The Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) was established by the Western Bloc in the first five years[1] after the end of World War II, during the Cold War, to put an embargo on Comecon countries. CoCom ceased to function on March 31, 1994, and the then-current control list of embargoed goods was retained by the member nations until the successor, the Wassenaar Arrangement, was established in 1996.
Toshiba Machine Company of Japan and Kongsberg Group of Norway supplied eight CNC propeller milling machines to the Soviet Union between 1982 and 1984, an action that violated the CoCom regulations. The United States' position is that this greatly improved the ability of Soviet submarines to evade detection. Congress moved to sanction Toshiba and ban imports of its products into the United States.[3]
In a related case, French machine maker Forest Line exported several machines for fabricating fuselages for fighter planes and turbine blades for high-performance jet engines. This information came to light during an investigation by the Norwegian police into the Toshiba-Kongsberg scandal.[4]
Legacyedit
GPSedit
In GPS technology, the term "CoCom Limits" also refers to a limit placed on GPS receivers that limits functionality when the device calculates that it is moving faster than 1,000 knots (510 m/s) and/or at an altitude higher than 18,000 m (59,000 ft).[5] This was intended to prevent the use of GPS in intercontinental ballistic missile-like applications.
Some manufacturers apply this limit only when both speed and altitude limits are reached, while other manufacturers disable tracking when either limit is reached. In the latter case, this causes some devices to refuse to operate in very-high-altitude balloons.[6]
^Graham-Cumming, John. "GAGA-1: CoCom limit for GPS". jgc.org. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
^"Current situation with CoCom regulations and GPS receivers for balloons and cubesats". Space Exploration Stack Exchange.
Notes
Mastanduno, M. (1992). Economic containment: CoCom and the politics of East-West trade. Cornell paperbacks. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. ISBN978-0801499968
Noehrenberg, E. H. (1995). Multilateral export controls and international regime theory: the effectiveness of COCOM. Pro Universitate.
Yasuhara, Y. (1991). The myth of free trade: the origins of COCOM 1945-1950. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, 4.
January 01, 1970
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For other uses of Cocom see Cocom disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2010 Learn how and when to remove this message The Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls CoCom was established by the Western Bloc in the first five years 1 after the end of World War II during the Cold War to put an embargo on Comecon countries CoCom ceased to function on March 31 1994 and the then current control list of embargoed goods was retained by the member nations until the successor the Wassenaar Arrangement was established in 1996 Contents 1 Membership 1 1 Laws and regulations 2 Violations 3 Legacy 3 1 GPS 4 See also 5 ReferencesMembership editCoCom had 17 member states nbsp Australia nbsp Belgium nbsp Canada nbsp Denmark nbsp France nbsp West Germany nbsp Greece nbsp Italy nbsp Japan nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Netherlands nbsp Norway nbsp Portugal nbsp Spain nbsp Turkey nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United States Despite being neutral Switzerland joined the CoCom sanctions against the Eastern bloc countries see Hotz Linder Agreement de 2 Laws and regulations edit In the United States CoCom compliance was implemented in the 1960s via the Arms Export Control Act AECA and the State Department s regulatory supervision on AECA via International Traffic in Arms Regulations ITAR which are still in effect Violations editMain article Toshiba Kongsberg scandal Toshiba Machine Company of Japan and Kongsberg Group of Norway supplied eight CNC propeller milling machines to the Soviet Union between 1982 and 1984 an action that violated the CoCom regulations The United States position is that this greatly improved the ability of Soviet submarines to evade detection Congress moved to sanction Toshiba and ban imports of its products into the United States 3 In a related case French machine maker Forest Line exported several machines for fabricating fuselages for fighter planes and turbine blades for high performance jet engines This information came to light during an investigation by the Norwegian police into the Toshiba Kongsberg scandal 4 Legacy editGPS edit In GPS technology the term CoCom Limits also refers to a limit placed on GPS receivers that limits functionality when the device calculates that it is moving faster than 1 000 knots 510 m s and or at an altitude higher than 18 000 m 59 000 ft 5 This was intended to prevent the use of GPS in intercontinental ballistic missile like applications Some manufacturers apply this limit only when both speed and altitude limits are reached while other manufacturers disable tracking when either limit is reached In the latter case this causes some devices to refuse to operate in very high altitude balloons 6 The Missile Technology Control Regime s Technical Annex clause 11 A 3 includes a speed limit on GNSS receivers set at 600 m s 7 See also editExport control Multilateral export control regime International Traffic in Arms Regulations Arms Export Control Act Defense Security Cooperation Agency Export Administration Regulations John Barron KGB Today The Hidden Hand 1983 References edit Yasuhara Y 1991 The Myth of Free Trade The Origins of COCOM 1945 1950 PDF The Japanese Journal of American Studies 4 127 148 Archived from the original PDF on 2004 07 30 Hotz Linder Agreement in German Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 2006 11 17 Retrieved 2024 04 13 Seeman Roderick April 1987 Toshiba Case CoCom Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Revision The Japan Lawletter Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 18 September 2007 Sanger David E 23 April 1988 4 in France Arrested in Soviet Sale The New York Times p 37 Archived from the original on 25 May 2015 Retrieved 22 January 2023 js October 6 2010 COCOM GPS Tracking Limits RAVTrack com Retrieved July 26 2011 Graham Cumming John GAGA 1 CoCom limit for GPS jgc org Retrieved July 26 2011 Current situation with CoCom regulations and GPS receivers for balloons and cubesats Space Exploration Stack Exchange Notes Mastanduno M 1992 Economic containment CoCom and the politics of East West trade Cornell paperbacks Cornell University Press Ithaca N Y ISBN 978 0801499968 Noehrenberg E H 1995 Multilateral export controls and international regime theory the effectiveness of COCOM Pro Universitate Yasuhara Y 1991 The myth of free trade the origins of COCOM 1945 1950 The Japanese Journal of American Studies 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls amp oldid 1218737224, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
