • BONIN Marcel (1984) Dictionnaire général des patois bourbonnais, Moulins: impr. Pottier
  • BRUN-TRIGAUD Guylaine (1990) Le Croissant: le concept et le mot. Contribution à l'histoire de la dialectologie française au XIXe siècle [PhD thesis], coll. Série dialectologie, Lyons: Centre d'Études Linguistiques Jacques Goudet
  • CHAMBON Jean-Pierre, & OLIVIER Philippe (2000) "L'histoire linguistique de l'Auvergne et du Velay: notes pour une synthèse provisoire", Travaux de linguistique et de philologie 38: 83-153
  • DAHMEN Wolfgang (1985) Étude de la situation dialectale dans le Centre de la France: un exposé basé sur l'"Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Centre", Paris: CNRS [1st ed. in German, 1983, Studien zur dialektalen Situation Zentralfrankreichs: eine Darstellung anhand des 'Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Centre', coll. Romania Occidentalis vol. 11, Gerbrunn bei Würzburg: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag A. Lehmann]
  • ESCOFFIER Simone (1958a) La rencontre de la langue d'oïl, de la langue d'oc et du franco-provençal entre Loire et Allier: limites phonétiques et morphologiques [PhD thesis], Mâcon: impr. Protat [another similar edition is: coll. Publications de l'Institut de Linguistique Romane de Lyon-vol. 11, Paris: Les Belles Lettres]
  • ESCOFFIER Simone (1958b) Remarques sur le lexique d'une zone marginale aux confins de la langue d'oïl, de la langue d'oc et du francoprovençal, coll. Publications de l'Institut de Linguistique Romane de Lyon-vol. 12, Paris: Les Belles Lettres
  • JAGUENEAU Liliane (1987) Structuration de l'espace linguistique entre Loire et Gironde: analyse dialectométrique des données phonétiques de l'"Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de l'Ouest" [PhD thesis], Tolosa: Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail
  • LAFONT Robert (1987) Clefs pour l'Occitanie, coll. Clefs, Paris: Seghers [1st ed. 1971b]
  • MERLE René (1977) Culture occitane per avançar, Paris: Éditions Sociales
  • QUINT Nicolas (1991) Le parler marchois de Saint-Priest-la-Feuille (Creuse), Limoges: La Clau Lemosina
  • QUINT Nicolas (1996) Grammaire du parler occitan nord-limousin marchois de Gartempe et de Saint-Sylvain-Montaigut (Creuse), Limoges: La Clau Lemosina
  • QUINT Nicolas (2002) "Le marchois: problèmes de norme aux confins occitans" [CAUBET Dominique, & CHAKER Salem, & SIBILLE Jean (Joan) (2002) (dir.) Codification des langues de France, Paris: L'Harmattan, actes dau collòqui "Les langues de France et leur codification", Paris, Inalco, 29–31 May 2000: 63-76]
  • RONJAT Jules (1930–1941) Grammaire istorique [sic] des parlers provençaux modernes, 4 vol. [re-ed. 1980, Marseilles: Laffitte Reprints, 2 vol.]
  • TOURTOULON Charles de, & BRINGUIER Octavien (1876) Étude sur la limite géographique de la langue d'oc et de la langue d'oïl (avec une carte), Paris: Imprimerie Nationale [re-ed. 2004, Masseret-Meuzac: Institut d'Estudis Occitans de Lemosin/Lo Chamin de Sent Jaume]

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ Bonnaud, Pierre (1999). Nouveau dictionnaire général français-auvergnat [New French-Auvergne general dictionary] (in French). Nonette: Créer. p. 176. ISBN 2-909797-32-5. OCLC 41511251.
  2. ^ (oc) Domergue Sumien, «  », Jornalet, 30 avril 2012 (ISSN 2385-4510, lire en ligne [archive])
  3. ^ Ronjat, Jules (1913). "Introduction". Essai de syntaxe des parlers provençaux modernes [Essay on the syntax of modern Provençal dialects] (D. ès L.) (in French). Mâcon: Protat Frères. pp. 6–7, 11. OCLC 1046374159.
  4. ^ (ca + oc) Manuel Cuyàs, Berta Rosés, Nuria Cicero,  [« Aranés, er occitan de Catalonha »], Barcelone, Généralité de Catalogne, 2020 (lire en ligne [archive])
  5. ^ (fr + oc), Paris, Éditions CPE, 2010, 160 p. (ISBN 9782845038271)
  6. ^ (en) Linguasphere Observatory, Linguasphere Observatory, 1999-2000 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 402
  7. ^ Dominique Caubet, Salem Chaker, Jean Sibille, «  », Codification des langues de France. Actes du colloque Les langues de France et leur codification organisé par l'Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (Inalco, Paris, Mai 2000), Paris, Éditions L'Harmattan, 2002, p. 63-76
  8. ^ Karl-Heinz Reichel, Études et Recherches sur les parlers arverno-bourbonnais aux confins de l'Auvergne, du Bourbonnais, de la Marche et du Forez, 2012 Chamalières, Cercle Terre d'Auvergne.
  9. ^ (oc) Domergue Sumien, «  », Jornalet, Toulouse, Barcelone, Associacion entara Difusion d'Occitània en Catalonha (ADÒC), 2014 (ISSN 2385-4510, lire en ligne [archive])
  10. ^ Guylaine Brun-Trigaud, «  », Langue française, vol. 93, no 1, 1992, p. 23-52 (lire en ligne [archive], consulté le 6 décembre 2016).
  11. ^ (oc) Domergue Sumien, «  », Jornalet, 12 mai 2014 (ISSN 2385-4510, lire en ligne [archive])

December 15, 2023
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French July 2020 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 5 893 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Croissant linguistique see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Croissant linguistique to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Croissant Occitan 1 lo Creissent French le Croissant is a linguistic transitional zone between the Langue d oc also referred to as Occitan dialects and the Langue d oil dialects situated in the centre of France where Occitan dialects are spoken Limousin and Auvergnat that have transitional traits toward French Langue d oil 2 The name derives from the contours of the zone that resemble a croissant or crescent Northern parts of the Lemosin and Auvernhat dialectsThe first author to use the term Croissant was the linguist Jules Ronjat fr 1864 1925 in 1913 3 There are two main Croissant dialects Marchois which is closer to the Limousin 4 dialect is found in the west going from Confolentais Charente to Montlucon and its surrounds west of Allier Gorges du Cher and passing through the north of Creuse and Gueret 5 6 7 The dialects in the eastern two thirds of the Bourbonnais d oc dialect region are as far as they are concerned Arverno Bourbonnais dialects belonging to the Auvergnat dialect zone of the Croissant centered around Chantelle and Vichy with influences from Francoprovencal 8 Contents 1 Territory 2 Classification 3 Historical territorial and linguistic evolution 4 Dialectological subdivisions 5 Traits 6 Bibliography 7 Notes and referencesTerritory editThe Croissant s territory is shaped like a tapered crescent joining the Tardoire valley in Charente to the west to Monts de la Madeleine in Allier to the east The crescent is very narrow between its westernmost point and Le Dorat between 10 and 15 km wide but widens towards the east between 30 km at Gueret and 45 km at Culan The principal communes in the zone Charente Saint Claud Champagne Mouton Vienne Pressac Availles Limouzine Haute Vienne Bussiere Poitevine Le Dorat Magnac Laval Saint Sulpice les Feuilles Indre Saint Benoit du Sault Lourdoueix Saint Michel Eguzon Chantome Creuse La Souterraine Crozant Gueret Dun le Palestel Genouillac Bonnat Boussac Cher Culan Vesdun Preveranges Saint Priest la Marche Puy de Dome Saint Eloy les Mines Allier Montlucon Neris les Bains Commentry Chantelle Montmarault Vichy Saint Germain des Fosses Cusset Le Mayet de Montagne AudesThe main Langue d oc cities in the Croissant are Gueret Montlucon et Vichy 9 Classification editMost linguists specializing in the Croissant dialects confirm it is a predominantly Occitan speaking zone Tourtoulon amp Bringuier Dahmen Escoffier Chambon amp Olivier Quint Only Jules Ronjat expresses a more cautious opinion by refusing to explicitly say if the Croissant comes under Langue d Oc or Langue d Oil French Since Ronjat s hesitation some books by Occitan scholars Pierre Bec Robert Lafont have been reluctant to present the Croissant as a completely Langue d oc zone However cultural studies conducted in the Croissant from the 1970s Quint Merle prove that linguistic and cultural awareness of Occitan is widespread there Since the 1970s edited maps include nearly all of the Croissant in the Langue d oc region Guylaine Brun Trigaud even includes the Langue d oil dialects with Occitan features 10 Likewise the writer Valery Larbaud 1881 1957 who originated from Vichy in the Croissant zone expressed his support for the idea of a union of Langue d oc regions in his work Jaune bleu blanc Yellow blue white 1927 Historical territorial and linguistic evolution editThe influence of French in the Croissant zone goes back a long way The presence of French speaking nobility and administrators caused from the second half of the 13th century administrative and legal documents to be written in French and not in the local dialects as well as in Marche County Limousin speaking territory and in Bourbonnais Auvergnat speaking territory In Bourbonnais the earliest known documents written in the local vernacular are deeds in French with some Occitan forms inserted from 1245 Therefore the Croissant has been a Langue d oc Langue d oil diglossia since that time long before French had spread through the rest of the Langue d oc linguistic area The border between Langue d oc and Langue d oil was once located further north and has moved southward over the centuries The French dialects the north of the Croissant the southern part of Berry and the northern part of Bourbonnais still contain traces of the Langue d oc substrate 11 The spread of French towards the Croissant has been a long and progressive process in contrast to the quite rapid desoccitanisation of Poitou Saintonge and Angoumois which took place between the 12th and 15th centuries principally from the ravages of the Hundred Years War which caused the area to be consecutively repopulated In the Croissant dialects the spread of Gallicisms has increased weakening the local Occitan variants During the last few centuries it seems that progression to have been more rapid in Marche County Limousin speaking territory than in Bourbonnais Auvergnat speaking territory However since the 20th century in all cases the spread of French has resulted in a diglossia and linguistic substitutions similar to those across all of the Langue d oc regions That puts into perspective the gallicised aspects of the Croissant dialects today since nearly all Occitan dialects are undergoing a process of Gallicization Dialectological subdivisions editThere is no clear dialectological subdivision in the Croissant region and the general impression is that it is largely fragmented There is no clear border between the Auvergnat dialect region and the Limousin dialect region since the border between these two dialects is a vast transitional zone spanning the entire eastern part of the Limousin region well beyond the Croissant In any case from a cultural and possibly dialectological point of view the west of the Croissant as far as Montlucon belongs to Limousin or La Marche Marchois is spoken there The eastern part of the Croissant from Montmarault where the Averno Bourbonnais dialect is found is linked to Auvergnat Within the Auvergnat area there is a distinct zone influenced by Francoprovencal in the south east of Bourbonnais the south eastern part of Allier towards the Bourbonnais Mountains There since ancient times the intervocalic d is dropped in particular in aa endings for ada as is also the case in Vivaro Alpin where the loss of the d can also be explained by its proximity to Francoprovencal Traits editThe Croissant dialects are quite heterogenous according to Ronjat but the following characteristics are commonly found According to accounts from Croissant dialect speakers intercomprehension is a little difficult but often possible with other dialects located to the south It is much more difficult with the dialects located to the north The final vowels a and e are often completely silent in the Croissant but they are very clearly pronounced in the other Occitan dialects On the other hand it is possible to hear as a and es ej ij endings which can potentially bring out the tonic accent Despite that phenomenon there are still traces of a mobile tonic accent which can fall either on the second last syllable of a word a paroxytone or on the last syllable an oxytone in contrast to modern French whose stress is always on the last syllable Expressive uses despite the invasion of French forms such as etait starting to take the place of era retain a large number of authentic Occitan traits and considerable lexical and idiomatic creativity Escoffier Bibliography editBEC Pierre 1995 La langue occitane coll Que sais je n 1059 Paris Presses Universitaires de France 1st ed 1963 BONIN Marcel 1981 Le patois de Langy et de la Forterre region de Varennes sur Allier Cagnes sur Mer Cahiers Bourbonnais BONIN Marcel 1984 Dictionnaire general des patois bourbonnais Moulins impr Pottier BRUN TRIGAUD Guylaine 1990 Le Croissant le concept et le mot Contribution a l histoire de la dialectologie francaise au XIXe siecle PhD thesis coll Serie dialectologie Lyons Centre d Etudes Linguistiques Jacques Goudet CHAMBON Jean Pierre amp OLIVIER Philippe 2000 L histoire linguistique de l Auvergne et du Velay notes pour une synthese provisoire Travaux de linguistique et de philologie 38 83 153 DAHMEN Wolfgang 1985 Etude de la situation dialectale dans le Centre de la France un expose base sur l Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Centre Paris CNRS 1st ed in German 1983 Studien zur dialektalen Situation Zentralfrankreichs eine Darstellung anhand des Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Centre coll Romania Occidentalis vol 11 Gerbrunn bei Wurzburg Wissenschaftlicher Verlag A Lehmann ESCOFFIER Simone 1958a La rencontre de la langue d oil de la langue d oc et du franco provencal entre Loire et Allier limites phonetiques et morphologiques PhD thesis Macon impr Protat another similar edition is coll Publications de l Institut de Linguistique Romane de Lyon vol 11 Paris Les Belles Lettres ESCOFFIER Simone 1958b Remarques sur le lexique d une zone marginale aux confins de la langue d oil de la langue d oc et du francoprovencal coll Publications de l Institut de Linguistique Romane de Lyon vol 12 Paris Les Belles Lettres JAGUENEAU Liliane 1987 Structuration de l espace linguistique entre Loire et Gironde analyse dialectometrique des donnees phonetiques de l Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de l Ouest PhD thesis Tolosa Universite de Toulouse Le Mirail LAFONT Robert 1987 Clefs pour l Occitanie coll Clefs Paris Seghers 1st ed 1971b MERLE Rene 1977 Culture occitane per avancar Paris Editions Sociales QUINT Nicolas 1991 Le parler marchois de Saint Priest la Feuille Creuse Limoges La Clau Lemosina QUINT Nicolas 1996 Grammaire du parler occitan nord limousin marchois de Gartempe et de Saint Sylvain Montaigut Creuse Limoges La Clau Lemosina QUINT Nicolas 2002 Le marchois problemes de norme aux confins occitans CAUBET Dominique amp CHAKER Salem amp SIBILLE Jean Joan 2002 dir Codification des langues de France Paris L Harmattan actes dau colloqui Les langues de France et leur codification Paris Inalco 29 31 May 2000 63 76 RONJAT Jules 1930 1941 Grammaire istorique sic des parlers provencaux modernes 4 vol re ed 1980 Marseilles Laffitte Reprints 2 vol TOURTOULON Charles de amp BRINGUIER Octavien 1876 Etude sur la limite geographique de la langue d oc et de la langue d oil avec une carte Paris Imprimerie Nationale re ed 2004 Masseret Meuzac Institut d Estudis Occitans de Lemosin Lo Chamin de Sent Jaume Notes and references edit Bonnaud Pierre 1999 Nouveau dictionnaire general francais auvergnat New French Auvergne general dictionary in French Nonette Creer p 176 ISBN 2 909797 32 5 OCLC 41511251 oc Domergue Sumien Jornalet 30 avril 2012 ISSN 2385 4510 lire en ligne archive Ronjat Jules 1913 Introduction Essai de syntaxe des parlers provencaux modernes Essay on the syntax of modern Provencal dialects D es L in French Macon Protat Freres pp 6 7 11 OCLC 1046374159 ca oc Manuel Cuyas Berta Roses Nuria Cicero Aranes er occitan de Catalonha Barcelone Generalite de Catalogne 2020 lire en ligne archive fr oc Paris Editions CPE 2010 160 p ISBN 9782845038271 en Linguasphere Observatory Linguasphere Observatory 1999 2000 lire en ligne archive p 402 Dominique Caubet Salem Chaker Jean Sibille Codification des langues de France Actes du colloque Les langues de France et leur codification organise par l Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales Inalco Paris Mai 2000 Paris Editions L Harmattan 2002 p 63 76 Karl Heinz Reichel Etudes et Recherches sur les parlers arverno bourbonnais aux confins de l Auvergne du Bourbonnais de la Marche et du Forez 2012 Chamalieres Cercle Terre d Auvergne oc Domergue Sumien Jornalet Toulouse Barcelone Associacion entara Difusion d Occitania en Catalonha ADOC 2014 ISSN 2385 4510 lire en ligne archive Guylaine Brun Trigaud Langue francaise vol 93 no 1 1992 p 23 52 lire en ligne archive consulte le 6 decembre 2016 oc Domergue Sumien Jornalet 12 mai 2014 ISSN 2385 4510 lire en ligne archive Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Croissant linguistic zone amp oldid 1126464531, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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