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Congressional Apportionment Amendment

January 31, 2023

The Congressional Apportionment Amendment (originally titled Article the First) is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that addresses the number of seats in the House of Representatives. It was proposed by Congress on September 25, 1789, but was never ratified by the requisite number of state legislatures. As Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, the Congressional Apportionment Amendment is still pending before the states. As of 2022, it is one of six unratified amendments.

In the 1st United States Congress, James Madison put together a package of constitutional amendments designed to address the concerns of Anti-Federalists, who were suspicious of federal power under the new constitution. The Congressional Apportionment Amendment is the only one of the twelve amendments passed by Congress which was never ratified; ten amendments were ratified as the Bill of Rights, while the other amendment (Article the Second) was ratified as the Twenty-seventh Amendment in 1992. A majority of the states did ratify the Congressional Apportion Amendment and, by the end of 1791, the amendment was just one state short of adoption. However, no state has ratified the amendment since 1792.

The amendment lays out a mathematical formula for determining the number of seats in the House of Representatives. It would initially have required one representative for every 30,000 constituents, with that number eventually climbing to one representative for every 50,000 constituents. However, there is some agreement that the last line contains a scrivener's error[1] (see Mathematical discrepancies). As the amendment was never passed, Congress has set the size of the House of Representatives by statute. Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth throughout the 19th century until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911, where aside from a temporary increase to 437 members from 1959 through 1962 after Alaska and Hawaii were admitted to the Union, it has remained.

The population of the United States reached approximately 308.7 million in 2010 according to that year's nationwide census. Consequently, the number of representatives in the House could have grown to over 6,000 under the terms of this amendment.[2][3][4]

Text

After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.[5]

Background

The "ideal" number of seats in the House of Representatives has been a contentious issue since the country's founding. Initially, delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention set the representation ratio at one representative for every 40,000 people. Upon the suggestion of George Washington, the ratio was changed to one representative for every 30,000 people.[6] This was the only time Washington voiced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the convention.[7]

In Federalist No. 55, James Madison argued that the size of the House of Representatives has to balance the ability of the body to legislate with the need for legislators to have a relationship close enough to the people to understand their local circumstances, that such representatives' social class be low enough to sympathize with the feelings of the mass of the people, and that their power be diluted enough to limit their abuse of the public trust and interests.

...first, that so small a number of representatives will be an unsafe depositary of the public interests; secondly, that they will not possess a proper knowledge of the local circumstances of their numerous constituents; thirdly, that they will be taken from that class of citizens which will sympathize least with the feelings of the mass of the people, and be most likely to aim at a permanent elevation of the few on the depression of the many;...[8]

Anti-Federalists, who opposed the Constitution's ratification, noted that there was nothing in the document to guarantee that the number of seats in the House would continue to represent small constituencies as the general population of the states grew. They feared that over time, if the size remained relatively small and the districts became more expansive, that only well-known individuals with reputations spanning wide geographic areas could secure election. It was also feared that those in Congress would, as a result, have an insufficient sense of sympathy with and connectedness to ordinary people in their district.[9]

This concern was evident in the various state ratifying conventions, where several specifically requested an amendment to secure a minimum size for the House of Representatives. Virginia's ratification resolution proposed

That there shall be one representative for every thirty thousand, according to the Enumeration or Census mentioned in the Constitution, until the whole number of representatives amounts to two hundred; after which that number shall be continued or encreased [sic] as the Congress shall direct, upon the principles fixed by the Constitution by apportioning the Representatives of each State to some greater number of people from time to time as population encreases [sic].[10]

Anti-Federalist Melancton Smith declared at the New York ratifying convention that

We certainly ought to fix, in the Constitution, those things which are essential to liberty. If anything falls under this description, it is the number of the legislature.[11]

Federalists, who supported the Constitution's ratification, reassured those opposing its ratification by agreeing that the new government should immediately address Anti-Federalist concerns and consider amending the Constitution. This reassurance was essential to the ratification of the new form of government.[12]

Legislative and ratification history

Legislative history

An amendment establishing a formula for determining the appropriate size of the House of Representatives and the appropriate apportionment of representatives among the states was one of several proposed amendments to the Constitution introduced first in the House on June 8, 1789, by Representative James Madison of Virginia:

That in Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, these words be struck out, to wit: "The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative, and until such enumeration shall be made;" and in place thereof be inserted these words, to wit: "After the first actual enumeration, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number amounts to—, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that the number shall never be less than—, nor more than—, but each State shall, after the first enumeration, have at least two Representatives; and prior thereto".[13]

This, along with Madison's other proposals, was referred to a committee consisting of one representative from each state. After Madison's proposals emerged from committee, Fisher Ames of Massachusetts, proposed a differing apportionment amendment in which the minimum apportionment ratio increased from 30,000 to 40,000 per Representative following a subsequent census. The change was approved on August 21, 1789.[14] Then, on August 24, the House passed this plus sixteen other articles of amendment. The proposals next went to the Senate, which made 26 substantive alterations. On September 9, 1789, the Senate approved a package of twelve proposed amendments.[15] Changed in this amendment was the apportionment formula to be followed once the number of House members reached 100.

A comparison of the two versions of the amendment[16]
(The substitute Senate language and the affected House language are both in red with italics.)
House version – August 24, 1789:
After the first enumeration, required by the first Article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.
Senate version – September 9, 1789:
After the first enumeration, required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand, until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred, to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons.

On September 21, 1789, a conference committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals. On September 24, 1789, the committee issued its report that finalized 12 Constitutional amendments for the House and Senate to consider. Regarding the apportionment amendment, the House passed version prevailed with one change: the final instance of the word "less" was changed to "more".[17] The amendments were finally approved by both Houses on September 25, 1789.[18][19]

Ratification history

 
States that ratified the amendment

Having been approved by Congress, the twelve Bill of Rights amendments were sent to the states for ratification. This proposed amendment was the first listed of the twelve and was ratified by the legislatures of the following states:[20]

  1. New Jersey: November 20, 1789
  2. Maryland: December 19, 1789
  3. North Carolina: December 22, 1789
  4. South Carolina: January 19, 1790
  5. New Hampshire: January 25, 1790
  6. New York: February 24, 1790
  7. Rhode Island: June 7, 1790
  8. Pennsylvania: September 21, 1791 (after rejecting it on March 10, 1790)
  9. Virginia: November 3, 1791
  10. Vermont: November 3, 1791[21]
  11. Kentucky: June 27, 1792

The lower house of the Connecticut General Assembly approved the amendment along with ten others in October 1789, but the upper house of the Assembly deferred taking any action on the amendments until after the next election. In May 1790, following that election, the lower house rejected the amendment while approving the ten amendments that would become the Bill of Rights. The upper house then approved all 12 of the amendments, hindering Connecticut's ratification effort, as the two houses were subsequently unable to reconcile their divergent ratification resolutions.[22][23]

When originally submitted to the states, nine ratifications would have made this amendment part of the Constitution. That number rose to ten on May 29, 1790, when Rhode Island ratified the Constitution. It rose to eleven on March 4, 1791, when Vermont joined the Union. By the end of 1791, the amendment was only one state short of adoption. However, when Kentucky attained statehood on June 1, 1792, the number of necessary ratifications climbed to twelve, and, even though Kentucky ratified the amendment that summer (along with the other eleven amendments), it was still one state short. No additional states ratified this amendment. With 50 states, 27 additional ratifications are necessary to reach the required threshold of 38 ratifications needed for this amendment to become part of the Constitution.

Mathematical discrepancies

Although the initial House and Senate versions of the amendment were clear in establishing a formula for determining the minimum number of representatives, the final version of the amendment was not. As a result of the last-minute "less" to "more" wording change made by the House, an inconsistency exists in the mathematical formula when the nation's population is between eight million and ten million, as the final version of the proposed amendment specifies a minimum number of House seats greater than the maximum. As a result, the amendment would be unworkable and any number of representatives unconstitutional.[24]

Historian David E. Kyvig had an alternative interpretation of the increase in the size of the U.S. House guaranteed by this amendment. He claimed that the examples in the amendment were intended to demonstrate a mathematical relation: for every additional 100 members of Congress, district sizes would increase by 10,000 people. Under this interpretation, districts of 50,000 people would not have been intended as a ceiling, but, instead, the appropriate divisor until the House reached 300 members, at which point district sizes would be 60,000 until the House reached 400 members, and so on.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ Trende, Sean. "It's Time To Increase The Size of the House – Sabato's Crystal Ball". Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  2. ^ Stone, Lyman (October 17, 2018). "Pack the House: How to Fix the Legislative Branch". Mere Orthodoxy. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  3. ^ Matthews, Dylan (June 4, 2018). "The case for massively expanding the US House of Representatives, in one chart". Vox. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  4. ^ Hurlbut, Terry (April 16, 2015). "Packing the House?". Conservative News and Views. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
  5. ^ "The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013" (PDF). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. p. 49. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
  6. ^ Goldberg, Jonah (January 15, 2001). "George Will Called Me An Idiot". National Review. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  7. ^ "Madison Debates – September 17". Avalon Project. New Haven, Connecticut: Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  8. ^ "The Total Number of the House of Representatives Independent Journal Wednesday, February 13, 1788 [James Madison]". San Antonio, Texas: Constitution Society. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  9. ^ ""Cato" Letter V The New-York Journal, November 22, 1787". San Antonio, Texas: Constitution Society. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  10. ^ "Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Virginia; June 26, 1788". Avalon Project. New Haven, Connecticut: Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  11. ^ Amar, Akhil Reed (1998). The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction. Harrisonburg, Virginia: R. R. Donnelley & Sons. p. 14. ISBN 0-300-07379-8.
  12. ^ "Observing Constitution Day". Washington, D.C.: The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
  13. ^ Lloyd, Gordon. "Madison's Speech Proposing Amendments to the Constitution, June 8, 1789". Ashland, Ohio: The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University (TeachingAmericanHistory.org). Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  14. ^ Lloyd, Thomas (1790). The Congressional register : or, History of the proceedings and debates of the first House of Representatives of the United States of America. Vol. Second edition. Volume II. New York, New York: Hodge, Allen, and Campbell. pp. 193, 241, 250–251 – via Internet Archive.
  15. ^ Labunski, Richard E. (2006). James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights. Oxford University Press. pp. 235–237. ISBN 978-0-19-518105-0.
  16. ^ "Legislative History of Article the first of the Federal Bill of Rights" (Web Pamphlet). thirty-thousand.org. June 28, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  17. ^ Lloyd, Gordon. "The Four Stages of Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States". TeachingAmericanHistory.org. Ashland, Ohio: The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  18. ^ Adamson, Barry (2008). Freedom of Religion, the First Amendment, and the Supreme Court: How the Court Flunked History. Pelican Publishing. p. 93. ISBN 9781455604586.
  19. ^ Graham, John Remington (2009). Free, Sovereign, and Independent States: The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution. Foreword by Laura Tesh. Footnote 54, pp. 193–194. ISBN 9781455604579.
  20. ^ . LibGuides at Washington State University. August 21, 2015. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  21. ^ "Ratifications of the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States | Teaching American History". teachingamericanhistory.org. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  22. ^ Grimes, Alan P. (1978). Democracy and the Amendments to the Constitution. Toronto: Lexington Books. pp. 28-29 n40.
  23. ^ Conley, Patrick T.; U. S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original States (1992). The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 121. ISBN 9780945612292.
  24. ^ Quidam, Jeff E. (June 24, 2007). "The Minimum and Maximum Size of the House of Representatives Per the Constitution and pursuant to all three versions of the proposed "Article the first"" (PDF). Thirty-thousand.org. p. 19. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  25. ^ Blonder, Greg (April 2020). "sizing up democracy". Genuine Ideas.

External links

  •   Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource
  •   Media related to Congressional Apportionment Amendment at Wikimedia Commons

January 31, 2023
congressional, apportionment, amendment, originally, titled, article, first, proposed, amendment, united, states, constitution, that, addresses, number, seats, house, representatives, proposed, congress, september, 1789, never, ratified, requisite, number, sta. The Congressional Apportionment Amendment originally titled Article the First is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that addresses the number of seats in the House of Representatives It was proposed by Congress on September 25 1789 but was never ratified by the requisite number of state legislatures As Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification the Congressional Apportionment Amendment is still pending before the states As of 2022 it is one of six unratified amendments In the 1st United States Congress James Madison put together a package of constitutional amendments designed to address the concerns of Anti Federalists who were suspicious of federal power under the new constitution The Congressional Apportionment Amendment is the only one of the twelve amendments passed by Congress which was never ratified ten amendments were ratified as the Bill of Rights while the other amendment Article the Second was ratified as the Twenty seventh Amendment in 1992 A majority of the states did ratify the Congressional Apportion Amendment and by the end of 1791 the amendment was just one state short of adoption However no state has ratified the amendment since 1792 The amendment lays out a mathematical formula for determining the number of seats in the House of Representatives It would initially have required one representative for every 30 000 constituents with that number eventually climbing to one representative for every 50 000 constituents However there is some agreement that the last line contains a scrivener s error 1 see Mathematical discrepancies As the amendment was never passed Congress has set the size of the House of Representatives by statute Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth throughout the 19th century until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 where aside from a temporary increase to 437 members from 1959 through 1962 after Alaska and Hawaii were admitted to the Union it has remained The population of the United States reached approximately 308 7 million in 2010 according to that year s nationwide census Consequently the number of representatives in the House could have grown to over 6 000 under the terms of this amendment 2 3 4 Contents 1 Text 2 Background 3 Legislative and ratification history 3 1 Legislative history 3 2 Ratification history 4 Mathematical discrepancies 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksText EditAfter the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand until the number shall amount to one hundred after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons 5 Background EditThe ideal number of seats in the House of Representatives has been a contentious issue since the country s founding Initially delegates to the 1787 Constitutional Convention set the representation ratio at one representative for every 40 000 people Upon the suggestion of George Washington the ratio was changed to one representative for every 30 000 people 6 This was the only time Washington voiced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the convention 7 In Federalist No 55 James Madison argued that the size of the House of Representatives has to balance the ability of the body to legislate with the need for legislators to have a relationship close enough to the people to understand their local circumstances that such representatives social class be low enough to sympathize with the feelings of the mass of the people and that their power be diluted enough to limit their abuse of the public trust and interests first that so small a number of representatives will be an unsafe depositary of the public interests secondly that they will not possess a proper knowledge of the local circumstances of their numerous constituents thirdly that they will be taken from that class of citizens which will sympathize least with the feelings of the mass of the people and be most likely to aim at a permanent elevation of the few on the depression of the many 8 Anti Federalists who opposed the Constitution s ratification noted that there was nothing in the document to guarantee that the number of seats in the House would continue to represent small constituencies as the general population of the states grew They feared that over time if the size remained relatively small and the districts became more expansive that only well known individuals with reputations spanning wide geographic areas could secure election It was also feared that those in Congress would as a result have an insufficient sense of sympathy with and connectedness to ordinary people in their district 9 This concern was evident in the various state ratifying conventions where several specifically requested an amendment to secure a minimum size for the House of Representatives Virginia s ratification resolution proposed That there shall be one representative for every thirty thousand according to the Enumeration or Census mentioned in the Constitution until the whole number of representatives amounts to two hundred after which that number shall be continued or encreased sic as the Congress shall direct upon the principles fixed by the Constitution by apportioning the Representatives of each State to some greater number of people from time to time as population encreases sic 10 Anti Federalist Melancton Smith declared at the New York ratifying convention that We certainly ought to fix in the Constitution those things which are essential to liberty If anything falls under this description it is the number of the legislature 11 Federalists who supported the Constitution s ratification reassured those opposing its ratification by agreeing that the new government should immediately address Anti Federalist concerns and consider amending the Constitution This reassurance was essential to the ratification of the new form of government 12 Legislative and ratification history EditLegislative history EditAn amendment establishing a formula for determining the appropriate size of the House of Representatives and the appropriate apportionment of representatives among the states was one of several proposed amendments to the Constitution introduced first in the House on June 8 1789 by Representative James Madison of Virginia That in Article I Section 2 Clause 3 these words be struck out to wit The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand but each State shall have at least one Representative and until such enumeration shall be made and in place thereof be inserted these words to wit After the first actual enumeration there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand until the number amounts to after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress that the number shall never be less than nor more than but each State shall after the first enumeration have at least two Representatives and prior thereto 13 This along with Madison s other proposals was referred to a committee consisting of one representative from each state After Madison s proposals emerged from committee Fisher Ames of Massachusetts proposed a differing apportionment amendment in which the minimum apportionment ratio increased from 30 000 to 40 000 per Representative following a subsequent census The change was approved on August 21 1789 14 Then on August 24 the House passed this plus sixteen other articles of amendment The proposals next went to the Senate which made 26 substantive alterations On September 9 1789 the Senate approved a package of twelve proposed amendments 15 Changed in this amendment was the apportionment formula to be followed once the number of House members reached 100 A comparison of the two versions of the amendment 16 The substitute Senate language and the affected House language are both in red with italics House version August 24 1789 After the first enumeration required by the first Article of the Constitution there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand until the number shall amount to one hundred after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons Senate version September 9 1789 After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand until the number shall amount to one hundred to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons On September 21 1789 a conference committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals On September 24 1789 the committee issued its report that finalized 12 Constitutional amendments for the House and Senate to consider Regarding the apportionment amendment the House passed version prevailed with one change the final instance of the word less was changed to more 17 The amendments were finally approved by both Houses on September 25 1789 18 19 Ratification history Edit States that ratified the amendment Having been approved by Congress the twelve Bill of Rights amendments were sent to the states for ratification This proposed amendment was the first listed of the twelve and was ratified by the legislatures of the following states 20 New Jersey November 20 1789 Maryland December 19 1789 North Carolina December 22 1789 South Carolina January 19 1790 New Hampshire January 25 1790 New York February 24 1790 Rhode Island June 7 1790 Pennsylvania September 21 1791 after rejecting it on March 10 1790 Virginia November 3 1791 Vermont November 3 1791 21 Kentucky June 27 1792The lower house of the Connecticut General Assembly approved the amendment along with ten others in October 1789 but the upper house of the Assembly deferred taking any action on the amendments until after the next election In May 1790 following that election the lower house rejected the amendment while approving the ten amendments that would become the Bill of Rights The upper house then approved all 12 of the amendments hindering Connecticut s ratification effort as the two houses were subsequently unable to reconcile their divergent ratification resolutions 22 23 When originally submitted to the states nine ratifications would have made this amendment part of the Constitution That number rose to ten on May 29 1790 when Rhode Island ratified the Constitution It rose to eleven on March 4 1791 when Vermont joined the Union By the end of 1791 the amendment was only one state short of adoption However when Kentucky attained statehood on June 1 1792 the number of necessary ratifications climbed to twelve and even though Kentucky ratified the amendment that summer along with the other eleven amendments it was still one state short No additional states ratified this amendment With 50 states 27 additional ratifications are necessary to reach the required threshold of 38 ratifications needed for this amendment to become part of the Constitution Mathematical discrepancies EditAlthough the initial House and Senate versions of the amendment were clear in establishing a formula for determining the minimum number of representatives the final version of the amendment was not As a result of the last minute less to more wording change made by the House an inconsistency exists in the mathematical formula when the nation s population is between eight million and ten million as the final version of the proposed amendment specifies a minimum number of House seats greater than the maximum As a result the amendment would be unworkable and any number of representatives unconstitutional 24 Historian David E Kyvig had an alternative interpretation of the increase in the size of the U S House guaranteed by this amendment He claimed that the examples in the amendment were intended to demonstrate a mathematical relation for every additional 100 members of Congress district sizes would increase by 10 000 people Under this interpretation districts of 50 000 people would not have been intended as a ceiling but instead the appropriate divisor until the House reached 300 members at which point district sizes would be 60 000 until the House reached 400 members and so on 25 See also EditUnited States congressional apportionment Apportionment Act of 1792 Reapportionment Act of 1929References Edit Trende Sean It s Time To Increase The Size of the House Sabato s Crystal Ball Retrieved 2020 11 07 Stone Lyman October 17 2018 Pack the House How to Fix the Legislative Branch Mere Orthodoxy Retrieved September 17 2019 Matthews Dylan June 4 2018 The case for massively expanding the US House of Representatives in one chart Vox Retrieved September 17 2019 Hurlbut Terry April 16 2015 Packing the House Conservative News and Views Retrieved September 17 2019 The Constitution of the United States of America Analysis and Interpretation Centennial Edition Interim Edition Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 2013 PDF Washington DC U S Government Printing Office 2013 p 49 Retrieved May 11 2014 Goldberg Jonah January 15 2001 George Will Called Me An Idiot National Review Retrieved November 5 2015 Madison Debates September 17 Avalon Project New Haven Connecticut Lillian Goldman Law Library Yale Law School Retrieved November 5 2015 The Total Number of the House of Representatives Independent Journal Wednesday February 13 1788 James Madison San Antonio Texas Constitution Society Retrieved November 5 2015 Cato Letter V The New York Journal November 22 1787 San Antonio Texas Constitution Society Retrieved November 5 2015 Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Virginia June 26 1788 Avalon Project New Haven Connecticut Lillian Goldman Law Library Yale Law School Retrieved June 12 2014 Amar Akhil Reed 1998 The Bill of Rights Creation and Reconstruction Harrisonburg Virginia R R Donnelley amp Sons p 14 ISBN 0 300 07379 8 Observing Constitution Day Washington D C The U S National Archives and Records Administration Retrieved July 21 2015 Lloyd Gordon Madison s Speech Proposing Amendments to the Constitution June 8 1789 Ashland Ohio The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University TeachingAmericanHistory org Retrieved November 1 2015 Lloyd Thomas 1790 The Congressional register or History of the proceedings and debates of the first House of Representatives of the United States of America Vol Second edition Volume II New York New York Hodge Allen and Campbell pp 193 241 250 251 via Internet Archive Labunski Richard E 2006 James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights Oxford University Press pp 235 237 ISBN 978 0 19 518105 0 Legislative History of Article the first of the Federal Bill of Rights Web Pamphlet thirty thousand org June 28 2007 Retrieved June 17 2014 Lloyd Gordon The Four Stages of Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States TeachingAmericanHistory org Ashland Ohio The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University Retrieved June 23 2014 Adamson Barry 2008 Freedom of Religion the First Amendment and the Supreme Court How the Court Flunked History Pelican Publishing p 93 ISBN 9781455604586 Graham John Remington 2009 Free Sovereign and Independent States The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution Foreword by Laura Tesh Footnote 54 pp 193 194 ISBN 9781455604579 Virtual Exhibit Ratification of the U S Constitution 1787 1791 Constitution Day LibGuides at Washington State University August 21 2015 Archived from the original on June 10 2015 Retrieved October 29 2015 Ratifications of the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States Teaching American History teachingamericanhistory org Retrieved 2016 09 10 Grimes Alan P 1978 Democracy and the Amendments to the Constitution Toronto Lexington Books pp 28 29 n40 Conley Patrick T U S Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original States 1992 The Bill of Rights and the States The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties Rowman amp Littlefield p 121 ISBN 9780945612292 Quidam Jeff E June 24 2007 The Minimum and Maximum Size of the House of Representatives Per the Constitution and pursuant to all three versions of the proposed Article the first PDF Thirty thousand org p 19 Retrieved February 12 2018 Blonder Greg April 2020 sizing up democracy Genuine Ideas External links Edit Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource Media related to Congressional Apportionment Amendment at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Congressional Apportionment Amendment amp oldid 1129851880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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