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Crested myna

January 06, 2023

The crested myna (Acridotheres cristatellus), also known as the Chinese starling, is a species of starling in the genus Acridotheres native to southeastern China and Indochina.[2][3] It is named after the tuft of feathers on its forehead that resembles a crest.[3]

Crested myna
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Sturnidae
Genus: Acridotheres
Species:
A. cristatellus
Binomial name
Acridotheres cristatellus
Synonyms

Gracula cristatella Linnaeus, 1758

The crested myna is typically found in open spaces near urban and agricultural areas.[2][4] It is a popular cage bird and, as a result, has been accidentally released in a few places outside of its usual range.[2] For example, this species was introduced around 1890 into the Vancouver region of British Columbia.[2][3][4] It was initially successful, reaching a population in the thousands, however, it has since then gone locally extinct in the area.[2][5]

Like many starlings, the crested myna is omnivorous.[3] It will eat a variety of food including worms, grubs, grains, fruit, and even garbage.[3] It is a highly beneficial bird to farmers, as it feeds on insects and does not attack crops.[4]

Taxonomy

In 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included a picture and a description of the crested myna in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "Chinese starling or Black Bird".[6] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the crested myna with the other mynas in the genus Gracula. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Gracula cristatella and cited Edwards' work.[7] The specific epithet cristatella is a Latin diminutive of cristatus meaning "crested" or "plumed".[8] The crested myna is now placed in the genus Acridotheres that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot.[9][10] It was previously placed in the genus Aethiospar, which included the mynas that had a fully feathered or tufted face.[2][4] Acridotheres was formerly the group of bare-skin faced mynas.[2][4] Now, the two genera form a new group that keeps the name Acridotheres.[2][4]

Three subspecies are recognised:[10]

  • A. c. cristatellus (Linnaeus, 1758) – south and southeast China
  • A. c. brevipennis Hartert, E, 1910 – Hainan Island (off southeast China) and Indochina
  • A. c. formosanus (Hartert, E, 1912) – Taiwan

Description

The crested myna is named after the tuft of feathers that form a crest-like structure on its forehead that covers the bird's nostrils.[2][3][4][11] It is mostly black with a slight green sheen. It has a couple of white wing patches under its wings which are more visible during flight.[4][11] The tips and the base of the primaries are white.[2][4] The tail feathers also have white tips with the exception of the middle pair.[2][4] The under-tail coverts are black with a white tip.[2][4] The adult's eyes are orange, its bill is pale yellow, and its legs are a dull dark yellow.[2][3][4] Its bill is slender and very sharp.[4] The males are slightly larger than the females.[11] The female's crest is slightly less well-developed.[11] Otherwise, there is no sexual dimorphism.[3] The subspecies A. c. brevipennis, has proportionally smaller wings and a smaller bill. The feathers that form the crest are narrower than the ones from the nominate subspecies.[2] A. c. formosanus is slightly smaller than the nominate subspecies and its bill is greenish-yellow. Its under-tail coverts are white and it has a more developed crest.[2]

The hatchlings are born naked except for of a short gray down found on certain parts of the bird.[11] In about 18 to 20 days, the juveniles become fully covered with brown feathers.[11] The crest is usually not well developed at this stage.[11] Immature crested mynas have blue-gray eyes.[11]

Distribution and habitat

The crested myna can be found in a wide range of habitats from urban to rural areas. In cities, it can be seen in the eaves of buildings, along roads and alleys, near gardens and parks, in parking lots. It can be found under bridges, in trees, in chimneys, and on roofs. In rural areas, it can be spotted on agricultural fields, in orchards and farmyards, near manure piles. It can be seen near plowed fields to take advantage of the invertebrates found in the tilled soil. It is often seen near cattle as it eats the insects around them. It is also commonly distributed in grasslands, fields and at the edge of forests.

The range spans from southeastern and central China to northern Indochina.[2][3][4] It is found in the Yangtze valley and the southeastern Jiangxi Province in China.[2] The crested myna has also been recorded in Burma, Taiwan and Hainan.[2]

 
A crested myna wades in water

As a popular cage bird, it is often transported outside of its normal range and, on occasion, can be accidentally released and introduced in a new area.[3] For example, in the late 1800s, it was introduced to Vancouver, British Columbia.[2][3][4][5] It was able to proliferate and its population grew to around 20,000 to 30,000 individuals.[2] It could be found anywhere from the south of the province to Washington and Oregon.[2] By the mid-20th century, the numbers began declining, and the bird is now extirpated in North America.[2][5] Other examples of the crested myna's introduction can be seen in Portugal.[12] The bird was discovered breeding around Lisbon, Portugal in 1997.[12] They are now established on both sides of the Tagus estuary to the west of Lisbon and also on the Setúbal Peninsula.[12]

The crested myna has also been successfully introduced in Penang, Singapore, Manila, as well as parts of Japan and Argentina.[2] The Crested myna is called "Martinez" in the Philippines

Behaviour

Vocalization

 

Songs and calls
Listen to Crested myna on xeno-canto

The crested myna has a wide array of songs and calls, from whistles to warbles to chortles.[11] When alarmed, it emits a raspy jaaay.[11] Other calls include a series of chuffs or creeks.[11] Vocal mimicry of human voices and other yard birds in crested mynas has been reported.[11] However, birds held in captivity were not found to be good mimics.[11]

Diet

The crested myna is an omnivorous bird.[3] Although it eats mainly insects,[2] this bird can eat a wide variety of items including fruit, grains, meat, manure and garbage.[2][3]

Its diet varies seasonally.[3] On average, 40% of the adult bird's diet is meat and 60% is vegetation.[3] However, in September, the proportion of meat in its diet increases to around 50–60%, where almost half of it is flies.[3] In the winter months, as insects and fruit are less common, the crested myna eats a lot more garbage (representing about 15% of its diet).[3]

Its diet also varies with the life stages of the bird.[3] Juveniles eat proportionally more animal matter than adults[3] Approximately 75% of their diet is made of meat (50% of which is from insects).[3] Similarly to adult crested mynas, the proportion of insects and fruit that the juveniles eat increases with availability and abundance.[3]

Reproduction

 
A fledgling

The crested mynas build their nests in a variety of places. In a forest, it builds its nest in holes caused by woodpeckers or decay. In urban areas, the nests can be found in chimneys, drains, and crevices among other places. Most nests are built in April or May. Both the male and the female take part in the construction of the nest. To build the nest, the crested mynas have been known to use just about anything they can find from grass to branches to garbage.

The first clutch of the season appears during the end of April or during May. Most pairs are double-brooded, which means they will have a second clutch in the same season. The second clutch appears in June to mid-August. The eggs are of a light blue-green color and have a similar shape to that of robin eggs. Typically, the clutch size is around 4–6 eggs. Every day, one egg is hatched. The hatchlings are born altricially. The eggs are incubated for 14 days, after which the fledglings move out of the nest onto a nearby tree or shrub. The parents keep feeding them for about a week.

The immature crested mynas do not separate from their parents. They typically form small family groups and form a larger flock with others for feeding and traveling.

Status and conservation

Since 1998, the crested myna has been rated as a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. It has a range that is larger than 20,000 km2 and therefore, its range is too large for this bird to be considered vulnerable under the criterion of range size. Also, the population trends seem to be stable (over the last ten years or three generations) and so, this bird cannot be considered vulnerable under the criterion of population trends. Finally, it is believed that the population size exceeds 10,000 mature individuals and therefore its this bird cannot be considered vulnerable under the criterion of population size.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Acridotheres cristatellus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22710946A94269013. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710946A94269013.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Feare, C., Craig, A., Croucher, B., Shields, C., Komolphalin, K. (1998). Starlings and Mynas. London: Christopher Helm Publisher Ltd. ISBN 9780691004969
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Scheffer, T.H. & Cottam C. (1935). "The Crested Myna, Or Chinese Starling, In The Pacific Northwest". Technical Bulletin. 476: 1–27.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Restall, R.L. (1968). "The Chinese Crested Mynah (Acridotheres cristatellus)". The Avicultural Magazine. 74 (1): 161–168.
  5. ^ a b c Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J. V.; Rising, James D. & Stotz, Douglas F. (2005). "Forty-Sixth Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds". The Auk. 122 (3): 1026–1031. doi:10.1093/auk/122.3.1026. JSTOR 4090620. 
  6. ^ Edwards, George (1743). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part 1. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 19, Plate 19.
  7. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 109.
  8. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  9. ^ Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 42.
  10. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johnson, S. R. and R. W. Campbell (1995). "Crested Myna" (Acridotheres cristatellus), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. doi:10.2173/bna.157
  12. ^ a b c Saavedra, S.; Maraver, A.; Anadón, J. D. & Tella, J. L. (2015). "A survey of recent introduction events, spread and mitigation efforts of mynas (Acridotheres sp.) in Spain and Portugal". Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 38 (1): 121–127.

Further reading

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acridotheres cristatellus.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Acridotheres cristatellus.
  • Gregory-Smith R. (1997). Pale-bellied Myna Acridotheres cinereus in Sarawak. Malayan Nature Journal. vol 50, no 4. pp. 355–356.
  • Hsieh YC, Chen SH, Wang CW, Lee YF, Chung WC, Tsai MC, Chang TC, Lien YY & Tsai SS. (2005). Unusual pox lesions found in Chinese jungle mynahs (Acridotheres cristatellus). Avian Pathology. vol 34, no 5. pp. 415–417.
  • Montalti D & Kopij G. (2001). Bird community of inner La Plata City, Argentina. Acta Ornithologica. vol 36, no 2. pp. 161–164.
  • Navas JR. (2002). Introduced and naturalized exotic birds in Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Nueva Serie. vol 4, no 2. pp. 191–202.
  • Nguyenclausen A. (1975). PREENING BEHAVIOR OF GROUP OF MYNA BIRDS, ACRIDOTHERES-CRISTATELLUS(GM). Behaviour. vol 53, pp. 91–108.
  • Pranty B. (2001). The use of Christmas Bird Count data to monitor populations of exotic birds. American Birds. vol 102, pp. 24–28.
  • Schmidt RE. (1983). Hyper Mature Cataract in a Crested Myna Leucopsar-Rothschildi. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 19, no 2. pp. 158–159.
  • Tang Z-Z & Tang C-T. (1993). Studies on the life cycle of Brachylaima mesostoma (Rud., 1803) Baer, 1933 (Trematoda: Brachylaimidae). Acta Zoologica Sinica. vol 39, no 1. pp. 13–18.
  • Wang Y-P, Chen S-h & Ding P. (2003). Breeding birds and their nests in street tree strips in Hangzhou city. Zoological Research. p. 2003.

January 06, 2023
crested, myna, crested, myna, acridotheres, cristatellus, also, known, chinese, starling, species, starling, genus, acridotheres, native, southeastern, china, indochina, named, after, tuft, feathers, forehead, that, resembles, crest, conservation, statusleast,. The crested myna Acridotheres cristatellus also known as the Chinese starling is a species of starling in the genus Acridotheres native to southeastern China and Indochina 2 3 It is named after the tuft of feathers on its forehead that resembles a crest 3 Crested mynaConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily SturnidaeGenus AcridotheresSpecies A cristatellusBinomial nameAcridotheres cristatellus Linnaeus 1758 SynonymsGracula cristatella Linnaeus 1758The crested myna is typically found in open spaces near urban and agricultural areas 2 4 It is a popular cage bird and as a result has been accidentally released in a few places outside of its usual range 2 For example this species was introduced around 1890 into the Vancouver region of British Columbia 2 3 4 It was initially successful reaching a population in the thousands however it has since then gone locally extinct in the area 2 5 Like many starlings the crested myna is omnivorous 3 It will eat a variety of food including worms grubs grains fruit and even garbage 3 It is a highly beneficial bird to farmers as it feeds on insects and does not attack crops 4 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour 4 1 Vocalization 4 2 Diet 4 3 Reproduction 5 Status and conservation 6 References 7 Further readingTaxonomy EditIn 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included a picture and a description of the crested myna in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds He used the English name Chinese starling or Black Bird 6 When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition he placed the crested myna with the other mynas in the genus Gracula Linnaeus included a brief description coined the binomial name Gracula cristatella and cited Edwards work 7 The specific epithet cristatella is a Latin diminutive of cristatus meaning crested or plumed 8 The crested myna is now placed in the genus Acridotheres that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot 9 10 It was previously placed in the genus Aethiospar which included the mynas that had a fully feathered or tufted face 2 4 Acridotheres was formerly the group of bare skin faced mynas 2 4 Now the two genera form a new group that keeps the name Acridotheres 2 4 Three subspecies are recognised 10 A c cristatellus Linnaeus 1758 south and southeast China A c brevipennis Hartert E 1910 Hainan Island off southeast China and Indochina A c formosanus Hartert E 1912 TaiwanDescription EditThe crested myna is named after the tuft of feathers that form a crest like structure on its forehead that covers the bird s nostrils 2 3 4 11 It is mostly black with a slight green sheen It has a couple of white wing patches under its wings which are more visible during flight 4 11 The tips and the base of the primaries are white 2 4 The tail feathers also have white tips with the exception of the middle pair 2 4 The under tail coverts are black with a white tip 2 4 The adult s eyes are orange its bill is pale yellow and its legs are a dull dark yellow 2 3 4 Its bill is slender and very sharp 4 The males are slightly larger than the females 11 The female s crest is slightly less well developed 11 Otherwise there is no sexual dimorphism 3 The subspecies A c brevipennis has proportionally smaller wings and a smaller bill The feathers that form the crest are narrower than the ones from the nominate subspecies 2 A c formosanus is slightly smaller than the nominate subspecies and its bill is greenish yellow Its under tail coverts are white and it has a more developed crest 2 The hatchlings are born naked except for of a short gray down found on certain parts of the bird 11 In about 18 to 20 days the juveniles become fully covered with brown feathers 11 The crest is usually not well developed at this stage 11 Immature crested mynas have blue gray eyes 11 Distribution and habitat EditThe crested myna can be found in a wide range of habitats from urban to rural areas In cities it can be seen in the eaves of buildings along roads and alleys near gardens and parks in parking lots It can be found under bridges in trees in chimneys and on roofs In rural areas it can be spotted on agricultural fields in orchards and farmyards near manure piles It can be seen near plowed fields to take advantage of the invertebrates found in the tilled soil It is often seen near cattle as it eats the insects around them It is also commonly distributed in grasslands fields and at the edge of forests The range spans from southeastern and central China to northern Indochina 2 3 4 It is found in the Yangtze valley and the southeastern Jiangxi Province in China 2 The crested myna has also been recorded in Burma Taiwan and Hainan 2 A crested myna wades in water As a popular cage bird it is often transported outside of its normal range and on occasion can be accidentally released and introduced in a new area 3 For example in the late 1800s it was introduced to Vancouver British Columbia 2 3 4 5 It was able to proliferate and its population grew to around 20 000 to 30 000 individuals 2 It could be found anywhere from the south of the province to Washington and Oregon 2 By the mid 20th century the numbers began declining and the bird is now extirpated in North America 2 5 Other examples of the crested myna s introduction can be seen in Portugal 12 The bird was discovered breeding around Lisbon Portugal in 1997 12 They are now established on both sides of the Tagus estuary to the west of Lisbon and also on the Setubal Peninsula 12 The crested myna has also been successfully introduced in Penang Singapore Manila as well as parts of Japan and Argentina 2 The Crested myna is called Martinez in the PhilippinesBehaviour EditVocalization Edit Songs and callsListen to Crested myna on xeno canto The crested myna has a wide array of songs and calls from whistles to warbles to chortles 11 When alarmed it emits a raspy jaaay 11 Other calls include a series of chuffs or creeks 11 Vocal mimicry of human voices and other yard birds in crested mynas has been reported 11 However birds held in captivity were not found to be good mimics 11 Diet Edit The crested myna is an omnivorous bird 3 Although it eats mainly insects 2 this bird can eat a wide variety of items including fruit grains meat manure and garbage 2 3 Its diet varies seasonally 3 On average 40 of the adult bird s diet is meat and 60 is vegetation 3 However in September the proportion of meat in its diet increases to around 50 60 where almost half of it is flies 3 In the winter months as insects and fruit are less common the crested myna eats a lot more garbage representing about 15 of its diet 3 Its diet also varies with the life stages of the bird 3 Juveniles eat proportionally more animal matter than adults 3 Approximately 75 of their diet is made of meat 50 of which is from insects 3 Similarly to adult crested mynas the proportion of insects and fruit that the juveniles eat increases with availability and abundance 3 Reproduction Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message A fledgling The crested mynas build their nests in a variety of places In a forest it builds its nest in holes caused by woodpeckers or decay In urban areas the nests can be found in chimneys drains and crevices among other places Most nests are built in April or May Both the male and the female take part in the construction of the nest To build the nest the crested mynas have been known to use just about anything they can find from grass to branches to garbage The first clutch of the season appears during the end of April or during May Most pairs are double brooded which means they will have a second clutch in the same season The second clutch appears in June to mid August The eggs are of a light blue green color and have a similar shape to that of robin eggs Typically the clutch size is around 4 6 eggs Every day one egg is hatched The hatchlings are born altricially The eggs are incubated for 14 days after which the fledglings move out of the nest onto a nearby tree or shrub The parents keep feeding them for about a week The immature crested mynas do not separate from their parents They typically form small family groups and form a larger flock with others for feeding and traveling Status and conservation EditSince 1998 the crested myna has been rated as a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species It has a range that is larger than 20 000 km2 and therefore its range is too large for this bird to be considered vulnerable under the criterion of range size Also the population trends seem to be stable over the last ten years or three generations and so this bird cannot be considered vulnerable under the criterion of population trends Finally it is believed that the population size exceeds 10 000 mature individuals and therefore its this bird cannot be considered vulnerable under the criterion of population size 1 References Edit a b BirdLife International 2016 Acridotheres cristatellus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22710946A94269013 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22710946A94269013 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Feare C Craig A Croucher B Shields C Komolphalin K 1998 Starlings and Mynas London Christopher Helm Publisher Ltd ISBN 9780691004969 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Scheffer T H amp Cottam C 1935 The Crested Myna Or Chinese Starling In The Pacific Northwest Technical Bulletin 476 1 27 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Restall R L 1968 The Chinese Crested Mynah Acridotheres cristatellus The Avicultural Magazine 74 1 161 168 a b c Banks Richard C Cicero Carla Dunn Jon L Kratter Andrew W Rasmussen Pamela C Remsen J V Rising James D amp Stotz Douglas F 2005 Forty Sixth Supplement to the American Ornithologists Union Check List of North American Birds The Auk 122 3 1026 1031 doi 10 1093 auk 122 3 1026 JSTOR 4090620 Edwards George 1743 A Natural History of Uncommon Birds Vol Part 1 London Printed for the author at the College of Physicians p 19 Plate 19 Linnaeus Carl 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 10th ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii p 109 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 122 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Vieillot Louis Jean Pierre 1816 Analyse d une Nouvelle Ornithologie Elementaire in French Paris Deterville self p 42 a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds July 2021 Nuthatches Wallcreeper treecreepers mockingbirds starlings oxpeckers IOC World Bird List Version 11 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 28 July 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Johnson S R and R W Campbell 1995 Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus version 2 0 In The Birds of North America A F Poole and F B Gill Editors Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA doi 10 2173 bna 157 a b c Saavedra S Maraver A Anadon J D amp Tella J L 2015 A survey of recent introduction events spread and mitigation efforts of mynas Acridotheres sp in Spain and Portugal Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 38 1 121 127 Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acridotheres cristatellus Wikispecies has information related to Acridotheres cristatellus Gregory Smith R 1997 Pale bellied Myna Acridotheres cinereus in Sarawak Malayan Nature Journal vol 50 no 4 pp 355 356 Hsieh YC Chen SH Wang CW Lee YF Chung WC Tsai MC Chang TC Lien YY amp Tsai SS 2005 Unusual pox lesions found in Chinese jungle mynahs Acridotheres cristatellus Avian Pathology vol 34 no 5 pp 415 417 Montalti D amp Kopij G 2001 Bird community of inner La Plata City Argentina Acta Ornithologica vol 36 no 2 pp 161 164 Navas JR 2002 Introduced and naturalized exotic birds in Argentina Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Nueva Serie vol 4 no 2 pp 191 202 Nguyenclausen A 1975 PREENING BEHAVIOR OF GROUP OF MYNA BIRDS ACRIDOTHERES CRISTATELLUS GM Behaviour vol 53 pp 91 108 Pranty B 2001 The use of Christmas Bird Count data to monitor populations of exotic birds American Birds vol 102 pp 24 28 Schmidt RE 1983 Hyper Mature Cataract in a Crested Myna Leucopsar Rothschildi Journal of Wildlife Diseases vol 19 no 2 pp 158 159 Tang Z Z amp Tang C T 1993 Studies on the life cycle of Brachylaima mesostoma Rud 1803 Baer 1933 Trematoda Brachylaimidae Acta Zoologica Sinica vol 39 no 1 pp 13 18 Wang Y P Chen S h amp Ding P 2003 Breeding birds and their nests in street tree strips in Hangzhou city Zoological Research p 2003 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Crested myna amp oldid 1125311278, 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