Tan Yunxian

Tan Yunxian (Chinese: 談允賢; 1461–1554) was a Chinese physician during the Ming dynasty in China.^[1]

Life

Tan's grandmother was the daughter of a physician. One reason Tan's grandfather married her grandmother was to learn medicine himself. Two of her grandparents' sons, including Tan's father, were able to pass the jinshi examinations, and they became officials. Due to the fondness her grandparents had for her, which evidence shows was directly related to her intellect, her grandparents passed on their medical knowledge to her. Tan Yunxian later married, raised four children, and practiced medicine on women. Tan lived a longer life than most, dying at the age of 93.^[2]

Medical activity

Tan Yunxian's medical practice was contained to treating women.^[3] She initially began by treating her own children, with her grandmother's guidance to confirm her diagnoses. Records of Tan's book reveal cases of thirty-one of the patients that she treated.^[4] The women she worked with usually had chronic complaints, rather than of temporary illnesses. Many of these women had “women’s complaints,” such as menstrual irregularities, repeated miscarriages, barrenness, and postpartum fatigue. Other patients had illnesses that either sex could contract, such as coughing, insomnia, rashes, swellings, diarrhea or nausea.

Tan, similar to other literati doctors, often prescribed herbal medications to her patients. She also practiced moxibustion. This was the burning of moxa, or dried Artemisia, at specified points on the body, which was similar to acupuncture.^[5] This process was believed to stimulate the circulation of qi. Since the physician applying the moxa had to physically touch the patient, male doctors were unable to perform this treatment on women. Tan served many working women in her practice. Various accounts show Tan's conclusions that these women often overworked themselves, thus bringing on various symptoms.^[6]

Although Tan Yunxian was able to practice gynecology, pediatrics and obstetrics, her experience in other fields was limited. Tan was only able to practice medicine in the country among her friends or acquaintances. Even after she completed the book Sayings of a Female Doctor,^[7] she was not able to publish it. In fact, she had to ask her son to have printing blocks cut for her.^[8]

Status of female physicians in Ming China

Quite different from their male counterparts of ancient China, women did not hone their skills by studying with masters nor did they have the purpose or goal in mind to set up their own clinics after their apprenticeship. For females, family training was the standard mode of education. While women were quite skilled in their medical techniques, they rarely made any theoretical additions to the field. Unlike the male doctors of the times, women received medical training in order to assist the males in their family by doing some “supporting work.”^[6] After practicing medicine it is said that "she always get wonderful therapeutic effects in treating those females who refuse to see a male physician". Women in Ming China could not ask their male doctors about certain medical conditions.^[9]

Popular portrayal

A character that combines Tan with Jingtai Emperor consort Empress Hang was portrayed by Cecilia Liu in 2016 Chinese historical drama series The Imperial Doctress. In that series, the character's surname was changed from 談 to the homophone surname 譚.

Tan is the main character of Lisa See's 2023 novel Lady Tan's Circle of Women (ISBN 1982117087). The novel focuses on the personal life of Tan, beginning with her education from her grandmother and through her struggles as a female physician in the Ming Dynasty.^[10]

References

1. Hanson, Marta E. (2006-01-01), "Depleted Men, Emotional Women: Gender and Medicine in the Ming Dynasty", Medicine for Women in Imperial China, BRILL, pp. 179–196, doi:10.1163/9789047409922_007, ISBN 978-90-474-0992-2, retrieved 2024-01-24
2. Ebrey, Patricia B., Walthall Anne and Palais, James B. Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800 (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006) 279.
3. Lin, Jaung-gong; Tsai, Liang-wen; Chen, Ya-chen (2017-10-17), "From Women in Taiwan's History of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to Recent Case Studies of Gender Practice Under the Academic Glass Ceiling", (En)Gendering Taiwan, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 149–180, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63219-3_9, ISBN 978-3-319-63217-9, retrieved 2024-01-24
4. Goldoni, Christina (2016-06-01). "Miscellaneous Records of a Female Doctor". The Journal of Chinese Medicine (111): 68–70.
5. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary-11th Edition (USA: Merriam-Webster, 2004) 813
6. ZHENG Jin-Sheng. . Archived from the original on 2021-10-28. Retrieved 2023-05-02.
7. Translated as: Wilcox, Lorraine, tr., Miscellaneous Records of a Female Doctor (Portland, OR: The Chinese Medicine Database, 2015) ISBN 978-0990-60-2903
8. Ebrey, 280.
9. Zheng, J. (July 1999). "[Tan Yunxian, a woman physician of Ming dynasty, and her Nu yi za yan (Random talks of a woman physician)]". Zhonghua Yi Shi Za Zhi (Beijing, China: 1980). 29 (3): 153–156. ISSN 0255-7053. PMID 11624101.
10. Fengjiao, Xie (2023). "Lady Tan's Circle of Women". World Literature Today. 98 (2): 72.