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List of female scientists before the 20th century

April 09, 2024

See also: List of female scientists in the 20th century and List of 21st-century women scientists

This is a historical list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

Antiquity edit

 
Hypatia by Julia Cameron
  • Aemilia (c. 300 CE–363 CE), Gallo-Roman physician
  • Aglaonike (2nd century BCE), woman astronomer in Ancient Greece
  • Agnodike (4th century BCE), first woman physician to practice legally in Athens[1]: 2 
  • Andromache (mid-6th century), Egyptian physician[2]: 39 
  • Arete of Cyrene (5th–4th centuries BCE), Greek natural and moral philosopher
  • Artemisia of Caria (c. 300 BCE), botanist
  • Aspasia the Physician (fl. 1st century CE), Greek physician
  • Aurelia Alexandria Zosime, Ancient Roman physician[3]
  • Chun Yuyan (1st century BCE), Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist
  • Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 3rd century CE), wrote the alchemical book, Chrysopoeia, or "gold-making"[4]: 99 [5]
  • Damo (6th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher
  • Diotima of Mantinea (4th century BCE), philosopher and scientist, ancient Greece
  • Eccello of Lucania (5th or 4th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher[2]: 396 
  • Echecratia the Philiasian (5th century BCE), Greek/Italian mathematician and natural philosopher[2]: 397 
  • Elephantis (1st century BCE), Greek physician
  • Enheduanna (c. 2285–2250 BCE), Sumerian/Akkadian astronomer and poet
  • Fabiola (died 399 CE), Roman physician
  • Fang (first century BCE), Chinese chemist
  • Favilla (2nd century), Roman physician[2]: 436 
  • Gargi Vachaknavi (7th century BCE), Indian philosopher
  • Gu Bao (4th century), Chinese physician
  • Hypatia (370–415 CE), mathematician and astronomer, Egypt[1]: 137 
  • Laïs (c. 1st/2nd century BCE), midwife[2]: 735 [6]
  • Lais of Corinth, Ancient Greek physician[3]
  • Leoparda (4th century CE), gynecologist
  • Macrina (4th century CE), Greek physician and nun[2]: 828 
  • Marcella (4th century CE), Roman healer[2]: 841 
  • Mary the Jewess (1st or 2nd century CE), alchemist[4]: 128 
  • Melissa (3rd century BCE), Greek philosopher
  • Metrodora (c. 200–400 CE), Greek physician and author
  • Minucia Asste, Ancient Roman physician [3]
  • Myia (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher
  • Nicerata (c. 5th century), physician and healer
  • Occello of Lucania (4th or 5th century BCE), Greek natural philosopher and mathematician[2]: 957 
  • Olympias of Thebes (1st century BCE), Greek midwife[2]: 962 
  • Origenia (2nd century CE), Greek healer[2]: 965 
  • Pao Ku Ko (3rd century CE), Chinese chemist
  • Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300), Egyptian alchemist[2]: 978 
  • Paula (347–404 CE), Roman healer[2]: 990 
  • Perictione (5th century BCE), Greek philosopher, mother of Plato
  • Panthea, Ancient Greek physician, wife and colleague of Glycon[3]
  • Philinna of Thessaly, Ancient Greek physician[3]
  • Peseshet, Egyptian physician (Fourth Dynasty)
  • Pulcheria (5th century CE), healer[2]: 1059 
  • Pythias of Assos (4th century BCE), marine zoologist
  • Restituta (1st century), Ancient Roman physician [3]
  • Salpe (1st century BCE), Greek midwife
  • Sotira (1st century BCE), Greek physician[2]: 1217–18 
  • Tapputi-Belatekallim (First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE), Babylonian perfumer, the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process[7]
  • Terentia Prima, Ancient Roman physician[3]
  • Theano (6th century BCE), philosopher, mathematician and physician
  • Thelka, Iranian[2]: 1278 
  • Theosebeia (4th century CE), healer[2]: 1278 
  • Yi Jia (2nd century BCE), Chinese physician

Middle Ages edit

 
Herrad of Landsbert
  • Abella (14th century), Italian physician[8]
  • Adelle of the Saracens (12th century), Italian physician
  • Adelmota of Carrara (14th century), Italian physician
  • Rufaida Al-Aslamia (7th century), Muslim nurse
  • Maesta Antonia (1386–1408), Florentine physician[8]
  • Ameline la Miresse (fl. 1313–1325), French physician[8]
  • Jeanne d'Ausshure (d. 1366), French surgeon[8]
  • Brunetta de Siena (fl. 15th century), Italian-Jewish physician[8]
  • Hildegard of Bingen (1099–1179), German natural philosopher[1]: 126 
  • Sibyl of Benevento, Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes[8]
  • Gentile Budrioli (?-1498), Italian astrologer and herbalist
  • Constanza, Italian surgeon,[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.[10]
  • Denice (fl. 1292), French barber-surgeon[8]
  • Demud (fl. ca. 13th century), German physician[11]
  • Dobrodeia of Kiev (fl. 1122), Byzantine physician
  • Dorotea Bucca (fl. 1390), Italian professor of medicine[8]
  • Constance Calenda (15th century), Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye[12][9]
  • Virdimura of Catania (fl. 1376), Jewish-Sicilian physician[8]
  • Caterina of Florence (fl. 1400s), Florentine physician[8]
  • Jeanne de Cusey (fl. 1438), French barber-surgeon[8]
  • Antonia Daniello (fl. 1400), Florentine-Jewish physician[8]
  • Clarice di Durisio (15th century), Italian physician
  • Fava of Manosque (fl. 1322), French-Jewish physician[8]
  • Jacobina Félicie (fl. 1322), Italian physician
  • Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra (15th century), Catalan physician [13]
  • Maria Gallicia (fl. 1309), licensed surgeon[8]
  • Bellayne Gallipapa (fl. 1380), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[8]
  • Dolcich Gallipapa (fl. 1384), Leyda, Spanish-Jewish physician[8]
  • Na Pla Gallipapa (fl. 1387), Zaragoza, Spanish-Jewish physician[8]
  • Sarah de St Giles (fl. 1326), French-Jewish physician and medical teacher[8]
  • Alessandra Giliani (fl. 1318), Italian anatomist
  • Rebecca de Guarna (fl. 1200), Italian physician[12][9]
  • Magistra Hersend (fl. 1249–1259), French surgeon
  • Maria Incarnata, Italian surgeon,[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.[10]
  • Isabiau la Mergesse (fl. 1292), French-Jewish physician[8]
  • Floreta La-Noga (fl. 1374), Aragonese physician[8]
  • Helvidis (fl. 1176), French physician[8]
  • Keng Hsien-Seng (10th century), Chinese chemist
  • Li Shao Yun (11th century), Chinese chemist
  • Stephanie de Lyon (fl. 1265), French physician[8]
  • Guillemette du Luys (fl. 1479), French royal surgeon[8]
  • Thomasia de Mattio, Italian physician,[9] mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons.[10]
  • Margherita di Napoli (late 14th century), Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt-am-Main[8]
  • Mercuriade (14th century), Italian physician and surgeon[12]
  • Gilette de Narbonne (fl. 1300), French physician[8]
  • Isabella da Ocre, Napolitan surgeon[8]
  • Francisca da Romana, Napolitan physician[8]
  • Dame Péronelle (1292–1319), French herbalist
  • Peretta Peronne, also called Perretta Petone (fl. 1411), French surgeon[8]
  • Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria, Napolitan physician
  • Trota of Salerno (fl. 1090), Italian physician[8]
  • Marguerite Saluzzi (fl. 1460), Napolitan licensed herbalist physician[8]
  • Sara de Sancto Aegidio (fl. 1326), French physician
  • Juana Sarrovia (fl. 1384), Barcelona, Spanish physician[8]
  • Shen Yu Hsiu (15th century), Chinese chemist
  • Sun Pu-Eh (12th century), Chinese chemist
  • Raymunda da Taberna, licensed Napolitan surgeon[8]
  • Théophanie (fl. 1291), French barber surgeon[8]
  • Trotta da Toya (f. 1307), Napolitan physician[8]
  • Polisena da Troya (fl. 1335), licensed Napolitan surgeon[8]
  • Margarita da Venosa (fl. 1333), licensed Napolitan surgeon,[8] who studied at the University of Salerno[14] She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus, king of Naples, as a patient.[10]
  • Francisca di Vestis (fl. 1308), Napolian physician[8]
  • Zhang Xiaoniang (11th century), Chinese physician

16th century edit

 
Sophie Brahe portrait

17th century edit

 
Margaret Cavendish

18th century edit

 
Geneviève Charlotte d'Arconville
 
Portrait of Émilie du Châtelet by Maurice Quentin de La Tour

19th century edit

Anthropology edit

Archeology edit

Astronomy edit

 
Annie Jump Cannon, 1922 Portrait

Biology or natural history edit

 
Mary Anning

Chemistry edit

 
Ida Freund

Engineers edit

Geology edit

Inventors edit

Mathematics edit

 
Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (Ada Lovelace)

Microbiology edit

Medicine edit

 
Kadambini Ganguly

Nuclear physics edit

  • Lise Meitner (1878–1968), Austrian, Swedish, nuclear physicist

Physics edit

Psychology edit

Science education edit

Sociology edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Yount 2007
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963439.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Nathan J. Barnes: Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women
  4. ^ a b Ogilvie 1986
  5. ^ Brown, James Campbell (1920). A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times. P. Blakiston's Son & Company. pp. 19–24.
  6. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.81–84. Irby-Massie, 'Women in Ancient Science', in Woman's power, man's game: essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K. King, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1993. p.366
  7. ^ Gabriele Kass-Simon; Patricia Farnes; Deborah Nash, eds. (1999). Women of science : righting the record (First Midland Book ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 301. ISBN 9780253208132.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak L. Whaley: Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400–1800
  9. ^ a b c d e Howard 2006
  10. ^ a b c d Zahm, J.A. (1913). Woman in Science.
  11. ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science. New York: Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 0415920388.
  12. ^ a b c Walsh 2008, p. 142
  13. ^ «Diccionari Biogràfic de Dones: Francesca, muller de Berenguer Satorra 2016-08-08 at the Wayback Machine»
  14. ^ Howard, Sethanne (2007). "SCIENCE HAS NO GENDER: The History of Women in Science". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 93 (1): 1–15. ISSN 0043-0439. JSTOR 24536249.
  15. ^ Picard, Liza. Elizabeth's London (2003), Weidenfeld & Nicolson
  16. ^ Hoe, Susanna (2016). "Valletta". (PDF). Oxford: Women's History Press (a division of Holo Books). pp. 368–369. ISBN 9780957215351. OCLC 931704918. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2016.
  17. ^ "Sarah Whiting". CWP.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Rayner-Canham & Rayner-Canham 2001
  19. ^ Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoff (23 Feb 2009). "Fight for Rights" (PDF). Chemistry World. 6 (3): 56–59.
  20. ^ Huddleston, Amara (17 July 2019). "Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer". climate.gov. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  21. ^ Schwartz, John (21 April 2020). "Overlooked No More: Eunice Foote, Climate Scientist Lost to History". The New York Times.

References edit

  • Byers, Nina. . UCLA. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  • Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1986). Women scientists from antiquity to the present : an index : an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press. ISBN 0-933951-01-9.
  • Howard, Sethanne (2006). The hidden giants. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1430300762.
  • Howes, Ruth H.; Herzenberg, Caroline L. (1999). Their day in the sun : women of the Manhattan Project. Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press. ISBN 1-56639-719-7.
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X.
  • Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2003). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. ISBN 9781135963422.
  • Rayner-Canham, Marelene; Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2001). Women in chemistry : their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0941901277.
  • Stevens, Gwendolyn; Gardner, Sheldon (1982). The women of psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman. ISBN 9780870734434.
  • Walsh, James J. (2008) [1911 (Fordham University Press)]. "Medieval Women Physicians". Old Time Makers of Medicine: The Story of the Students and Teachers of the Sciences Related to Medicine During the Middle Ages. Lethe Press. pp. 135–150.
  • Yount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science and Math (Rev. ed.). New York: Infobase Pub. ISBN 9781438107950.[unreliable source?]

External links edit

  • 4000 Years of Women in Science
  • Most influential British women in the history of science (selected by Royal Society panel)
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

April 09, 2024
list, female, scientists, before, 20th, century, also, list, female, scientists, 20th, century, list, 21st, century, women, scientists, this, historical, list, intended, deal, with, time, period, where, believed, that, women, working, science, were, rare, this. See also List of female scientists in the 20th century and List of 21st century women scientists This is a historical list intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare For this reason this list ends with the 20th century Contents 1 Antiquity 2 Middle Ages 3 16th century 4 17th century 5 18th century 6 19th century 6 1 Anthropology 6 2 Archeology 6 3 Astronomy 6 4 Biology or natural history 6 5 Chemistry 6 6 Engineers 6 7 Geology 6 8 Inventors 6 9 Mathematics 6 10 Microbiology 6 11 Medicine 6 12 Nuclear physics 6 13 Physics 6 14 Psychology 6 15 Science education 6 16 Sociology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksAntiquity edit nbsp Hypatia by Julia CameronAemilia c 300 CE 363 CE Gallo Roman physician Aglaonike 2nd century BCE woman astronomer in Ancient Greece Agnodike 4th century BCE first woman physician to practice legally in Athens 1 2 Andromache mid 6th century Egyptian physician 2 39 Arete of Cyrene 5th 4th centuries BCE Greek natural and moral philosopher Artemisia of Caria c 300 BCE botanist Aspasia the Physician fl 1st century CE Greek physician Aurelia Alexandria Zosime Ancient Roman physician 3 Chun Yuyan 1st century BCE Chinese obstetrician and gynecologist Cleopatra the Alchemist c 3rd century CE wrote the alchemical book Chrysopoeia or gold making 4 99 5 Damo 6th century BCE Greek natural philosopher Diotima of Mantinea 4th century BCE philosopher and scientist ancient Greece Eccello of Lucania 5th or 4th century BCE Greek Italian mathematician and natural philosopher 2 396 Echecratia the Philiasian 5th century BCE Greek Italian mathematician and natural philosopher 2 397 Elephantis 1st century BCE Greek physician Enheduanna c 2285 2250 BCE Sumerian Akkadian astronomer and poet Fabiola died 399 CE Roman physician Fang first century BCE Chinese chemist Favilla 2nd century Roman physician 2 436 Gargi Vachaknavi 7th century BCE Indian philosopher Gu Bao 4th century Chinese physician Hypatia 370 415 CE mathematician and astronomer Egypt 1 137 Lais c 1st 2nd century BCE midwife 2 735 6 Lais of Corinth Ancient Greek physician 3 Leoparda 4th century CE gynecologist Macrina 4th century CE Greek physician and nun 2 828 Marcella 4th century CE Roman healer 2 841 Mary the Jewess 1st or 2nd century CE alchemist 4 128 Melissa 3rd century BCE Greek philosopher Metrodora c 200 400 CE Greek physician and author Minucia Asste Ancient Roman physician 3 Myia 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Nicerata c 5th century physician and healer Occello of Lucania 4th or 5th century BCE Greek natural philosopher and mathematician 2 957 Olympias of Thebes 1st century BCE Greek midwife 2 962 Origenia 2nd century CE Greek healer 2 965 Pao Ku Ko 3rd century CE Chinese chemist Paphnutia the Virgin c 300 Egyptian alchemist 2 978 Paula 347 404 CE Roman healer 2 990 Perictione 5th century BCE Greek philosopher mother of Plato Panthea Ancient Greek physician wife and colleague of Glycon 3 Philinna of Thessaly Ancient Greek physician 3 Peseshet Egyptian physician Fourth Dynasty Pulcheria 5th century CE healer 2 1059 Pythias of Assos 4th century BCE marine zoologist Restituta 1st century Ancient Roman physician 3 Salpe 1st century BCE Greek midwife Sotira 1st century BCE Greek physician 2 1217 18 Tapputi Belatekallim First mentioned in a clay tablet dating to 2000 BCE Babylonian perfumer the first person in history recorded as using a chemical process 7 Terentia Prima Ancient Roman physician 3 Theano 6th century BCE philosopher mathematician and physician Thelka Iranian 2 1278 Theosebeia 4th century CE healer 2 1278 Yi Jia 2nd century BCE Chinese physicianMiddle Ages edit nbsp Herrad of LandsbertAbella 14th century Italian physician 8 Adelle of the Saracens 12th century Italian physician Adelmota of Carrara 14th century Italian physician Rufaida Al Aslamia 7th century Muslim nurse Maesta Antonia 1386 1408 Florentine physician 8 Ameline la Miresse fl 1313 1325 French physician 8 Jeanne d Ausshure d 1366 French surgeon 8 Brunetta de Siena fl 15th century Italian Jewish physician 8 Hildegard of Bingen 1099 1179 German natural philosopher 1 126 Sibyl of Benevento Napolitan physician specializing in the plague buboes 8 Gentile Budrioli 1498 Italian astrologer and herbalist Constanza Italian surgeon 9 mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons 10 Denice fl 1292 French barber surgeon 8 Demud fl ca 13th century German physician 11 Dobrodeia of Kiev fl 1122 Byzantine physician Dorotea Bucca fl 1390 Italian professor of medicine 8 Constance Calenda 15th century Italian surgeon specializing in diseases of the eye 12 9 Virdimura of Catania fl 1376 Jewish Sicilian physician 8 Caterina of Florence fl 1400s Florentine physician 8 Jeanne de Cusey fl 1438 French barber surgeon 8 Antonia Daniello fl 1400 Florentine Jewish physician 8 Clarice di Durisio 15th century Italian physician Fava of Manosque fl 1322 French Jewish physician 8 Jacobina Felicie fl 1322 Italian physician Francesca muller de Berenguer Satorra 15th century Catalan physician 13 Maria Gallicia fl 1309 licensed surgeon 8 Bellayne Gallipapa fl 1380 Zaragoza Spanish Jewish physician 8 Dolcich Gallipapa fl 1384 Leyda Spanish Jewish physician 8 Na Pla Gallipapa fl 1387 Zaragoza Spanish Jewish physician 8 Sarah de St Giles fl 1326 French Jewish physician and medical teacher 8 Alessandra Giliani fl 1318 Italian anatomist Rebecca de Guarna fl 1200 Italian physician 12 9 Magistra Hersend fl 1249 1259 French surgeon Maria Incarnata Italian surgeon 9 mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons 10 Isabiau la Mergesse fl 1292 French Jewish physician 8 Floreta La Noga fl 1374 Aragonese physician 8 Helvidis fl 1176 French physician 8 Keng Hsien Seng 10th century Chinese chemist Li Shao Yun 11th century Chinese chemist Stephanie de Lyon fl 1265 French physician 8 Guillemette du Luys fl 1479 French royal surgeon 8 Thomasia de Mattio Italian physician 9 mentioned in Pope Sixtus IV edict regarding physicians and surgeons 10 Margherita di Napoli late 14th century Napolitan oculist active in Frankfurt am Main 8 Mercuriade 14th century Italian physician and surgeon 12 Gilette de Narbonne fl 1300 French physician 8 Isabella da Ocre Napolitan surgeon 8 Francisca da Romana Napolitan physician 8 Dame Peronelle 1292 1319 French herbalist Peretta Peronne also called Perretta Petone fl 1411 French surgeon 8 Lauretta Ponte da Saracena Calabria Napolitan physician Trota of Salerno fl 1090 Italian physician 8 Marguerite Saluzzi fl 1460 Napolitan licensed herbalist physician 8 Sara de Sancto Aegidio fl 1326 French physician Juana Sarrovia fl 1384 Barcelona Spanish physician 8 Shen Yu Hsiu 15th century Chinese chemist Sun Pu Eh 12th century Chinese chemist Raymunda da Taberna licensed Napolitan surgeon 8 Theophanie fl 1291 French barber surgeon 8 Trotta da Toya f 1307 Napolitan physician 8 Polisena da Troya fl 1335 licensed Napolitan surgeon 8 Margarita da Venosa fl 1333 licensed Napolitan surgeon 8 who studied at the University of Salerno 14 She was considered a noteworthy practitioner and counted Ladislaus king of Naples as a patient 10 Francisca di Vestis fl 1308 Napolian physician 8 Zhang Xiaoniang 11th century Chinese physician16th century edit nbsp Sophie Brahe portraitMaria Andreae 1550 1632 German pharmacist Marie de Brimeu 1550 1605 Flemish botanist Sophia Brahe 1556 1643 Danish astronomer and chemist Isabella Cortese fl 1561 Italian alchemist Helena Magenbuch 1523 1597 German pharmacist Loredana Marcello died 1572 Venetian botanist Elizabeth Moulthorne fl 1593 English barber surgeon 15 Tarquinia Molza 1542 1617 Italian natural philosopher Catherine de Parthenay 1554 1631 French mathematician Elinor Sneshell fl 1593 English surgeon Agatha Streicher 1520 1581 German physician Caterina Vitale 1566 1619 Maltese pharmacist and chemist 16 Tan Yunxian 1461 1554 Chinese physician17th century edit nbsp Margaret CavendishAnna Akerhjelm 1647 1693 Swedish traveler and archaeologist Ann Baynard 1672 1697 British Natural philosopher Aphra Behn 1640 1689 British translator of an astronomical work Martine Bertereau 1600 fl 1642 French mineralogist Agnes Block 1629 1704 Dutch horticulturalist Elisabeth of Bohemia Princess Palatine 1618 1680 German natural philosopher Louise Bourgeois Boursier 1563 1636 French obstetrician Titia Brongersma 1650 1700 Frisian archaeologist poet Margaret Cavendish 1623 1673 natural philosopher Marie Crous fl 1640 French mathematician Maria Cunitz 1610 1664 Silesian astronomer Jeanne Dumee 1660 1706 French astronomer Maria Clara Eimmart 1676 1707 German astronomer Marie Fouquet 1590 1681 French medical writer Eleanor Glanville 1654 1709 English entomologist Elisabeth Hevelius 1647 1693 Polish astronomer Maria Sibylla Merian 1647 1717 naturalist 1 206 Marie Meurdrac c 1610 1680 French chemist and alchemist Elena Cornaro Piscopia 1646 1684 Italian mathematician and the first female PhD Marguerite de la Sabliere c 1640 1693 French natural philosopher Jane Sharp fl 1671 British obstetrician Justine Siegemund 1636 1705 German obstetrician Mary Somerset Duchess of Beaufort 1630 1715 English botanist Elizabeth Walker 1623 1690 British pharmacist18th century edit nbsp Genevieve Charlotte d Arconville nbsp Portrait of Emilie du Chatelet by Maurice Quentin de La TourMaria Gaetana Agnesi 1718 1799 Italian mathematician 1 1 Genevieve Charlotte d Arconville 1720 1805 French anatomist Madeleine Francoise Calais circa 1713 fl 1740 French dentist Princess Charlotte of Saxe Meiningen 1751 1827 German astronomer Maria Angela Ardinghelli 1728 1825 Italian mathematician and physicist Sarah Sophia Banks 1744 1818 British natural history collector Giuseppa Barbapiccola c 1702 1740 natural philosopher translator Jeanne Baret 1740 1807 French circumnavigator and botanist Laura Bassi 1711 1778 Italian physicist 1 20 Marie Marguerite Biheron 1719 1795 French anatomist Celia Grillo Borromeo 1684 1777 Italian natural philosopher Jacoba van den Brande 1735 1794 Dutch founder of first all female science academy Maria Christina Bruhn 1732 1808 Swedish inventor Margaret Bryan c 1760 1815 British natural philosopher Elsa Beata Bunge 1734 1819 Swedish botanist Lydia Byam fl 1797 1800 naturalist Maria Andrea Casamayor 1700 1780 Spanish mathematician Emilie du Chatelet 1706 1749 French mathematician and physicist 1 52 Maria Medina Coeli 1764 1846 Italian physician Jane Colden 1724 1766 American biologist Rosalie de Constant 1758 1834 Swiss naturalist Angelique du Coudray 1712 1794 French midwife Maria Dalle Donne 1778 1842 Italian physician Catharina Helena Dorrien 1717 1795 German botanist Eva Ekeblad 1724 1786 Swedish agronomist Hannah English Williams died 1722 collector of natural history in the American British Colonies Dorothea Erxleben 1715 1762 German physician Charlotta Frolich 1698 1770 Swedish agronomist and historian Elizabeth Fulhame fl 1794 British chemist Lucia Galeazzi Galvani 1743 1788 Italian physician Sophie Germain 1776 1831 elasticity theory number theory 1 105 Clelia Durazzo Grimaldi 1760 1830 Italian botanist Catherine Littlefield Greene 1755 1814 American inventor Salomee Halpir 1718 fl 1763 Lithuanian oculist Caroline Herschel 1750 1848 German British astronomer 1 124 Catherine Jeremie 1664 1744 French Canadian botanist Christine Kirch 1696 1782 German astronomer Margaretha Kirch 1703 1744 German astronomer Maria Margarethe Kirch 1670 1720 German astronomer 1 157 Marie Lachapelle 1769 1821 French midwife Marie Jeanne de Lalande 1760 1832 French astronomer Marie Paulze Lavoisier 1758 1836 French chemist and illustrator Nicole Reine Lepaute 1723 1792 French astronomer Elisabeth Christina von Linne 1743 1782 Swedish botanist Martha Daniell Logan 1704 1779 American horticulturalist Eliza Lucas 1722 1793 American agronomist and indigo dye pioneer Maria Lullin 1750 1831 Swiss entomologist Catharine Macaulay 1731 1791 British social scientist Anna Morandi Manzolini 1716 1774 Italian physician and anatomist Marie Le Masson Le Golft 1750 1826 French naturalist Sybilla Masters 1675 1720 patent for a corn mill Lady Anne Monson 1726 1776 English botanist Maria Petraccini 1759 1791 Italian anatomist and physician Zaffira Peretti fl 1780 Italian anatomist and physician Claudine Picardet 1735 1820 French chemist mineralogist and meteorologist Louise du Pierry 1746 1807 French astronomer Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon 1724 1767 French mathematician Faustina Pignatelli 1705 1785 Italian physicist Anna Barbara Reinhart 1730 1796 Swiss mathematician Cristina Roccati 1732 1797 Italian physics teacher Jane Squire bap 1686 1743 English mathematician Clotilde Tambroni 1758 1817 Italian philologist and linguistic Petronella Johanna de Timmerman 1723 1786 Dutch scientist Wang Zhenyi 1768 1797 Chinese astronomer19th century editAnthropology edit Maria Czaplicka 1884 1921 Polish cultural anthropologist Alice Cunningham Fletcher 1838 1923 American ethnologist Johanna Mestorf 1828 1909 German prehistoric archaeologist Margaret Murray 1863 1963 British anthropologist Clemence Royer 1830 1902 French anthropologist Ellen Churchill Semple 1863 1932 American geographer Praskovja Uvarova 1840 1924 Russian archaeologistArcheology edit Cornelia Horsford 1861 c 1941 American archaeologist Lady Hester Stanhope 1776 1839 British archaeologist Zsofia Torma 1832 1899 Hungarian archaeologist paleologist anthropologistAstronomy edit nbsp Annie Jump Cannon 1922 PortraitMary Albertson 1838 1914 American botanist and astronomer Annie Jump Cannon 1863 1941 American astronomer 1 47 Agnes Mary Clerke 1842 1907 British astronomer Florence Cushman 1860 1940 American astronomer Cecilia Payne Gaposchkin 1900 1979 American astronomer and astrophysicist Williamina Fleming 1857 1911 Scottish American astronomer 1 89 Caroline Herschel 1750 1848 German astronomer active in England Margaret Lindsay Murray Huggins 1848 1915 British astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt 1868 1921 American astronomer 1 170 Annie Russell Maunder 1868 1947 Irish astronomer Antonia Caetana Maury 1866 1952 American astronomer 1 195 Maria Mitchell 1818 1889 American astronomer 1 209 Isis Pogson 1852 1945 British astronomer Caterina Scarpellini 1808 1873 Italian astronomer Sarah Frances Whiting 1846 1927 American astronomer and physicist 17 Mary Watson Whitney 1847 1921 American astronomer Anna Winlock 1857 1904 American astronomerBiology or natural history edit nbsp Mary AnningFrances Acton 1793 1881 British botanist Elizabeth Cary Agassiz 1822 1907 American natural historian Mary Albertson 1838 1914 American botanist and astronomer Mary Anning 1799 1847 British natural historian 1 9 Emily Arnesen 1876 1928 Norwegian zoologist Anna Atkins 1799 1871 British botanist Harriet Henrietta Beaufort 1778 1865 British botanist Isabella Bird Bishop 1831 1904 British natural historian Priscilla Susan Bury 1799 1872 English botanist Albertina Carlsson 1848 1930 Swedish zoologist Mary Agnes Meara Chase 1869 1963 American biologist Cornelia Clapp 1849 1934 American zoologist Anna Botsford Comstock 1854 1930 American natural historian Clara Eaton Cummings 1855 1906 American botanist Eunice P Cutter 1819 1898 American author of anatomy textbooks Lydia Maria Adams DeWitt 1859 1928 American pathologist Mary Cynthia Dickerson 1866 1923 American herpetologist museum curator and writer Amalie Dietrich 1821 1891 German natural historian Alice Eastwood 1859 1953 American biologist 1 77 Rosa Smith Eigenmann 1858 1947 American biologist Olga Fedtschenko 1845 1921 Russian botanist Maria Elizabeth Fernald 1839 1919 American entomologist Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti 1799 1879 Italian botanist Susanna Phelps Gage 1857 1915 American embryologist and comparative anatomist Lilian Jane Gould 1861 1936 British biologist Amelia Griffiths 1768 1858 British phycologist Marian E Hubbard 1868 1956 American zoologist Agnes Ibbetson 1757 1823 English vegetable physiologist Susan Hallowell 1835 1911 American botanist Gabrielle Howard 1876 1930 British plant physiologist Ellen Hutchins 1785 1815 Irish botanist Ida Henrietta Hyde 1857 1945 American biologist 1 135 Maria Elizabetha Jacson 1755 1829 English botanist Alice Johnson 1860 1940 English zoologist Jozefa Joteyko 1866 1928 physiologist psychologist pedagogist Josephine Kablick 1787 1863 botanist Helen Dean King 1869 1955 American biologist Phoebe Lankester 1825 1900 British botanist Marie Anne Libert 1782 1865 Belgian botanist and mycologist Friederike Lienig 1790 1855 German Baltic entomologist Elizabeth Eaton Morse 1864 1955 American mycologist cryptogamist Katharine Murray Lyell 1817 1915 British botanist Helen Abbott Michael 1857 1904 American botanist and chemist Olive Thorne Miller 1831 1918 American natural historian Maria Gugelberg von Moos 1836 1918 Swiss botanist Margaretta Morris 1797 1867 American entomologist Mary Murtfeldt 1848 1913 American biologist Eleanor Anne Ormerod 1828 1901 British biologist Edith Marion Patch 1876 1954 American biologist Maria Louisa Pike d 1892 American naturalist Beatrix Potter 1866 1943 British mycologist Mary Jane Rathbun 1860 1943 American marine biologist Margaretta Riley 1804 1899 British botanic Caroline Rosenberg 1810 1902 Danish botanist Ethel Sargant 1863 1918 British biologist Hazel Schmoll 1890 1990 American botanist working on plant life in Colorado Lilian Sheldon 1862 1942 English zoologist Alexandra Smirnoff 1838 1913 Finnish pomologist Annie Lorrain Smith 1854 1937 British lichenologist and mycologist Emilie Snethlage 1868 1929 German Brazilian naturalist and ornithologist Nettie Stevens 1861 1912 American geneticist 1 284 Jantina Tammes 1871 1947 Dutch botanist and geneticist Charlotte De Bernier Taylor 1806 1863 American entomologist Mary Treat 1830 1923 American naturalist Anna Vickers 1852 1906 marine algologist Jeanne Villepreux Power 1794 1871 French marine biologist Anna Maria Walker c 1778 1852 Scottish botanist Elizabeth Andrew Warren 1786 1864 Cornish botanist Mary Anne Whitby 1784 1850 English breeder of silkworms Mary Pirie 1822 1885 Scottish botanistChemistry edit nbsp Ida FreundVera Bogdanovskaia 1868 1897 Russian chemist 18 64 Ida Freund 1863 1914 first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom 18 59 60 Louise Hammarstrom 1849 1917 Swedish chemist Edith Humphrey 1875 1978 probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry 19 Julia Lermontova 1846 1919 Russian chemist 18 61 64 Laura Linton 1853 1915 American chemist 18 57 58 Rachel Lloyd 1839 1900 American chemist 18 55 56 Adelaida Lukanina 1843 1908 Russian physician and chemist Helen Abbott Michael 1857 1904 American botanist and chemist Frances Micklethwait 1867 1950 British research chemist Muriel Wheldale Onslow 1880 1932 British biochemist Marie Pasteur 1826 1910 French chemist and bacteriologist Mary Engle Pennington 1872 1952 American chemist Agnes Pockels 1862 1935 German chemist Vera Popova 1867 1896 Russian chemist Anna Sundstrom 1785 1871 Swedish chemist Ellen Swallow Richards 1842 1911 American industrial and environmental chemist 1 254 18 51 54 Margarete Traube 1856 1912 German born chemist who lived in Italy Anna Volkova 1800 1876 Russian chemist Martha Annie Whiteley 1866 1956 English chemist and mathematician Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber Shumova died 1914 Russian chemistEngineers edit Mary Dicas fl 1800 1815 maker of scientific instruments Emily Roebling 1844 1903 American civil engineerGeology edit Florence Bascom 1862 1945 American geologist 1 18 Etheldred Benett 1776 1845 British geologist Mary Buckland 1797 1857 British paleontologist and marine biologist Margaret Crosfield 1859 1952 British paleontologist and geologist Maria Gordon 1896 1939 Scottish geologist Mary Emilie Holmes 1850 1906 American geologist and educator Charlotte Murchison 1788 1869 Scottish geologist Elizabeth Philpot 1780 1857 British paleontologistInventors edit Tabitha Babbitt 1779 1853 American inventor and tool maker Mary Brush fl 1815 American inventor Martha Coston 1826 1904 American inventor Ellen Eglin 1849 fl 1890 American inventor Caroline Eichler 1809 1843 German inventor instrument maker and prostheses designer Hanna Hammarstrom 1829 1909 Swedish inventor Mary Kies 1752 1837 American inventor Margaret E Knight 1838 1914 American inventor first woman awarded a U S patent Huang Lu died 1829 Chinese optic inventorMathematics edit nbsp Ada King Countess of Lovelace Ada Lovelace Sofia Kovalevskaya 1850 1891 Russian mathematician partial differential equations rotating solids Abelian functions 1 162 Augusta Ada Byron Lovelace 1815 1851 British mathematician 1 180 Emilie Martin 1869 1936 American mathematician Florence Nightingale 1820 1910 British statistician and nurse Emmy Noether 1882 1935 German mathematicianMicrobiology edit Alice Catherine Evans 1881 1975 American microbiologistMedicine edit nbsp Kadambini GangulyRachel Alcock 1862 1939 British physiologist Elizabeth Garrett Anderson 1836 1917 British physician 1 7 Hedda Andersson 1861 1950 Swedish physician Lovisa Arberg 1801 1881 first woman doctor and surgeon in Sweden Amalia Assur 1803 1889 Swedish dentist Sara Josephine Baker 1873 1945 American doctor child hygiene pioneer Chandramukhi Basu 1860 1944 Indian physician Elizabeth Blackwell 1821 1910 American physician 1 31 Emily Blackwell 1826 1910 American physician Marie Boivin 1773 1841 French writer on obstetrics Elizabeth D A Cohen 1820 1921 American physician first female physician in the state of Louisiana Rebecca Cole 1846 1922 American physician by 1867 she was the second African American woman to become a doctor in the United States Rebecca Lee Crumpler 1831 1895 American physician by 1864 she was the first African American woman to become a doctor in the United States Maria Dalle Donne 1778 1842 Italian physician Marie Durocher 1809 1893 Brazilian obstetrician midwife and physician Enriqueta Favez c 1791 1856 Swiss physician and surgeon Rosalie Fougelberg 1841 1911 Swedish dentist Rupa Bai Furdoonji Indian physician who was the world s first female anesthetist Kadambini Ganguly 1861 1923 Indian physician Johanna Heden 1837 1912 Swedish midwife feldsher and barber Aletta Jacobs 1854 1929 Dutch physician Maria Jansson 1788 1842 known as Kisamor Swedish physician Sophia Jex Blake 1840 1912 British physician Anandi Gopal Joshi 1865 1887 Indian physician Mary Poonen Lukose 1886 1976 Indian gynecologist Emmy Rappe 1835 1896 Swedish nurse Martha Ripley 1843 1912 American physician and suffragist Varvara Kashevarova Rudneva 1844 1899 Russian physician Florence R Sabin 1871 1953 American medical scientist Ellen Sandelin 1862 1907 Swedish physician and teacher of physiology Regina von Siebold 1771 1849 German physician and obstetrician Charlotte von Siebold 1788 1859 German physician and gynecologist Anna Stecksen 1870 1904 Swedish pathologist Lucy Hobbs Taylor 1833 1910 American dentist Isala Van Diest 1842 1916 first female medical doctor and female university graduate in Belgium Catharine van Tussenbroek 1852 1925 Dutch gynecologist Mary Walker 1832 1919 American surgeon Karolina Widerstrom 1856 1949 Swedish physician Thora Wigardh 1860 1933 Swedish physician Marie Elisabeth Zakrzewska 1829 1902 Polish American physicianNuclear physics edit Lise Meitner 1878 1968 Austrian Swedish nuclear physicistPhysics edit Hertha Marks Ayrton 1854 1923 British physicist 1 14 Mileva Einstein Maric 1875 1948 Serbian Swiss physicist Margaret Eliza Maltby 1860 1944 American physicist Mary Somerville 1780 1872 British physicist polymath 1 280 Eunice Newton Foote 1819 1888 American inventor and physicist who first discovered rising carbon dioxide CO2 levels could impact climate 20 21 Psychology edit Mary Whiton Calkins 1863 1930 American psychologist Christine Ladd Franklin 1847 1930 American psychologist 1 167 Margaret Floy Washburn 1871 1939 American psychologist Anna Freud 1895 1982 Austrian British psychoanalystScience education edit Jane Webb Loudon 1807 1858 Writer of introductory gardening books Jane Marcet 1769 1858 Writer of introductory science books Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps 1793 1884 American science educator Josephine Silone Yates died 1912 American chemistry professorSociology edit Jane Addams 1860 1935 American sociologist Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860 1935 American sociologist Beatrice Webb 1858 1943 English sociologist and economistSee also editTimeline of women in scienceNotes edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Yount 2007 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ogilvie Marilyn Harvey Joy 2003 12 16 The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid 20th Century Routledge ISBN 9781135963439 a b c d e f g Nathan J Barnes Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women a b Ogilvie 1986 Brown James Campbell 1920 A History of Chemistry from the Earliest Times P Blakiston s Son amp Company pp 19 24 Pliny the Elder Natural History 28 81 84 Irby Massie Women in Ancient Science in Woman s power man s game essays on classical antiquity in honor of Joy K King Bolchazy Carducci Publishers 1993 p 366 Gabriele Kass Simon Patricia Farnes Deborah Nash eds 1999 Women of science righting the record First Midland Book ed Bloomington Ind Indiana Univ Press p 301 ISBN 9780253208132 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak L Whaley Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe 1400 1800 a b c d e Howard 2006 a b c d Zahm J A 1913 Woman in Science Ogilvie Marilyn Harvey Joy 2000 The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science New York Routledge p 346 ISBN 0415920388 a b c Walsh 2008 p 142 Diccionari Biografic de Dones Francesca muller de Berenguer Satorra Archived 2016 08 08 at the Wayback Machine Howard Sethanne 2007 SCIENCE HAS NO GENDER The History of Women in Science Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 93 1 1 15 ISSN 0043 0439 JSTOR 24536249 Picard Liza Elizabeth s London 2003 Weidenfeld amp Nicolson Hoe Susanna 2016 Valletta Malta Women History Books and Places PDF Oxford Women s History Press a division of Holo Books pp 368 369 ISBN 9780957215351 OCLC 931704918 Archived from the original PDF on 10 October 2016 Sarah Whiting CWP a b c d e f Rayner Canham amp Rayner Canham 2001 Rayner Canham Marelene Rayner Canham Geoff 23 Feb 2009 Fight for Rights PDF Chemistry World 6 3 56 59 Huddleston Amara 17 July 2019 Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote hidden climate science pioneer climate gov Retrieved 6 March 2024 Schwartz John 21 April 2020 Overlooked No More Eunice Foote Climate Scientist Lost to History The New York Times References editByers Nina Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics UCLA Archived from the original on 1 August 2013 Retrieved 24 October 2013 Herzenberg Caroline L 1986 Women scientists from antiquity to the present an index an international reference listing and biographical directory of some notable women scientists from ancient to modern times West Cornwall CT Locust Hill Press ISBN 0 933951 01 9 Howard Sethanne 2006 The hidden giants Lulu com ISBN 978 1430300762 Howes Ruth H Herzenberg Caroline L 1999 Their day in the sun women of the Manhattan Project Philadelphia Temple Univ Press ISBN 1 56639 719 7 Ogilvie Marilyn Bailey 1986 Women in science antiquity through the nineteenth century a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography 3 print ed Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press ISBN 0 262 15031 X Ogilvie Marilyn Bailey 2003 The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid 20th Century Routledge ISBN 9781135963422 Rayner Canham Marelene Rayner Canham Geoffrey 2001 Women in chemistry their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid twentieth century Philadelphia Chemical Heritage Foundation ISBN 978 0941901277 Stevens Gwendolyn Gardner Sheldon 1982 The women of psychology Cambridge Massachusetts Schenkman ISBN 9780870734434 Walsh James J 2008 1911 Fordham University Press Medieval Women Physicians Old Time Makers of Medicine The Story of the Students and Teachers of the Sciences Related to Medicine During the Middle Ages Lethe Press pp 135 150 Yount Lisa 2007 A to Z of Women in Science and Math Rev ed New York Infobase Pub ISBN 9781438107950 unreliable source External links edit4000 Years of Women in Science Most influential British women in the history of science selected by Royal Society panel This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of female scientists before the 20th century amp oldid 1212278266, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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