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Wikipedia

Copenhagen Metro

May 05, 2023

The Copenhagen Metro (Danish: Københavns Metro, pronounced [kʰøpm̩ˈhɑwˀns ˈme̝ːtsʰʁo]) is a 24/7 light rapid transit system in Copenhagen, Denmark, serving the municipalities of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, and Tårnby.

Copenhagen Metro
Overview
Native nameKøbenhavns Metro
OwnerMetroselskabet I/S
LocaleCopenhagen, Denmark
Transit typeLight rapid transit
Number of lines4
Line numberM1, M2, M3, M4
Number of stations39 (+5 under construction)
Daily ridership290,000 (weekday)
Annual ridership107 million (2022)[1]
Chief executiveCarsten Riis, CEO
WebsiteM.dk
Operation
Began operation19 October 2002
Operator(s)Inmetro
Number of vehicles
[2]
Train length3 cars
Headway2–4 minutes
Technical
System length38.2 km (23.7 mi)[3]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification750 V DC third rail
Average speed40 km/h (25 mph)
Top speed
  • M1 and M2: 80 km/h (50 mph)
  • M3 and M4: 90 km/h (56 mph)
[4]

The original 20.4-kilometre (12.7 mi)[3] system opened in October 2002, serving nine stations on two lines: M1 and M2. In 2003 and 2007, the Metro was extended to Vanløse and Copenhagen Airport (Lufthavnen) respectively, adding an additional six plus five stations to the network. In 2019, seventeen stations on a wholly underground circle line, the M3, was added bringing the number of stations to 37.[5]

The driverless light metro supplements the larger S-train rapid transit system, and is integrated with local DSB and regional (Øresundståg) trains and municipal Movia buses. Through the city centre and west to Vanløse, M1 and M2 share a common line. To the southeast, the system serves Amager, with the 13.9-kilometre (8.6 mi)[3] M1 running through the new neighborhood of Ørestad, and the 14.2-kilometre (8.8 mi)[3] M2 serving the eastern neighborhoods and Copenhagen Airport. The M3 is a circle line connecting Copenhagen Central Station with Vesterbro, Frederiksberg, Nørrebro, Østerbro and Indre By districts. The metro has 39 stations, 25 of which are underground.

In 2022, the metro carried 107 million passengers.[1]

Overview

 
Copenhagen Metro network, as of March 2020

The system is owned by Metroselskabet (The Metro Company), which is owned by the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, and the Ministry of Transport. The M1 and M2 use 34 trains of the Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro class and stationed at the Control and Maintenance Center at Vestamager. The trains are 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in) wide and three cars long; their 630 kW (840 hp) power output is supplied by a 750-volt third rail. The metro trains were originally planned to be four cars long, but trains were reduced to three cars per set as a savings measure.[6] Platforms are – although shorter than originally planned – built to accommodate trains with four cars, and the automatic doors can be modified accordingly should the need arise.[6]

Operation of the system is subcontracted to a private company. For the history of service, this has been Metro Service A/S. Trains run continually, twenty-four hours a day, with the headway varying from two to four minutes, but with longer intervals (up to twenty minutes) during the night only.

 
A Metro train on approach to Flintholm Station

Planning of the Metro started in 1992 as part of the redevelopment plans for Ørestad with construction starting in 1996, and stage 1, from Nørreport to Vestamager and Lergravsparken, opened in 2002. Stage 2, from Nørreport to Vanløse, opened in 2003, followed by stage 3, from Lergravsparken to Lufthavnen, in 2007.

The City Circle Line (Danish: Cityringen) is an entirely underground 15.5 km (9.6 mi) loop through central Copenhagen and Frederiksberg with 17 stops. It does not share any track with the M1 and M2 lines, but intersect them at Kongens Nytorv and Frederiksberg stations. Before the Cityringen opened, the Metro expected that it would cause its ridership should almost double from its 2016 levels to 116 million annual passengers.[7]

A fourth line, M4, will be developed into a separate line between 2020 and 2024, as extensions of the Cityringen to Nordhavn and Sydhavn open. The two-stop three-kilometre (1.9 mi)-long line to Nordhavn opened in March 2020.[8][9] The extension adds an interchange with Nordhavn S-train station. The five-stop, 4.5 km (2.8 mi), extension to Sydhavn is also under construction,[10] with planned opening in 2024.[11] The Sydhavn line will terminate at Ny Ellebjerg where it will create a new regional rail transport hub by connecting the metro system to the S-train network, regional trains, and long-distance trains on the current lines and the upcoming high speed Copenhagen-Ringsted railway.[12] Once these extensions are complete, Metro expects the daily ridership to triple from its current level of 200,000 riders per weekday to 600,000 riders per weekday in 2030.[13]

History

Background

 
Crossover from elevated railway to tunnel near Islands Brygge.
 
Copenhagen Metro train, with DR Byen in the background.

The planning of the metro was spurred by the development of the Ørestad area of Copenhagen. The principle of building a rail transit was passed by the Parliament of Denmark on 24 June 1992, with the Ørestad Act.[14] The responsibility for developing the area, as well as building and operating the metro, was given to the Ørestad Development Corporation, a joint venture between Copenhagen Municipality (45%) and the Ministry of Finance (55%). Initially, three modes were considered: a tramway, a light rail and a rapid transit. In October 1994, the Development Corporation chose a light rapid transit.[15]

The tram solution would have been a street tram, without any major infrastructure investments in the city centre, such as a dedicated right-of-way. Through Ørestad it would have had level crossings, except for a grade-separated crossing with the European Route E20 and the Øresund Line. It would have had a driver and have operated at about a 150-second interval—twice the cycle time of the city's traffic lights. Power would have been provided with overhead wires. Stops were to be located about every 500 m (1,640 ft 5 in) at street level. The articulated trams would have been about 35 m (114 ft 10 in) long and have a capacity for 230 passengers.[16]

The light rail model would have used the same approach as the tram in Ørestad, but would instead have run through a tunnel in the city centre. The tunnel sections would be shorter, but the diameter larger because it would have to accommodate overhead wires. The system would have the same frequency as the tram, but use double trams and would therefore require larger stations. The metro solution was chosen because it combined the highest average speeds, the highest passenger capacity, the lowest visual and noise impact, and the lowest number of accidents. Despite requiring the highest investment, it had the highest net present value.[16]

The decision to build stage 2, from Nørreport to Vanløse, and stage 3, to the airport, was taken by Parliament on 21 December 1994.[14] Stage 2 involved the establishment of the company Frederiksbergbaneselskabet I/S in February 1995, owned 70% by the Ørestad Development Corporation and 30% by Frederiksberg Municipality. The third stage would be built by Østamagerbaneselskabet I/S, established in September 1995 and owned 55% by the Ørestad Development Corporation and 45% by Copenhagen County. In October 1996, a contract was signed with the Copenhagen Metro Construction Group (COMET) for building the lines (Civil Works), and with Ansaldo STS for delivery of technological systems and trains, and to operate the system the first five years.[15] COMET was a single-purpose consortium composed of Astaldi, Bachy, SAE, Ilbau, NCC Rasmussen & Schiøtz Anlæg and Tarmac Construction.[17]

Construction of lines M1 and M2

 
Escalators at Amagerbro Station

Construction started in November 1996, with the moving of underground pipes and wires around the station areas. In August 1997, work started at the depot, and in September, COMET started the first mainline work. In October and November, the two tunnel boring machines (TBM), christened Liva and Betty, were delivered. They started boring each barrel of the tunnel from Islands Brygge in February 1998. The same month, the Public Transport Authority gave the necessary permits to operate a driverless metro. The section between Fasanvej and Frederiksberg is a former S-train line, and was last operated as such on 20 June 1998.[15]

The first section of tunnel was completed in September 1998, and the TBMs moved to Havnegade. By December 1998, work had started on the initial nine stations. Plans for M2 were presented to the public in April 1999, with a debate emerging if the proposed elevated solution was the best. In May, the first trains were delivered, and trial runs began at the depot. In December, the tunnels were completed to Strandlodsvej, and the TBMs were moved to Havnegade, where they started to grind towards Frederiksberg. From 1 January 2000, the S-train service from Solbjerg to Vanløse was terminated, and work commenced to rebuild the section to metro. The last section of tunnel was completed in February 2001.[15]

In March 2001, Copenhagen County Council decided to start construction of stage 3. On 6 November 2001, the first train operated through a tunnel section. On 28 November, laying of tracks along stage 1, and stage 2A from Nørreport to Frederiksberg, was completed. An agreement about financing stage 3 was reached on 12 April. By 22 May, the 18 delivered trains had test-run 100,000 km (62,000 miles).[15] The section from Nørreport to Lergravsparken and Vestamager was opened on 19 October 2002. Initially, the system had a 12-minute headway on each of the two services. From 3 December this was reduced to 9 minutes, and from 19 December to 6 minutes.[18] Operation of the system was subcontracted to Ansaldo, who again subcontracted it to Metro Service, a subsidiary of Serco. The contract had a duration of five years, with an option for extension for another three.[19]

Opening of lines M1 and M2

 
Elevated station on Amager – Ørestad Station

Trial runs on stage 2A began on 24 February 2003 and opened on 29 May. All changes to bus and train schedules in Copenhagen took place on 25 May, but to allow Queen Margrethe II to open the line, the opening needed to be adapted to her calendar. This caused four days without a bus service along the line.[20] Stage 2B, from Frederiksberg to Vanløse, opened on 12 October.[21]

Forum Station was nominated for the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture in 2005.[22] On 2 December 2005, the final agreement to build the City Circle Line was made between the local and national governments. The price was estimated at 11.5 to 18.3 billion Danish krone (DKK), of which DKK 5.4 billion will be financed though ticket sales, and the remaining from the state and municipalities.[23] In 2006, it was announced that the contract with Ansaldo to operate the metro had been prolonged another three years.[19] However, the subcontract between Ansaldo and Serco Group was not extended, and the contract was instead given to Azienda Trasporti Milanesi in joint venture with Ansaldo; they took over operations from October 2007.[24] The Ørestad Development Corporation was discontinued in 2007, and the ownership of the metro was transferred to Metroselskabet I/S.[25]

In January 2007, the city council decided that a branch was to be built during construction at Nørrebro, to allow a future branch line from the City Circle Line towards Brønshøj. The first part of this line was intended to be constructed at the same time as the City Circle Line, to avoid a multitude-higher construction cost and long interruptions of operations later. This did not involve a final decision, only an option for future construction.[26] The Herlev/Brønshøj line was ultimately dropped as the City of Copenhagen withdrew its share of the cost of the Nørrebro branch chamber in its 2009 budget, and the state refused to continue the project. Any branch to the Herlev / Brønshøj region would now require a shutdown of the City Circle Line for an extended period of time.[27][28]

In March 2007, a proposal to establish a station at Valby, where the Carlsberg Group is planning an urban redevelopment, was scrapped. The proposal would have increased construction costs by DKK 900 million and was deemed not economical. The increased cost was, in part, due to an extra TBM being needed to complete the project on time.[29] The City Circle Line was passed by parliament on 1 June 2007, with only the Red–Green Alliance voting in disfavor.[30]

The 4.5 km (2.8-mile) stage 3 opened on 28 September 2007, from Lergravsparken to the airport. It followed, for the most part, the route of the former Amager Line of the Danish State Railways. With this stage complete, the 34 trains were delivered for use by the M1 and M2. However, the line caused a heated debate, with several locals organized themselves into the Amager Metro Group. The group argued that the line should have been built underground, citing concerns that it would create noise pollution and a physical barrier in Amager.[31] In April 2008, the Copenhagen Metro won the award at MetroRail 2008 for the world's best metro. The jury noted the system's high regularity, safety and passenger satisfaction, as well as the efficient transport to the airport.[32] During 2008, the metro experienced a 16% passenger growth to 44 million passengers per year.[33]

Several parties agreed in September 2008 not to fund a northwest expansion of the metro.[34]

Initially, the system operated trains from 01:00 to 05:00 only on Thursdays through Saturdays, but, starting on 19 March 2009, night service was extended to the rest of the week. This caused a logistical challenge, because Metro Service used the nights for maintenance. The routes were therefore set up in such a way that the system could be operated on only a single track, leaving the other free for work.[35] In May 2009, six companies were pre-qualified to bid for the public service obligation to operate the metro. These were Serco-NedRailways, Ansaldo STS, Arriva, S-Bahn Hamburg, Keolis and DSB Metro—a joint venture between DSB and RATP.[36] The process was delayed because of a procedural error by Metroselskabet, who failed to pre-qualify DSB Metro.[37]

Construction of lines M3, City Circle line and M4, the Harbour Line

 
Diagram of Copenhagen Metro following the opening of the northern part of the M4 (2020)
Main articles: City Circle Line (M3) and M4

An expansion of the metro, the City Circle Line, is current and opened on 29 September 2019.[38] Independent of the existing system, it circles the city centre and connects the areas of Østerbro, Nørrebro and Vesterbro to Frederiksberg and Indre By. The line is 15.5 km (9.6 miles) long and runs entirely in tunnel. The circle has 17 stations, two of which are interchanges with both the M1 and M2 lines, as well with three Copenhagen S-train stations. It takes 25 minutes to complete a full lap in either direction. Archaeological and geological surveys started in 2007, preferred bidders were announced in November 2010[38] and contracts were signed in 2011.[39] Preparations began by moving utilities etc. in 2010, and construction of work sites and stations began in 2011. Drilling of tunnels began in 2013.[39] On 7 January 2011 the new project called Cityringen started with the signing of new contracts by Metroselskabet, with Ansaldo Breda and Ansaldo Sts (Finmeccanica Group) for the supply of trains and control systems and with an Italian joint-venture led by Salin Construttori (about 60%) and Tecnimont (about 40%) with Seli as third partner for the construction part. In July 2013, Natur- og Miljøklagenævnet, the environmental appeals board, ruled that the city was wrong to grant Metroselskabet permission for 24-hour work days and noise levels of up to 78 db at the Marmorkirken site. This forced construction to stop work at 6PM until a final ruling was made, thus delaying the completion date.[40]

 
Underground junction of the M3 and M4 lines. The tunnels in the middle are for the M3 line and the outer tunnels for the M4 line.

The City Circle Line is serviced by lines M3 and M4. The M3 opened by 29 September 2019, and its trains operate on the entire circle in either direction. The M3 has transfers to M1 and M2 at Frederiksberg and Kongens Nytorv.[41] The line is estimated to carry 240,000 daily passengers, bringing the metro's total daily ridership to 460,000.[30][42]

The M4 was opened on 28 March 2020 when two additional stations were opened in the Nordhavn district. This line running from Copenhagen Central Station (København H) via Østerport to Orientkaj station in Nordhavn, thus sharing six stations with the M3 and featuring two additional Nordhavn stations. The M4 line is interchange with the M1 and M2 at Kongens Nytorv.

An extension to the Sydhavn district is expected to open by 2024 and will also be served by the M4. The addition of this line will relocate the M4's southern terminus from Copenhagen Central Station to Ny Ellebjerg.

Evolution of plans

A northwestern expansion of the City Circle Line was planned, where M4 would have diverted at Nørrebro and run to the suburbs of Brønshøj and Gladsaxe. This project was abandoned, as the interchange chamber between any such line and the City Circle Line was scrapped as part of the City of Copenhagen's 2009 budget. In subsequent plans, the northern extension of the M4 was instead relocated as a Nordhavn branch which connects with the City Circle Line at Østerport. The Nordhavn extension with two stations opened on 28 March 2020. The southern extension of the M4 will run from Copenhagen Central Station through Sydhavn to Ny Ellebjerg, where the M4 will link up with the S-train and regional train system. The Danish Transport Authority (Trafikstyrelsen) has suggested converting the F-line of the S-train network to metro standard as an M5 line. If the M5 line becomes reality, it will connect with existing lines at Flintholm Station (interchange with M1 and M2), Nørrebro station (interchange with M3), and the future Ny Ellebjerg station (interchange with M4).

The fourth line, M4 or the Harbour line, shares the track with the M3 between Copenhagen Central Station and Østerport station (six stations shared). An additional extension to the M4 is under construction: service the southern (Sydhavn) harbour district in Copenhagen. The completed M4 between Orientkaj and Ny Ellebjerg will feature 13 stations.[43]

The northern extension, Nordhavn station and Orientkaj station,[44] both begun service on 28 March 2020.[45] The southern extension will add five additional stops to the M4, with its southern terminus moving from Copenhagen Central Station to Ny Ellebjerg. This line will service the southern harbour district and is expected to open by 2024.[45]

As of 2019, the M1 and M2 has a total of 22 stations. After opening of the City Circle Line, the metro system is featured 3 lines with a total of 37 stations. Upon completion of both extensions of the M4, the system will feature four lines with 44 stations. 8 of these will be interchanges with the S-train.[44]

Future lines discussed

Many new lines have been discussed. Initially Line M4 was supposed to supplement the circular M3 on the eastern side of the Inner City between Nørrebro station and Copenhagen Central Station. At this time, an extension was suggested from Nørrebro to the northwestern suburbs with a terminus at Husum station. This was abandoned as the City of Copenhagen rejected funding interchange chamber under Nørrebro station necessary for this extension.[46] Instead, the city preferred the M4 to branch at Østerport station to facilitate development of the Nordhavn harbour area.[46]

The "M5"-label appears to having been reserved for a potential future conversion of Line F of the Copenhagen S-train to metro standard.[47] In 2011, the City of Copenhagen suggested two additional lines M6 and M7, the M6 linking the northwestern suburbs and central Amager and the M7 forming a second ring line further east than the M3,[48] and a western extension of the M1 or M2 to Brøndbyøster was also suggested.[49] In 2017, the city of Copenhagen suggested a new M6 line connecting Brønshøj and Refshaleøen via Copenhagen Central Station.[50] In 2018, the government and the city agreed on plans to construct an artificial island, Lynetteholmen north of Refshaleøen, and the city included its plans to link Copenhagen Central Station and Refshaleøen in this discussion.[51]

As of January 2018, no further development will be done after the construction of the Harbour line, or Line M4. Between Ny Ellebjerg station and Orientkaj in the Nordhavn area, except for a few more stations northeast of Orientkaj.[52]

In September 2011, the city of Copenhagen and neighbouring Malmö in Sweden announced that they were seeking European Union funding to study a potential metro line under the Øresund to the neighbourhood of Malmö Central Station, providing faster trips and additional capacity beyond that of the existing Øresund Bridge.[53] The study, for which the EU granted funding in the following December,[54] will consider both a simple shuttle between the two stations and a continuous line integrated with the local transport networks on each side, and they anticipate a travel time of 15 minutes between the two city centers.[55] Work on the study is expected to continue until 2020.[56]

Route

Main articles: M1, M2, M3, and M4
 
Map of the current Copenhagen Metro network (2020).

The metro consists of four lines, M1, M2, M3 and M4. M1 and M2 share a common 7.69-kilometre (4.78 mi) section from Vanløse to Christianshavn,[3] where they split along two lines: M1 follows the Ørestad Line to Vestamager, while M2 follows the Østamager Line to the airport. The metro consists of a total route length of 20.4 km (12.7 mi),[3] and 22 stations, 9 of which are on the section shared by both lines. M1 is 13.9 kilometres (8.6 mi)[3] long and serves 15 stations, while M2 is 14.2 kilometres (8.8 mi)[3] long and serves 16 stations. About 10 km (6.2 miles)[3] of the lines and 9 stations are in tunnel, located at 20 to 30 m (65 ft 7 in to 98 ft 5 in) below ground level. The remaining sections are on embankments, viaducts or at ground level.[57]

The section from Vanløse to Frederiksberg follows the Frederiksberg Line, a former S-train line which runs on an embankment. From Fasanvej station, the line runs underground, and continues this way through the city center. After Christianshavn, the line splits in two. M1 reaches ground level at Islands Brygge, and continues on a viaduct through the Vestamager area. M2 continues in tunnel until after Lergravsparken, where it starts to follow the former Amager Line.[58]

The tunnels consist of two parallel tunnels; that run through stable limestone at about 30 m (98 ft 5+1⁄8 in) depth, but are elevated slightly at each station. There are emergency exits every 600 m (1,968 ft 6+1⁄16 in), so that no train is ever further than 300 m (984 ft 3 in) from an exit. The outer tunnel diameter is 5.5 m (18 ft 1 in), while the inner diameter is 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in). The tunnels were excavated by the cut-and-cover method, the New Austrian Tunnelling method and by tunnel boring machines (TBM). Along the elevated sections, the tracks run on alternating sections of separate reinforced concrete viaducts and joint embankments made of reinforced earth.[59] M3 is a 15.5-kilometre (9.63 mi) looping line which serves 17 stations. Including Frederiksberg and Kongens Nytorv which also serve M1 and M2. A full trip around the line takes approximately 29 minutes.[60]

The M4 line serves 8 operational stations. 6 of which are an extension of the M3 line. It branches off the M3 line at Østerport continuing to Orientkaj. 5 additional stations are planned for the line. Estimated to be built in 2024 this section of the line will branch of the M3 line at København H and terminate at København Syd (until 2024 named Ny Ellebjerg).

Copenhagen Metro lines
Line Color Route Opened Last extension Length Stations
M1 Green   Vanløse — Frederiksberg — Nørreport — Kongens Nytorv — Ørestad — Vestamager 2002 — 13.1 km (8.1 mi) 15
M2 Yellow   Vanløse — Frederiksberg — Nørreport — Kongens Nytorv — Amagerbro — Lufthavnen 2002 2007 14.2 km (8.8 mi) 16
M3
(City Circle Line)		 Red   København H — Frederiksberg — Nørrebro — Østerport — Kongens Nytorv — København H 2019 — 15.5 km (9.6 mi) 17
M4
(Nordhavn Line)		 Blue   København Syd* — København H — Kongens Nytorv — Østerport — Nordhavn — Orientkaj 2020 2024 -/4.5 km (2.8 mi) 8 operational + 5 under construction

* Under construction

Service

 
Øresund Station is at-grade

The system operates 24/7 with a varying headway throughout the day. During rush hour (07:00–10:00 and 15:00–18:00), there is a two-minute headway on the common section and a four-minute headway on the single-service sections. During Thursday through Saturday night (0:00–05:00) on the M1 and M2 lines there is a seven/eight-minute headway on the common section and a fifteen-minute headway on the single-service sections, and other nights it is twenty-minutes on all sections of the metro. At all other times, there is a three-minute headway on the common section and a six-minute on the single-service sections.[61] Travel time from Nørreport to Vestamager on M1 is 14 minutes, to the airport on M2 is 15 minutes, and to Vanløse on M1 and M2 is 9 minutes.[62] During rush hour (07:00–10:00 and 15:00–18:00), on the M3 (Cityringen) there is a three-minute headway. During Thursday through Saturday night (0:00–05:00) on M3 there is a six-minute headway (one direction), while in the weekend it is twelve-minutes (two directions). At all other times, there is a four/five-minute headway. Travel time of the Cityringen M3 is 29 minutes. During Thursday through Saturday night (0:00–05:00) on the M4 there is a twelve minute headway between Osterport and Orientkaj stations, while in the weekend it is a ten minute headway between Kobenhavn H Central Station and Orientkaj Station. At all other times, there is a six/ten-minute headway. Travel time of the M4 is 12 minutes (only 3 minutes late night between Osterport and Orientkaj stations). In 2009, the metro transported 50 million passengers, or 137,000 per day;[63] by 2013, the metro's ridership increased to 55 million.[1]

The metro operates with a proof-of-payment system, so riders must have a valid ticket before entering the station platforms. The system is divided into zones, and the fare structure is integrated with other public transport in Copenhagen, including the buses managed by Movia, local DSB trains and the S-train.[64] The system lies within four different zones.[65] Ticket machines are available at all stations, where special tickets for dogs and bicycles can also be purchased.[64] A two-zone ticket costs DKK 24, and a three-zone ticket DKK 36, and tickets are good for 60 minutes. Holders of the Copenhagen Card museum pass ride free of charge, as do up to two children under twelve years of age accompanied by an adult.[64] As of 2012, the metro has fully adapted to the national electronic fare card system Rejsekort.[66] Outside the Central zones, the outer zones are divided into sub-zones and ticketing can be a bit confusing for visitors familiar with how zones work in London or Berlin. Passengers must specify, on their ticket which sub-zone they wish to travel to.

The system is integrated with other public transport in Copenhagen. There is transfer to the S-train at Vanløse, Flintholm and Nørreport, to DSB's local trains at Nørreport, Ørestad and Lufthavnen, and to Copenhagen Airport at Lufthavnen. There are transfers to Movia bus services at all but four stations.[62]

The system is owned by Metroselskabet, who is also responsible for building the City Circle Line. The company is owned by Copenhagen Municipality (50.0%), the Ministry of Transport (41.7%) and Frederiksberg Municipality (8.3%).[67] The company is organized with as few employees as possible.[citation needed] Construction and operation is subcontracted through public tenders, while consultants are used for planning.[68] The contract to operate the system was made with Ansaldo STS, who has subcontracted it to Metro Service, a joint venture between them and Azienda Trasporti Milanesi (ATM), the public transport company of the city of Milan, Italy. The company has 285 employees, the majority of whom work as stewards.[69]

Stations

Main article: List of Copenhagen Metro stations
 
Deep-level station design at Forum

There are 37 stations on the network.[62] Of the initial 22 stations on lines M1 and M2, nine are underground and six of these are deep-level. They were all designed by KHR Arkitekter, who created open stations with daylight.[70] Stations have an information column in front, marked with a large 'M' and featuring information screens. All stations have a vestibule at ground level, which has ticket and local information, ticket machines and validators. The stations are built with island platforms[71] and are fully accessible for people with disabilities.[72]

The deep-level stations are built as rectangular, open boxes 60 m (196 ft 10 in) long, 20 m (65 ft 7 in) wide and 20 m (65 ft 7 in) deep. The platforms are located 18 m (59 ft 1 in) below the surface. Access to the surface is reached via escalators and elevators. The design allows the stations to be located below streets and squares, allowing the stations to be built without expropriation. Access to the track is blocked by platform screen doors. The underground stations on M1 and M2 were built as cut-and-cover from the top down (except Christianshavn, which was excavated as a large hole and the station built bottom-up), and the first part of construction was building a water-tight wall on all sides. There are glass pyramids on the roof of the stations permitting daylight to enter. Inside the pyramids, there are prisms reflecting and splitting the light, sometimes resulting in rainbows on the walls. The light in the stations is automatically regulated to make best use of the daylight and maintain a constant level of illumination of the stations at all times.[71]

The elevated stations are built in glass, concrete and steel to minimize their visual impact. Outside, there is parking for bicycles, cars, buses and taxis. Access to the trains are blocked by platform screen doors.[71]

Trains

Further information: Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro
 
The interior of a Metro train

The system uses 64 driverless electric multiple units built by Hitachi Rail Italy and designed by Giugiaro Design of Italy called the Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro.[2]

The trains are 39 m (127 ft 11+3⁄8 in) long, 2.65 m (8 ft 8+3⁄8 in) wide, and weigh 52 t (51 long tons; 57 short tons). Each train consists of three articulated cars with a total of six automated, 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) wide doors, holding up to 96 seated and 204 standing passengers (300 in total). There are four large 'flex areas' in each train with folding seats providing space for wheelchairs, strollers and bicycles.[73]

Each car is equipped with two three-phase asynchronous 105 kW (141 hp) motors, giving each train a power output of 630 kW (840 hp). In each car, the two motors are fed by the car's own IGBT motor drive. They transform the 750-volt direct current collected from the third rail shoe to the three-phase alternating current used in the motors. The trains' top speed are 80 km/h (50 mph), while the average service speed is 40 km/h (25 mph), with an acceleration and deceleration capacity of 1.3 m/s2 (4.3 ft/s2) along the standard-gauge track.[73]

Operations

 
The control room

The entire metro system and the trains are run by a fully automated computer system, located at the two Control and Maintenance Centers, south of Vestamager Station (M1 + M2), and at Sydhavnen (M3 + M4).[74] The automatic train control (ATC) consists of three subsystems: automatic train protection (ATP), automatic train operation (ATO) and automatic train supervisory (ATS). The ATP is responsible for keeping the trains' speed, ensuring that doors are closed before departure and switches are correctly set. The system uses fixed block signaling, except around stations, where moving block signaling is used.[75]

The ATO is the autopilot that runs the trains on a predefined schedule, ensures that the trains stop at the station and open the doors. The ATS keeps track of all the components in the network, including the rails and all of the trains in the system, and displays a live schematic at the control center. The ATC is designed so that the ATP is the only safety-critical system, as it would halt the trains if the other systems fail. The safety and signaling specifications are based on the German BOStrab, and controlled by TÜV Rheinland and Det Norske Veritas under supervision of the Public Transport Authority. Other aspects of the system, such as power supply, ventilation, security alarms, cameras and pumps, are controlled by a system called "control, regulating and surveillance".[75]

Vestamager CMC

The Control and Maintenance Center is a 1.1-hectare (2.7-acre) facility located at the south end of M1. It consists of a storage area for trains not in use, a maintenance area and the control facility. Trains operate automatically through the system, and can also automatically be washed on the exterior. The facility has 5 km (3.1 mi) of track, of which 800 m (870 yd) is a test track for use after maintenance. The most common repairs are wheel grinding; more complicated repairs are made by replacing entire components that are sent to the manufacturer. By having components in reserve, trains can have shorter maintenance time. The depot also has several maintenance trains, including diesel locomotives[76] that are able to retrieve broken down or disabled trains.[77]

At any time, there are four or five people working at the control center: two monitor the ATC system, one monitors passenger information, and one is responsible for secondary systems, such as power supply. In case of technical problems, there is always a team of linepeople that can be dispatched to perform repairs. Although the trains are not equipped with drivers, there are stewards at stations and on most trains that help passengers, perform ticket controls and assist in emergency situations.[77]

Network map

 


References

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Copenhagen Metro (category)
  • Official website
  • Copenhagen at UrbanRail.net
  • Copenhagen Card

May 05, 2023
copenhagen, metro, danish, københavns, metro, pronounced, kʰøpm, ˈhɑwˀns, ˈme, ːtsʰʁo, light, rapid, transit, system, copenhagen, denmark, serving, municipalities, copenhagen, frederiksberg, tårnby, overviewnative, namekøbenhavns, metroownermetroselskabet, slo. The Copenhagen Metro Danish Kobenhavns Metro pronounced kʰopm ˈhɑwˀns ˈme ːtsʰʁo is a 24 7 light rapid transit system in Copenhagen Denmark serving the municipalities of Copenhagen Frederiksberg and Tarnby Copenhagen MetroOverviewNative nameKobenhavns MetroOwnerMetroselskabet I SLocaleCopenhagen DenmarkTransit typeLight rapid transitNumber of lines4Line numberM1 M2 M3 M4Number of stations39 5 under construction Daily ridership290 000 weekday Annual ridership107 million 2022 1 Chief executiveCarsten Riis CEOWebsiteM dkOperationBegan operation19 October 2002Operator s InmetroNumber of vehicles34 AnsaldoBreda Driverless Metro M1 M2 30 Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro M3 M4 2 Train length3 carsHeadway2 4 minutesTechnicalSystem length38 2 km 23 7 mi 3 Track gauge1 435 mm 4 ft 8 1 2 in standard gaugeElectrification750 V DC third railAverage speed40 km h 25 mph Top speedM1 and M2 80 km h 50 mph M3 and M4 90 km h 56 mph 4 System mapLegendVanloseCopenhagenFrederiksbergFlintholmLindevangFasanvejFrederiksbergForumFrederiksberg Alle Aksel Mollers HaveFrederiksbergCopenhagenEnghave Plads Nuuks PladsNorrebros RunddelNy Ellebjerg NorrebroMozarts Plads Skjolds PladsSluseholmen Vibenshus RunddelEnghave Brygge Poul Henningsens PladsHavneholmen TrianglenKobenhavn H OrientkajRadhuspladsenGammel Strand NordhavnOsterport DSBNorreport MarmorkirkenKongens NytorvChristianshavnIslands Brygge AmagerbroLergravsparkenDR ByenSundby OresundBella Center Amager StrandDSB Orestad FemorenVestamager CopenhagenTarnbyKastrupLufthavnen DSBIn the upper part of the diagram above Christianshavn up and down correspond roughly to east and west respectively in the remaining part to north and south The Circle Line is served on the whole loop as M3 and additionally on its eastern lower part between Orientkaj and Kobenhavn H as M4 Five more stations will be added to the M4 route in 2024 This route map viewtalkeditThe original 20 4 kilometre 12 7 mi 3 system opened in October 2002 serving nine stations on two lines M1 and M2 In 2003 and 2007 the Metro was extended to Vanlose and Copenhagen Airport Lufthavnen respectively adding an additional six plus five stations to the network In 2019 seventeen stations on a wholly underground circle line the M3 was added bringing the number of stations to 37 5 The driverless light metro supplements the larger S train rapid transit system and is integrated with local DSB and regional Oresundstag trains and municipal Movia buses Through the city centre and west to Vanlose M1 and M2 share a common line To the southeast the system serves Amager with the 13 9 kilometre 8 6 mi 3 M1 running through the new neighborhood of Orestad and the 14 2 kilometre 8 8 mi 3 M2 serving the eastern neighborhoods and Copenhagen Airport The M3 is a circle line connecting Copenhagen Central Station with Vesterbro Frederiksberg Norrebro Osterbro and Indre By districts The metro has 39 stations 25 of which are underground In 2022 the metro carried 107 million passengers 1 Contents 1 Overview 2 History 2 1 Background 2 2 Construction of lines M1 and M2 2 3 Opening of lines M1 and M2 2 4 Construction of lines M3 City Circle line and M4 the Harbour Line 2 4 1 Evolution of plans 2 5 Future lines discussed 3 Route 4 Service 5 Stations 6 Trains 7 Operations 7 1 Vestamager CMC 8 Network map 9 References 10 Sources 11 External linksOverview Edit Copenhagen Metro network as of March 2020 The system is owned by Metroselskabet The Metro Company which is owned by the municipalities of Copenhagen and Frederiksberg and the Ministry of Transport The M1 and M2 use 34 trains of the Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro class and stationed at the Control and Maintenance Center at Vestamager The trains are 2 65 m 8 ft 8 in wide and three cars long their 630 kW 840 hp power output is supplied by a 750 volt third rail The metro trains were originally planned to be four cars long but trains were reduced to three cars per set as a savings measure 6 Platforms are although shorter than originally planned built to accommodate trains with four cars and the automatic doors can be modified accordingly should the need arise 6 Operation of the system is subcontracted to a private company For the history of service this has been Metro Service A S Trains run continually twenty four hours a day with the headway varying from two to four minutes but with longer intervals up to twenty minutes during the night only A Metro train on approach to Flintholm Station Planning of the Metro started in 1992 as part of the redevelopment plans for Orestad with construction starting in 1996 and stage 1 from Norreport to Vestamager and Lergravsparken opened in 2002 Stage 2 from Norreport to Vanlose opened in 2003 followed by stage 3 from Lergravsparken to Lufthavnen in 2007 The City Circle Line Danish Cityringen is an entirely underground 15 5 km 9 6 mi loop through central Copenhagen and Frederiksberg with 17 stops It does not share any track with the M1 and M2 lines but intersect them at Kongens Nytorv and Frederiksberg stations Before the Cityringen opened the Metro expected that it would cause its ridership should almost double from its 2016 levels to 116 million annual passengers 7 A fourth line M4 will be developed into a separate line between 2020 and 2024 as extensions of the Cityringen to Nordhavn and Sydhavn open The two stop three kilometre 1 9 mi long line to Nordhavn opened in March 2020 8 9 The extension adds an interchange with Nordhavn S train station The five stop 4 5 km 2 8 mi extension to Sydhavn is also under construction 10 with planned opening in 2024 11 The Sydhavn line will terminate at Ny Ellebjerg where it will create a new regional rail transport hub by connecting the metro system to the S train network regional trains and long distance trains on the current lines and the upcoming high speed Copenhagen Ringsted railway 12 Once these extensions are complete Metro expects the daily ridership to triple from its current level of 200 000 riders per weekday to 600 000 riders per weekday in 2030 13 History EditBackground Edit Crossover from elevated railway to tunnel near Islands Brygge Copenhagen Metro train with DR Byen in the background The planning of the metro was spurred by the development of the Orestad area of Copenhagen The principle of building a rail transit was passed by the Parliament of Denmark on 24 June 1992 with the Orestad Act 14 The responsibility for developing the area as well as building and operating the metro was given to the Orestad Development Corporation a joint venture between Copenhagen Municipality 45 and the Ministry of Finance 55 Initially three modes were considered a tramway a light rail and a rapid transit In October 1994 the Development Corporation chose a light rapid transit 15 The tram solution would have been a street tram without any major infrastructure investments in the city centre such as a dedicated right of way Through Orestad it would have had level crossings except for a grade separated crossing with the European Route E20 and the Oresund Line It would have had a driver and have operated at about a 150 second interval twice the cycle time of the city s traffic lights Power would have been provided with overhead wires Stops were to be located about every 500 m 1 640 ft 5 in at street level The articulated trams would have been about 35 m 114 ft 10 in long and have a capacity for 230 passengers 16 The light rail model would have used the same approach as the tram in Orestad but would instead have run through a tunnel in the city centre The tunnel sections would be shorter but the diameter larger because it would have to accommodate overhead wires The system would have the same frequency as the tram but use double trams and would therefore require larger stations The metro solution was chosen because it combined the highest average speeds the highest passenger capacity the lowest visual and noise impact and the lowest number of accidents Despite requiring the highest investment it had the highest net present value 16 The decision to build stage 2 from Norreport to Vanlose and stage 3 to the airport was taken by Parliament on 21 December 1994 14 Stage 2 involved the establishment of the company Frederiksbergbaneselskabet I S in February 1995 owned 70 by the Orestad Development Corporation and 30 by Frederiksberg Municipality The third stage would be built by Ostamagerbaneselskabet I S established in September 1995 and owned 55 by the Orestad Development Corporation and 45 by Copenhagen County In October 1996 a contract was signed with the Copenhagen Metro Construction Group COMET for building the lines Civil Works and with Ansaldo STS for delivery of technological systems and trains and to operate the system the first five years 15 COMET was a single purpose consortium composed of Astaldi Bachy SAE Ilbau NCC Rasmussen amp Schiotz Anlaeg and Tarmac Construction 17 Construction of lines M1 and M2 Edit Escalators at Amagerbro Station Construction started in November 1996 with the moving of underground pipes and wires around the station areas In August 1997 work started at the depot and in September COMET started the first mainline work In October and November the two tunnel boring machines TBM christened Liva and Betty were delivered They started boring each barrel of the tunnel from Islands Brygge in February 1998 The same month the Public Transport Authority gave the necessary permits to operate a driverless metro The section between Fasanvej and Frederiksberg is a former S train line and was last operated as such on 20 June 1998 15 The first section of tunnel was completed in September 1998 and the TBMs moved to Havnegade By December 1998 work had started on the initial nine stations Plans for M2 were presented to the public in April 1999 with a debate emerging if the proposed elevated solution was the best In May the first trains were delivered and trial runs began at the depot In December the tunnels were completed to Strandlodsvej and the TBMs were moved to Havnegade where they started to grind towards Frederiksberg From 1 January 2000 the S train service from Solbjerg to Vanlose was terminated and work commenced to rebuild the section to metro The last section of tunnel was completed in February 2001 15 In March 2001 Copenhagen County Council decided to start construction of stage 3 On 6 November 2001 the first train operated through a tunnel section On 28 November laying of tracks along stage 1 and stage 2A from Norreport to Frederiksberg was completed An agreement about financing stage 3 was reached on 12 April By 22 May the 18 delivered trains had test run 100 000 km 62 000 miles 15 The section from Norreport to Lergravsparken and Vestamager was opened on 19 October 2002 Initially the system had a 12 minute headway on each of the two services From 3 December this was reduced to 9 minutes and from 19 December to 6 minutes 18 Operation of the system was subcontracted to Ansaldo who again subcontracted it to Metro Service a subsidiary of Serco The contract had a duration of five years with an option for extension for another three 19 Opening of lines M1 and M2 Edit Elevated station on Amager Orestad Station Trial runs on stage 2A began on 24 February 2003 and opened on 29 May All changes to bus and train schedules in Copenhagen took place on 25 May but to allow Queen Margrethe II to open the line the opening needed to be adapted to her calendar This caused four days without a bus service along the line 20 Stage 2B from Frederiksberg to Vanlose opened on 12 October 21 Forum Station was nominated for the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture in 2005 22 On 2 December 2005 the final agreement to build the City Circle Line was made between the local and national governments The price was estimated at 11 5 to 18 3 billion Danish krone DKK of which DKK 5 4 billion will be financed though ticket sales and the remaining from the state and municipalities 23 In 2006 it was announced that the contract with Ansaldo to operate the metro had been prolonged another three years 19 However the subcontract between Ansaldo and Serco Group was not extended and the contract was instead given to Azienda Trasporti Milanesi in joint venture with Ansaldo they took over operations from October 2007 24 The Orestad Development Corporation was discontinued in 2007 and the ownership of the metro was transferred to Metroselskabet I S 25 In January 2007 the city council decided that a branch was to be built during construction at Norrebro to allow a future branch line from the City Circle Line towards Bronshoj The first part of this line was intended to be constructed at the same time as the City Circle Line to avoid a multitude higher construction cost and long interruptions of operations later This did not involve a final decision only an option for future construction 26 The Herlev Bronshoj line was ultimately dropped as the City of Copenhagen withdrew its share of the cost of the Norrebro branch chamber in its 2009 budget and the state refused to continue the project Any branch to the Herlev Bronshoj region would now require a shutdown of the City Circle Line for an extended period of time 27 28 In March 2007 a proposal to establish a station at Valby where the Carlsberg Group is planning an urban redevelopment was scrapped The proposal would have increased construction costs by DKK 900 million and was deemed not economical The increased cost was in part due to an extra TBM being needed to complete the project on time 29 The City Circle Line was passed by parliament on 1 June 2007 with only the Red Green Alliance voting in disfavor 30 The 4 5 km 2 8 mile stage 3 opened on 28 September 2007 from Lergravsparken to the airport It followed for the most part the route of the former Amager Line of the Danish State Railways With this stage complete the 34 trains were delivered for use by the M1 and M2 However the line caused a heated debate with several locals organized themselves into the Amager Metro Group The group argued that the line should have been built underground citing concerns that it would create noise pollution and a physical barrier in Amager 31 In April 2008 the Copenhagen Metro won the award at MetroRail 2008 for the world s best metro The jury noted the system s high regularity safety and passenger satisfaction as well as the efficient transport to the airport 32 During 2008 the metro experienced a 16 passenger growth to 44 million passengers per year 33 Several parties agreed in September 2008 not to fund a northwest expansion of the metro 34 Initially the system operated trains from 01 00 to 05 00 only on Thursdays through Saturdays but starting on 19 March 2009 night service was extended to the rest of the week This caused a logistical challenge because Metro Service used the nights for maintenance The routes were therefore set up in such a way that the system could be operated on only a single track leaving the other free for work 35 In May 2009 six companies were pre qualified to bid for the public service obligation to operate the metro These were Serco NedRailways Ansaldo STS Arriva S Bahn Hamburg Keolis and DSB Metro a joint venture between DSB and RATP 36 The process was delayed because of a procedural error by Metroselskabet who failed to pre qualify DSB Metro 37 Construction of lines M3 City Circle line and M4 the Harbour Line Edit Diagram of Copenhagen Metro following the opening of the northern part of the M4 2020 Main articles City Circle Line M3 and M4 An expansion of the metro the City Circle Line is current and opened on 29 September 2019 38 Independent of the existing system it circles the city centre and connects the areas of Osterbro Norrebro and Vesterbro to Frederiksberg and Indre By The line is 15 5 km 9 6 miles long and runs entirely in tunnel The circle has 17 stations two of which are interchanges with both the M1 and M2 lines as well with three Copenhagen S train stations It takes 25 minutes to complete a full lap in either direction Archaeological and geological surveys started in 2007 preferred bidders were announced in November 2010 38 and contracts were signed in 2011 39 Preparations began by moving utilities etc in 2010 and construction of work sites and stations began in 2011 Drilling of tunnels began in 2013 39 On 7 January 2011 the new project called Cityringen started with the signing of new contracts by Metroselskabet with Ansaldo Breda and Ansaldo Sts Finmeccanica Group for the supply of trains and control systems and with an Italian joint venture led by Salin Construttori about 60 and Tecnimont about 40 with Seli as third partner for the construction part In July 2013 Natur og Miljoklagenaevnet the environmental appeals board ruled that the city was wrong to grant Metroselskabet permission for 24 hour work days and noise levels of up to 78 db at the Marmorkirken site This forced construction to stop work at 6PM until a final ruling was made thus delaying the completion date 40 Underground junction of the M3 and M4 lines The tunnels in the middle are for the M3 line and the outer tunnels for the M4 line The City Circle Line is serviced by lines M3 and M4 The M3 opened by 29 September 2019 and its trains operate on the entire circle in either direction The M3 has transfers to M1 and M2 at Frederiksberg and Kongens Nytorv 41 The line is estimated to carry 240 000 daily passengers bringing the metro s total daily ridership to 460 000 30 42 The M4 was opened on 28 March 2020 when two additional stations were opened in the Nordhavn district This line running from Copenhagen Central Station Kobenhavn H via Osterport to Orientkaj station in Nordhavn thus sharing six stations with the M3 and featuring two additional Nordhavn stations The M4 line is interchange with the M1 and M2 at Kongens Nytorv An extension to the Sydhavn district is expected to open by 2024 and will also be served by the M4 The addition of this line will relocate the M4 s southern terminus from Copenhagen Central Station to Ny Ellebjerg Evolution of plans Edit A northwestern expansion of the City Circle Line was planned where M4 would have diverted at Norrebro and run to the suburbs of Bronshoj and Gladsaxe This project was abandoned as the interchange chamber between any such line and the City Circle Line was scrapped as part of the City of Copenhagen s 2009 budget In subsequent plans the northern extension of the M4 was instead relocated as a Nordhavn branch which connects with the City Circle Line at Osterport The Nordhavn extension with two stations opened on 28 March 2020 The southern extension of the M4 will run from Copenhagen Central Station through Sydhavn to Ny Ellebjerg where the M4 will link up with the S train and regional train system The Danish Transport Authority Trafikstyrelsen has suggested converting the F line of the S train network to metro standard as an M5 line If the M5 line becomes reality it will connect with existing lines at Flintholm Station interchange with M1 and M2 Norrebro station interchange with M3 and the future Ny Ellebjerg station interchange with M4 The fourth line M4 or the Harbour line shares the track with the M3 between Copenhagen Central Station and Osterport station six stations shared An additional extension to the M4 is under construction service the southern Sydhavn harbour district in Copenhagen The completed M4 between Orientkaj and Ny Ellebjerg will feature 13 stations 43 The northern extension Nordhavn station and Orientkaj station 44 both begun service on 28 March 2020 45 The southern extension will add five additional stops to the M4 with its southern terminus moving from Copenhagen Central Station to Ny Ellebjerg This line will service the southern harbour district and is expected to open by 2024 45 As of 2019 the M1 and M2 has a total of 22 stations After opening of the City Circle Line the metro system is featured 3 lines with a total of 37 stations Upon completion of both extensions of the M4 the system will feature four lines with 44 stations 8 of these will be interchanges with the S train 44 Future lines discussed Edit Many new lines have been discussed Initially Line M4 was supposed to supplement the circular M3 on the eastern side of the Inner City between Norrebro station and Copenhagen Central Station At this time an extension was suggested from Norrebro to the northwestern suburbs with a terminus at Husum station This was abandoned as the City of Copenhagen rejected funding interchange chamber under Norrebro station necessary for this extension 46 Instead the city preferred the M4 to branch at Osterport station to facilitate development of the Nordhavn harbour area 46 The M5 label appears to having been reserved for a potential future conversion of Line F of the Copenhagen S train to metro standard 47 In 2011 the City of Copenhagen suggested two additional lines M6 and M7 the M6 linking the northwestern suburbs and central Amager and the M7 forming a second ring line further east than the M3 48 and a western extension of the M1 or M2 to Brondbyoster was also suggested 49 In 2017 the city of Copenhagen suggested a new M6 line connecting Bronshoj and Refshaleoen via Copenhagen Central Station 50 In 2018 the government and the city agreed on plans to construct an artificial island Lynetteholmen north of Refshaleoen and the city included its plans to link Copenhagen Central Station and Refshaleoen in this discussion 51 As of January 2018 no further development will be done after the construction of the Harbour line or Line M4 Between Ny Ellebjerg station and Orientkaj in the Nordhavn area except for a few more stations northeast of Orientkaj 52 In September 2011 the city of Copenhagen and neighbouring Malmo in Sweden announced that they were seeking European Union funding to study a potential metro line under the Oresund to the neighbourhood of Malmo Central Station providing faster trips and additional capacity beyond that of the existing Oresund Bridge 53 The study for which the EU granted funding in the following December 54 will consider both a simple shuttle between the two stations and a continuous line integrated with the local transport networks on each side and they anticipate a travel time of 15 minutes between the two city centers 55 Work on the study is expected to continue until 2020 56 Route EditThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it November 2022 Main articles M1 M2 M3 and M4 Map of the current Copenhagen Metro network 2020 The metro consists of four lines M1 M2 M3 and M4 M1 and M2 share a common 7 69 kilometre 4 78 mi section from Vanlose to Christianshavn 3 where they split along two lines M1 follows the Orestad Line to Vestamager while M2 follows the Ostamager Line to the airport The metro consists of a total route length of 20 4 km 12 7 mi 3 and 22 stations 9 of which are on the section shared by both lines M1 is 13 9 kilometres 8 6 mi 3 long and serves 15 stations while M2 is 14 2 kilometres 8 8 mi 3 long and serves 16 stations About 10 km 6 2 miles 3 of the lines and 9 stations are in tunnel located at 20 to 30 m 65 ft 7 in to 98 ft 5 in below ground level The remaining sections are on embankments viaducts or at ground level 57 The section from Vanlose to Frederiksberg follows the Frederiksberg Line a former S train line which runs on an embankment From Fasanvej station the line runs underground and continues this way through the city center After Christianshavn the line splits in two M1 reaches ground level at Islands Brygge and continues on a viaduct through the Vestamager area M2 continues in tunnel until after Lergravsparken where it starts to follow the former Amager Line 58 The tunnels consist of two parallel tunnels that run through stable limestone at about 30 m 98 ft 5 1 8 in depth but are elevated slightly at each station There are emergency exits every 600 m 1 968 ft 6 1 16 in so that no train is ever further than 300 m 984 ft 3 in from an exit The outer tunnel diameter is 5 5 m 18 ft 1 in while the inner diameter is 4 9 m 16 ft 1 in The tunnels were excavated by the cut and cover method the New Austrian Tunnelling method and by tunnel boring machines TBM Along the elevated sections the tracks run on alternating sections of separate reinforced concrete viaducts and joint embankments made of reinforced earth 59 M3 is a 15 5 kilometre 9 63 mi looping line which serves 17 stations Including Frederiksberg and Kongens Nytorv which also serve M1 and M2 A full trip around the line takes approximately 29 minutes 60 The M4 line serves 8 operational stations 6 of which are an extension of the M3 line It branches off the M3 line at Osterport continuing to Orientkaj 5 additional stations are planned for the line Estimated to be built in 2024 this section of the line will branch of the M3 line at Kobenhavn H and terminate at Kobenhavn Syd until 2024 named Ny Ellebjerg Copenhagen Metro lines Line Color Route Opened Last extension Length StationsM1 Green Vanlose Frederiksberg Norreport Kongens Nytorv Orestad Vestamager 2002 13 1 km 8 1 mi 15M2 Yellow Vanlose Frederiksberg Norreport Kongens Nytorv Amagerbro Lufthavnen 2002 2007 14 2 km 8 8 mi 16M3 City Circle Line Red Kobenhavn H Frederiksberg Norrebro Osterport Kongens Nytorv Kobenhavn H 2019 15 5 km 9 6 mi 17M4 Nordhavn Line Blue Kobenhavn Syd Kobenhavn H Kongens Nytorv Osterport Nordhavn Orientkaj 2020 2024 4 5 km 2 8 mi 8 operational 5 under construction Under constructionService EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2019 Bella Center Station Oresund Station is at grade The system operates 24 7 with a varying headway throughout the day During rush hour 07 00 10 00 and 15 00 18 00 there is a two minute headway on the common section and a four minute headway on the single service sections During Thursday through Saturday night 0 00 05 00 on the M1 and M2 lines there is a seven eight minute headway on the common section and a fifteen minute headway on the single service sections and other nights it is twenty minutes on all sections of the metro At all other times there is a three minute headway on the common section and a six minute on the single service sections 61 Travel time from Norreport to Vestamager on M1 is 14 minutes to the airport on M2 is 15 minutes and to Vanlose on M1 and M2 is 9 minutes 62 During rush hour 07 00 10 00 and 15 00 18 00 on the M3 Cityringen there is a three minute headway During Thursday through Saturday night 0 00 05 00 on M3 there is a six minute headway one direction while in the weekend it is twelve minutes two directions At all other times there is a four five minute headway Travel time of the Cityringen M3 is 29 minutes During Thursday through Saturday night 0 00 05 00 on the M4 there is a twelve minute headway between Osterport and Orientkaj stations while in the weekend it is a ten minute headway between Kobenhavn H Central Station and Orientkaj Station At all other times there is a six ten minute headway Travel time of the M4 is 12 minutes only 3 minutes late night between Osterport and Orientkaj stations In 2009 the metro transported 50 million passengers or 137 000 per day 63 by 2013 the metro s ridership increased to 55 million 1 The metro operates with a proof of payment system so riders must have a valid ticket before entering the station platforms The system is divided into zones and the fare structure is integrated with other public transport in Copenhagen including the buses managed by Movia local DSB trains and the S train 64 The system lies within four different zones 65 Ticket machines are available at all stations where special tickets for dogs and bicycles can also be purchased 64 A two zone ticket costs DKK 24 and a three zone ticket DKK 36 and tickets are good for 60 minutes Holders of the Copenhagen Card museum pass ride free of charge as do up to two children under twelve years of age accompanied by an adult 64 As of 2012 the metro has fully adapted to the national electronic fare card system Rejsekort 66 Outside the Central zones the outer zones are divided into sub zones and ticketing can be a bit confusing for visitors familiar with how zones work in London or Berlin Passengers must specify on their ticket which sub zone they wish to travel to The system is integrated with other public transport in Copenhagen There is transfer to the S train at Vanlose Flintholm and Norreport to DSB s local trains at Norreport Orestad and Lufthavnen and to Copenhagen Airport at Lufthavnen There are transfers to Movia bus services at all but four stations 62 The system is owned by Metroselskabet who is also responsible for building the City Circle Line The company is owned by Copenhagen Municipality 50 0 the Ministry of Transport 41 7 and Frederiksberg Municipality 8 3 67 The company is organized with as few employees as possible citation needed Construction and operation is subcontracted through public tenders while consultants are used for planning 68 The contract to operate the system was made with Ansaldo STS who has subcontracted it to Metro Service a joint venture between them and Azienda Trasporti Milanesi ATM the public transport company of the city of Milan Italy The company has 285 employees the majority of whom work as stewards 69 Stations EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2019 Main article List of Copenhagen Metro stations Deep level station design at Forum There are 37 stations on the network 62 Of the initial 22 stations on lines M1 and M2 nine are underground and six of these are deep level They were all designed by KHR Arkitekter who created open stations with daylight 70 Stations have an information column in front marked with a large M and featuring information screens All stations have a vestibule at ground level which has ticket and local information ticket machines and validators The stations are built with island platforms 71 and are fully accessible for people with disabilities 72 The deep level stations are built as rectangular open boxes 60 m 196 ft 10 in long 20 m 65 ft 7 in wide and 20 m 65 ft 7 in deep The platforms are located 18 m 59 ft 1 in below the surface Access to the surface is reached via escalators and elevators The design allows the stations to be located below streets and squares allowing the stations to be built without expropriation Access to the track is blocked by platform screen doors The underground stations on M1 and M2 were built as cut and cover from the top down except Christianshavn which was excavated as a large hole and the station built bottom up and the first part of construction was building a water tight wall on all sides There are glass pyramids on the roof of the stations permitting daylight to enter Inside the pyramids there are prisms reflecting and splitting the light sometimes resulting in rainbows on the walls The light in the stations is automatically regulated to make best use of the daylight and maintain a constant level of illumination of the stations at all times 71 The elevated stations are built in glass concrete and steel to minimize their visual impact Outside there is parking for bicycles cars buses and taxis Access to the trains are blocked by platform screen doors 71 Trains EditFurther information Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro The interior of a Metro train The system uses 64 driverless electric multiple units built by Hitachi Rail Italy and designed by Giugiaro Design of Italy called the Hitachi Rail Italy Driverless Metro 2 The trains are 39 m 127 ft 11 3 8 in long 2 65 m 8 ft 8 3 8 in wide and weigh 52 t 51 long tons 57 short tons Each train consists of three articulated cars with a total of six automated 1 6 m 5 ft 3 in wide doors holding up to 96 seated and 204 standing passengers 300 in total There are four large flex areas in each train with folding seats providing space for wheelchairs strollers and bicycles 73 Each car is equipped with two three phase asynchronous 105 kW 141 hp motors giving each train a power output of 630 kW 840 hp In each car the two motors are fed by the car s own IGBT motor drive They transform the 750 volt direct current collected from the third rail shoe to the three phase alternating current used in the motors The trains top speed are 80 km h 50 mph while the average service speed is 40 km h 25 mph with an acceleration and deceleration capacity of 1 3 m s2 4 3 ft s2 along the standard gauge track 73 Operations Edit The control room The entire metro system and the trains are run by a fully automated computer system located at the two Control and Maintenance Centers south of Vestamager Station M1 M2 and at Sydhavnen M3 M4 74 The automatic train control ATC consists of three subsystems automatic train protection ATP automatic train operation ATO and automatic train supervisory ATS The ATP is responsible for keeping the trains speed ensuring that doors are closed before departure and switches are correctly set The system uses fixed block signaling except around stations where moving block signaling is used 75 The ATO is the autopilot that runs the trains on a predefined schedule ensures that the trains stop at the station and open the doors The ATS keeps track of all the components in the network including the rails and all of the trains in the system and displays a live schematic at the control center The ATC is designed so that the ATP is the only safety critical system as it would halt the trains if the other systems fail The safety and signaling specifications are based on the German BOStrab and controlled by TUV Rheinland and Det Norske Veritas under supervision of the Public Transport Authority Other aspects of the system such as power supply ventilation security alarms cameras and pumps are controlled by a system called control regulating and surveillance 75 Vestamager CMC Edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2019 The Control and Maintenance Center is a 1 1 hectare 2 7 acre facility located at the south end of M1 It consists of a storage area for trains not in use a maintenance area and the control facility Trains operate automatically through the system and can also automatically be washed on the exterior The facility has 5 km 3 1 mi of track of which 800 m 870 yd is a test track for use after maintenance The most common repairs are wheel grinding more complicated repairs are made by replacing entire components that are sent to the manufacturer By having components in reserve trains can have shorter maintenance time The depot also has several maintenance trains including diesel locomotives 76 that are able to retrieve broken down or disabled trains 77 At any time there are four or five people working at the control center two monitor the ATC system one monitors passenger information and one is responsible for secondary systems such as power supply In case of technical problems there is always a team of linepeople that can be dispatched to perform repairs Although the trains are not equipped with drivers there are stewards at stations and on most trains that help passengers perform ticket controls and assist in emergency situations 77 Network map Edit References Edit a b c Metroen i tal Metro figures in Danish Metroselskabet Archived from the original on 15 November 2022 Retrieved 15 November 2022 a b Cityringens nye metrotog korer hurtigere og taettere Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Jyllands Posten 31 January 2015 a b c d e f g h i Sporplan Track plan M dk in Danish and English 22 November 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 22 October 2013 Retrieved 9 April 2014 13 ting du maske ikke vidste om den nye metrolinje TV 2 nyheder tv2 dk in Danish 29 September 2019 Archived from the original on 9 November 2021 Retrieved 9 November 2021 Metroselskabet Cityringen abner Archived 3 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine a b Metro tog presset af myldretid Metro trains pressed during rush hours Berlingske Tidende in Danish 2 March 2006 Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 14 November 2013 Metroselskabet Kobenhavns Metro M dk Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 Metroselskabet Kobenhavns Metro M dk Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 Nu er metro til Nordhavn aben her er alt du skal vide om M4 tv2lorry dk in Danish TV2Lorry 28 March 2020 Archived from the original on 28 March 2020 Retrieved 30 March 2020 Nu gar byggeriet af Sydhavnsmetroen i gang Now the construction of the Sydhavnsmetro is underway in Danish Metroselskabet 12 March 2018 Archived from the original on 10 March 2018 Retrieved 12 March 2018 Kobenhavns Metro m dk Metroselskabet Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 Sydhavnsmetroen er vedtaget Ingenioren 6 February 2015 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 44 metro stations and 600 000 passengers a day M dk Archived from the original on 25 January 1999 Retrieved 12 March 2018 a b Copenhagen Metro the history Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 a b c d e Jensen Tommy O 2002 Metro undervejs Metro under way PDF Jernbanen in Danish 5 30 31 Archived from the original PDF on 19 July 2011 a b Sondergaard Morten How Copenhagen Chose an Automatic Minimetro System PDF Oresund Development Corporation Archived from the original PDF on 9 October 2006 Copenhagen s First Metro Line Takes Shape International Railway Journal 1 September 1999 Archived from the original on 5 December 2007 Retrieved 25 November 2007 de Laine Thomas 23 December 2002 To maneder med metro Two months with metro Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 a b de Laine Thomas 12 July 2006 Ansaldo og Metro Service fik forlaenget kontrakten Contract renewed with Ansaldo and Metro Service Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 6 April 2003 Metro til Frederiksberg abner 29 maj Metro to Frederiksberg opens on 29 May Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 21 August 2003 Metro til Vanlose allerede 12 oktober Metro to Vanlose already on 12 October Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Metro Copenhagen European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 2 December 2005 Aftale om metrocityring underskrevet Contract for the City Circle Line signed Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 16 January 2007 Metrocityringen forberedes for Bronshoj gren The City Circle Line to be prepared for Bronshoj branch Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Metroens organisering Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 8 May 2010 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 13 January 2007 Metroen skifter operator The metro changes operator Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Spinkel chance for Metro til Herlev www b dk 23 September 2009 Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Letbaner DK Metroforgrening droppet letbaner dk Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 de Laine Thomas 28 March 2007 Carlsberg far ingen metrostation Carlsberg will not receive metro station Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 a b de Laine Thomas 1 June 2007 Metrocityringen vedtaget i Folketinget City Circle Line passed by parliament Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 28 September 2007 Metro til Lufthavnen indviet Metro to the airport opened Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 2 April 2008 Kobenhavn har verdens bedste metro Copenhagen has the world s best metro Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 13 December 2009 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 15 September 2008 Store stigninger i metroens passagertal Large increase in the metro s ridership Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 19 September 2008 Ingen metro til nordvestkvarteret No metro to the North West Quarters Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 14 January 2009 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 12 March 2009 Metroen gar i dogndrift The metro operates around the clock Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 8 April 2010 de Laine Thomas 3 September 2009 Tilbud afleveret ved metroudbud Bids for the metro tender Myldretid in Danish Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Blunder in Metro operator bid The Copenhagen Post in Danish 19 March 2009 Archived from the original on 13 December 2010 Retrieved 8 April 2010 a b Kobenhavn Cityringen contractors selected Railway Gazette International 25 November 2010 Archived from the original on 24 May 2011 a b Aktuel tidslinje for Cityringen Current timeline for The City Circle Line in Danish Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 Retrieved 10 April 2013 The Copenhagen Post Danish News in English Cphpost dk Archived from the original on 3 August 2013 Retrieved 9 September 2017 Cityringen The City Circle Line in Danish Copenhagen Metro Retrieved 8 April 2010 dead link Prognose for passagertal Estimate of ridership in Danish Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 25 February 2012 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Kobenhavns Metro M dk Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 Retrieved 9 September 2017 a b Kobenhavns Metro M dk Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 Retrieved 9 September 2017 a b The Copenhagen Metro intl m dk Archived from the original on 28 November 2020 Retrieved 7 July 2021 a b Ingen metro til Nordvestkvarteret Archived 14 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine myldretid dk 18 September 2008 Udbygning af den kollektive trafik i Kobenhavn notat Archived 5 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine Copenhagen Municipality Reprinted by letbaner dk 15 April 2011 Fremtidens metro pa kryds og tvaers Archived 28 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Jyllands Posten 5 May 2011 Enighed om metro til Nordhavnen Archived 21 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine myldretid dk 6 February 2012 Bronshoj og Refshaleoen er naeste metro mal Archived 14 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine Magasinet KBH 8 September 2017 Metro til Refshaleoen og Lynetteholmen et stort skridt naermere Archived 21 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine byensejendom dk 23 November 2018 Kobenhavns Kommune Kk dk Archived from the original on 10 May 2018 Mikael Anjou 5 September 2011 Sundsmetro blir fraga for EU Sound metro becomes question for the EU in Swedish Sydsvenskan Archived from the original on 12 September 2012 Ole Rothenborg 16 December 2011 T bana till Danmark i sikte Metro to Denmark in sight Dagens Nyheter in Swedish Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 Malmo stad 5 September 2011 Forstudie om Oresundsmetron paborjas Preliminary study about the Oresund metro is begun in Swedish Archived from the original on 29 November 2011 Bredin Maria Rapporter Oresundsmetrons 4 faser malmo se Archived from the original on 8 June 2019 Retrieved 8 June 2019 Copenhagen Transportation Projects Denmark Urban Transport Technology Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Jensen 2002 37 Jensen 2002 36 Se de 17 nye stationer pa M3 med Cityringen See the 17 new stations on M3 with the City Circle Line Archived from the original on 15 November 2022 Retrieved 15 November 2022 Timetable Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 13 February 2010 Retrieved 8 April 2010 a b c Rejsetider Travel time in Danish Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 6 October 2010 Retrieved 8 April 2010 2009 i Metroen The metro in 2009 in Danish Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 Retrieved 8 April 2010 a b c Tickets Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 27 November 2015 Retrieved 24 November 2015 Overview Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 15 February 2010 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Sporgsmal og svar Questions and answers Rejsekort Retrieved 8 April 2010 permanent dead link Organisation Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 Retrieved 8 April 2010 Jensen 2002 33 Copenhagen Metro Intl m dk Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 Retrieved 9 September 2017 Arcspace Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 30 July 2009 Retrieved 8 April 2010 a b c Jensen 2002 34 35 Disabled travellers Copenhagen Metro Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 Retrieved 8 April 2010 a b Haas Torkil 2002 En mini metro med maksimal virkning A mini metro with maximum output PDF Jernbanen in Danish 2 52 53 Archived from the original PDF on 19 July 2011 Kobenhavn inaugurates Cityringen M3 Railway Gazette International Archived from the original on 9 July 2021 Retrieved 7 July 2021 a b Jensen 2002 39 Imgur The most awesome images on the Internet Imgur com Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 9 September 2017 a b Jensen 2002 40 41Sources EditJensen Tommy O 2002 Bag om metroen Behind the metro PDF Jernbanen in Danish 5 32 41 Archived from the original PDF on 19 July 2011 Passagertal Metroen Number of passengers in Danish Metroselskabet Archived from the original on 15 November 2022 Retrieved 15 November 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Copenhagen Metro category Official website Copenhagen at UrbanRail net Copenhagen Card Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Copenhagen Metro amp oldid 1153172666, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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