Golden Urn
The Golden Urn refers to a method for selecting Tibetan reincarnations by drawing lots or tally sticks from a Golden Urn introduced by the Qing dynasty of China in 1793. After the Sino-Nepalese War, the Qianlong Emperor promulgated the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, which included regulations on the selection of lamas. The Golden Urn was introduced ostensibly to prevent cheating and corruption in the selection process but also to position the Qianlong Emperor as a religious authority capable of adducing incarnation candidates. A number of lamas, such as the 8th and 9th Panchen Lamas and the 10th Dalai Lama, were confirmed using the Golden Urn. In cases where the Golden Urn was not used, the amban was consulted. Usage of the Golden Urn ended with the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.[1]
| Golden Urn | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 金瓶掣籤 | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 金瓶掣签 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Drawing Lots From a Golden Vase Ceremony | ||||||||
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| Tibetan name | |||||||||
| Tibetan | གསེར་བུམ་སྐྲུག་པ | ||||||||
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History
Qing dynasty
The Golden Urn originated in a decree issued by the Qianlong Emperor in 1792, after the Qing victory in the Second Invasion of the Sino-Nepalese War. Article One of the decree, the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, was designed to be used in the selection of rinpoches or lamas and other high offices within Tibetan Buddhism, including the Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and Mongolian lamas.[2][3] In Qianlong Emperor's article The Discourse of Lama (Chinese: 喇嘛说) which was published also in 1792, he explained the history of lamas and the reincarnation system, he inferred that the reincarnation system is only man-made, and creating rules is only to facilitate those monks, and to eliminate drawbacks associated with the man-made reincarnation.
In the first article of 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, it states that the purpose of Golden Urn is to ensure prosperity of Gelug, and to eliminate cheating and corruption in the selection process. Mike Dash argued that the Urn's real purpose was to allow the Qing Emperors of China to control the selection process.[4]
Two Golden Urns were issued by the Qianlong Emperor: one is enshrined in Jokhang Temple in Lhasa and is to be used for choosing Dalai and Panchen Lama reincarnations; the other is in Yonghe Temple in Beijing for choosing Mongolian Lama, known as Jebtsundamba Khutughtu, reincarnations.[5]
The specific ritual to be followed when using the Golden Urn was written by the 8th Dalai Lama, Jamphel Gyatso.[2] The names and dates of birth of each candidate were to be written in the Manchu, Han, and Tibetan languages on metal or ivory slips and placed in the golden urn. After prayers before the statue of the Jowo in the Jokhang temple in Lhasa, a slip was drawn. The 7th Panchen Lama, Palden Tenpai Nyima, used the Golden Urn for the first time in 1822 to choose the 10th Dalai Lama, Tsultrim Gyatso.
Modern
On 12 August 1927, the Central Government mandated that before the publication of new laws, all laws in history regarding Tibetan Buddhism should continue unless there were conflicts with new doctrine or new laws of the Central Government.
In August 1929, the Supreme Court of the Central Government stated that before the publication of new laws, laws in history regarding Tibet, regarding reincarnation of rinpoches or lamas were applicable
In 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management (Chinese: 管理喇嘛寺廟條例)[6][7] was published by the Central Government of China. Article 2 states that reincarnated lamas are limited to those who were reincarnated previously in history, unless it was approved by the Central Government. Article 5 states that all monasteries/temples and lamas must be registered with Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission. Article 7 states that the methods for reincarnation, appointment, rewards and punishments, registration, etc. of lamas shall be drafted by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission and submitted to the Executive Yuan for approval.
In 1936, based on articles 2 and 7 of the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management (Chinese: 管理喇嘛寺廟條例), the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas (Chinese: 喇嘛轉世辦法)[8] was published by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Central Government.
Article 3 states that the death of lamas including the Dalai Lama, the Panchen Lama should be reported to Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, soul boys should be found, reported to and checked by Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held separately. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care of the sitting-in-the-bed ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be searched for from the current lama families.
In 2007, the State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 (Chinese: 国家宗教事务局令第5号) was published by the Central Government. Article 7 states that no group or individual may carry out activities related to searching for and identifying the reincarnated soul boy of the Living Buddha without authorization.
Article 8 states that a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn is applicable to those rinpoches, or lamas who were reincarnated previously in history. Requests for exemption are handled by State Administration for Religious Affairs, and for those with great impact, requests for exemption are handled by the State Council.
Usage
The Dalai Lamas
| Name | Golden Urn Used? | Approval process from the Central Government | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Lungtok Gyatso | No | Exemption from using Golden Urn was approved by the Emperor.[9] |
| 10 | Tsultrim Gyatso | Yes | Lot-drawing result was reported and approved by emperor.[9][2] |
| 11 | Khendrup Gyatso | Yes | Request to proceed with the lot-drawing ceremony was approved in December 1840.[9] |
| 12 | Trinley Gyatso | Yes | Lot-drawing ceremony was approved by the Emperor [10] |
| 13 | Thubten Gyatso | No | In 1877, request to exempt the 13th Dalai Lama from using lot-drawing process was approved by the Central Government.[11] |
| 14 | Tenzin Gyatso | No | On 26 January 1940, the Regent Reting Rinpoche requested the Central Government to exempt Lhamo Dhondup from lot-drawing process using Golden Urn to become the 14th Dalai Lama.[12][13] The request was approved by the Central Government.[14] |
The Panchen Lamas
| Name | Golden Urn Used? | Approval process from the Central Government | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8 | Tenpai Wangchuk | Yes | Lot-drawing result was reported and approved by Xianfeng Emperor in October 1860.[15] |
| 9 | Thupten ChokyiNyima | Yes | Lot-drawing process was approved by Guangxu Emperor on 14 January 1888.[16] |
| 10 | Choekyi Gyaltsen | No | Exemption of using lot-drawing process was approved on 3 June 1949 by the Central Government.[17] |
| 11 | Gyaincain Norbu | Yes | Lot-drawing ceremony was held on 29 November 1995, and Gyaincain Norbu was approved by the Central Government on 8 December 1995 to become the 11th Panchen Lama.[18] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Sperling, Elliott (2012). "Reincarnation and the Golden Urn in the 19th Century: The Recognition of the 8th Panchen Lama". Retrieved 25 October 2022.
- ^ a b c "Reincarnation". 14th Dalai Lama. September 24, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
- ^ Smith 1997, p. 135.
- ^ Dash, Mike (April 10, 2012). "Murder in Tibet's High Places". Smithsonian. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
- ^ Foster 2008, p. 171.
- ^ [Regulations on the Management of Lama Temples] (in Chinese). 1935 – via Wikisource.
- ^ 廢 管理喇嘛寺廟條例 [Abolish the Regulations on Management of Lama Temples]. Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. June 11, 1992.
- ^ 廢 喇嘛轉世辦法 [Abolish the method of reincarnation]. Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China. February 20, 1993.
- ^ a b c ChenQingying (2005). The System of the Dalai Lama Reincarnation. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0745-3.
- ^ Biography of the 12th Dalai Lama
- ^ 光绪三年（一八七七年），由八世班禅丹白旺秀和摄政王公德林呼图克图、三大寺和扎什伦布寺的全体僧俗官员，联名要求驻藏大臣转奏朝廷，以只选定了一名灵童，且经各方公认，请免予金瓶制签。当年三月，光绪帝谕旨:"贡噶仁钦之子罗布藏塔布开甲木措，即作为达赖喇嘛之呼毕勒罕，毋庸制签，钦此。" [In the third year of Guangxu (1877), the eighth Panchen Lama Danbai Wangxiu and the regent Delin Hutuktu, all monks and lay officials from the Three Great Temples and Tashilhunpo Monastery jointly asked the Minister in Tibet to transfer to the court. Since only one soul boy has been selected, and it has been recognized by all parties, please be exempt from signing the golden bottle. In March of that year, Emperor Guangxu issued a decree: "Lob Zangtab, son of Gongga Rinqin, opened Jiamucuo, that is, as the call of the Dalai Lama, Bielehan, there is no need to make a lottery."]
- ^ Goldstein 1991, p. 328–.
- ^ "Report to Wu Zhongxin from the Regent Reting Rinpoche Regarding the Process of Searching and Recognizing the Thirteenth Dalai lama's Reincarnated Soul Boy as well as the Request for an Exemption to Drawing Lots". The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940.
- ^ "Executive Yuan's Report to the National Government Regarding the Request to Approve Lhamo Thondup to Succeed the Fourteenth Dalai lama and to Appropriate Expenditure for His Enthronement". The Reincarnation of Living Buddhas. Museum of Tibetan Culture of China Tibetology Research Center. 1940.
- ^ "金瓶掣签制度在清朝的实行_宗教_手机中国西藏网".
- ^ 《名僧录》经过光绪帝批准,定于 1888 年正月十四日举行九世班禅灵童金瓶掣签仪式
- ^ 《历代班禅与雍和宫》黄崇文著, "1949年6月3日聪明睿智、灵异显著的贡布慈丹经国民政府批准,并由代总统李宗仁颁布命令,成为第十世班禅额尔德尼,免于金瓶掣签"
- ^ http://www.people.com.cn/item/20years/newfiles/a1370.html[bare URL]
References
- Foster, Simon (2008). Adventure Guide China. Hunter. ISBN 978-1-58843-641-2.
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. (18 June 1991). A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951: The Demise of the Lamaist State. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91176-5.
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1997). The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21951-1.
- Oidtmann, Max (2018). Forging the Golden Urn: The Qing Empire and the Politics of Reincarnation in Tibet. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Smith, Warren W. Jr. (1997). Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3280-2.