Climate psychology

Climate psychology is a field that aims to further our understanding of the psychological processes that occur in response to climate change and its resultant effects. It also seeks to promote creative ways to engage with the public about climate change; contribute to change at the personal, community, cultural, and political levels; support activists, scientists and policy makers to bring about effective change; to nurture psychological resilience to the destructive impacts of climate change happening now and in the future.

Definition

Climate psychology can refer to:

• Effects of climate change on mental health
• Psychological impact of climate change
• Psychological aspects surrounding climate inaction
• Psychological aspects surrounding climate communication (see Climate communication#Applying findings from psychology)
• Psychology of climate change denial

Academic discipline

Climate psychology is a trans-disciplinary approach to research and practice. It focuses on the society-wide reluctance to take appropriate action in relation to the escalating threat of climate change. It seems the problem as requiring a deeper approach, that examines our resistance to knowing and acting, rather than seeing it as an “information deficit” to be treated by cognitive or behavioral approaches. It stresses the significance of human emotions, identities and cultural assumptions. Furthermore, it acknowledges the human subject as nested within their social and ecological context.

In order to meet its aims and develop its approach, climate psychology draws on a broad range of perspectives, including: literature, philosophy, world religions, the arts, humanities and systems thinking.^[1] The core of the approach is based on various psychotherapeutic traditions and psycho-social studies, allowing climate psychologists to understand the unconscious or unacknowledged emotions and processes influencing people’s thoughts, motivations and behaviors. This applies especially to these processes that manifest in the broader context of the wider society and culture.

As of 2020, the discipline of climate psychology had grown to include many subfields. Climate psychologists are working with the United Nations, national and local governments, with corporations, NGOs, and individuals.^[2][3][4]

Climate psychology in practice

In recent years, climate psychologists are facilitating support groups for activists, particularly those active in the support of pro-environmental behaviors across society. They are also developing initiatives such as cooperative inquiry, a method of doing research into psychological phenomena where the participants are fully involved and act as co-researchers, allowing for a broader range of richer, qualitative data.^[5][6] In August of 2022, scientists and their colleagues came together to protest rebellion outside of the Department of Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy in London. During this time, as shown on the news, many climate scientists were having mental breakdowns and showing extreme signs of emotional turmoil and anguish. Climate psychologists over the years have watched not only scientists go through this environmental change, seeing how it has negatively impacted millions. They support groups through behavioral practices and studies to help obtain precise data and comprehension from person to person within these activist groups.^[7]

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) reports that roughly 971 million individuals are residing in regions with moderate to high exposure to climate hazards due to industrial development, environmental exploitation, and excessive consumerism, particularly in the Asia-Pacific and South Asia regions. In response to the issues and difficulties resulting from climate change, the Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) is actively providing psychological aid during natural disasters and catastrophic events. In addition, psychologists around the globe encourage networking and connections to maintain knowledge exchange and create a community of climate action proponents to assure that all individuals have access to the aid and amenities needed in areas currently under pressure from the ongoing climate crisis.^[8]

A study in 2021 found that mental health issues related to climate change are recognized by Polish psychologists and psychotherapists.^[9]

Climate change and psychological defences

Non-avoidant coping has three predominant forms: active coping, which is direct action taken to deal with a stressful situation; acceptance, which is a cognitive and emotional acknowledgment of stressful realities; and cognitive reinterpretation, which involves learning or positive reframing.^[10][11] A distinction can also be made between proactive and reactive coping. Proactive coping, also known as anticipatory adaptation or psychological preparedness, is made in anticipation of an event. On the other hand, reactive coping is made during or after the event.^[12][13]

Climate psychologists consider how coping responses can be adaptive or maladaptive,^[14] not just personally but also for the wider environment and ecology. More precisely, do the responses promote positive psychological adjustment and stimulate appropriate and proportional pro-environmental action, or do they serve to justify the individual in their inaction and allow them to refrain from the necessary, radical changes?^[15]

Psycho-social approaches

A psycho-social approach to Climate psychology examines the interplay between internal, psychological factors and external, sociocultural factors- such as values, beliefs, and norms- in people’s responses to climate change.^[16][17] Furthermore, it offers a distinctive qualitative methodology for understanding the lived experience of research subjects, which has been adopted by researchers seeking to investigate how climate change and environmental destruction are experienced by different groups across society.^[18][19] In this case, ‘lived experience’ refers to the feelings, thoughts and imaginations and the meaning frames which both affect and are effected by those experiences.  

Coping responses to impending climate destabilization are psycho-social phenomena, culturally sanctioned and maintained by social normss and structures, not simply isolated psychological processes.^[20] For example, modern mass consumerism is dictated by the needs of a globalized, deregulated economy, yet it is one of the driving forces of climate change.^[21] It has been suggested that this “culture of un-care” performs an ideological function, insulating consumers from experiencing too much anxiety and moral disquiet.^[22][23]

Cultural mechanisms also support ways of down-regulating the powerful feelings that would otherwise be elicited by the awareness of potential threats. These include strong, embedded cultural assumptions such as entitlement, exceptionalism, and faith in progress.^[24][15] Entitlement is the belief that certain groups or species deserve more than others and is embedded in the unequal relations governing developed and developing human societies.^[25] Exceptionalism is the idea that one’s species, nation, ethnic group or individual self is special and therefore absolved from the rules that apply to others, giving license to breach natural limits of resource consumption. Faith in progress, a key element of post-industrial ideology, results in a conviction that science and technology can solve every problem, therefore encouraging wishful thinking and false optimism.^[26][27]

History

The origins of climate psychology can be traced back to the work of psychoanalyst Harold Searles and his work on the unconscious factors that influence the estrangement of people from the rest of nature.^[28] It has also been strongly influenced by the field of Ecopsychology and its emphasis on the relationships of people with the natural world.^[29] Due to the increase in society-wide acceptance of the dangers of climate change, there has been greater interest in understanding the psychological processes underlying the resistance to taking appropriate action, and in particular, the phenomenon of climate change denial.^[20] More recently, a literature base by climate psychologists has started to focus on the powerful emotions associated with climate change and planetary-wide biodiversity loss.^[19]

See also

•  Climate change portal
•  Psychology portal
•  Environment portal

• Ecopsychology
• Effects of climate change on mental health
• Environmental Psychology
• Ecological Grief
• Psychology of climate change denial

References

1. Climate Psychology Alliance, Handbook. "Climate Psychology". Climate Psychology Alliance. from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
2. Pihkala Panu (2020). "Anxiety and the Ecological Crisis: An Analysis of Eco-Anxiety and Climate Anxiety". Sustainability. 12 (19): 7836. doi:10.3390/su12197836.
3. Zara Abrams (1 January 2020). "Increasing action on climate change". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
4. Doherty TJ, Clayton S (2011). "The Psychological Impacts of Global Climate Change". American Psychologist. 66 (4): 265–76. doi:10.1037/a0023141. PMID 21553952.
5. Gillespie, S. (2020) Climate Crisis and Consciousness. Abingdon UK & New York: Routledge.
6. Nichol, J. (1993). Cooperative Inquiry. Retrieved from https://co-counselling.info/en/cocopedia/cooperative-inquiry on 22/07/20
7. Gawrych, Magdalena, and Justyna Holka-Pokorska. “Mental Health Issues Related to Climate Change in Poland - Polish Psychologists’ and Psychotherapists’ Perspective.” Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 24.2 (2021): 47–53. Web.
8. Climate Action and Global Psychology - Researchgate. Nov. 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian-Dixon-2/publication/365098936_Climate_Action_and_Global_Psychology/links/6364fd562f4bca7fd0301b85/Climate-Action-and-Global-Psychology.pdf.
9. Gawrych, Magdalena; Holka-Pokorska, Justyna (2021-11-13). "Mental health issues related to climate change in Poland - Polish psychologists' and psychotherapists' perspective". Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 24 (2): 47–53. doi:10.12740/APP/142826. ISSN 1509-2046. S2CID 244903913.
10. Suls, Jerry; Fletcher, Barbara (1985). "The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis". Health Psychology. 4 (3): 249–288. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.249. ISSN 1930-7810. PMID 4029107.
11. Macy, Joanna; Johnstone, Chris (2012). Active hope how to face the mess we're in without going crazy. New World Library. ISBN 978-1-57731-972-6. OCLC 1074495798.
12. Cramer, Phebe (1998). "Coping and Defense Mechanisms: What's the Difference?". Journal of Personality. 66 (6): 919–946. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00037. ISSN 0022-3506.
13. Aspinwall, Lisa G. (2010-11-30). "Future-Oriented Thinking, Proactive Coping, and the Management of Potential Threats to Health and Well-Being". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0017.
14. Taylor S. (2020). Anxiety disorders, climate change, and the challenges ahead: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of anxiety disorders, 76, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102313
15. Andrews & Hoggett (2019) Facing up to ecological crisis: A psychosocial perspective from climate psychology. In Foster, J. (ed.) Facing Up To Climate Reality: Honesty, Disaster & Hope. London: Green House Publishing.
16. Hollway, W. & Jefferson, T. (2013) Doing Qualitative Research Differently: A Psychosocial Approach. London: Sage.
17. Crompton, T. & Kasser, T. (2009) Meeting Environmental Challenges: The Role of Human Identity. Godalming: WWF-UK.
18. Lertzman, R. (2015). Environmental melancholia: Psychoanalytic dimensions of engagement. Routledge.
19. Hoggett, Paul (2019-06-01). Climate Psychology: On Indifference to Disaster. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-11741-2.
20. Norgaard, K. M. (2011). Living in denial: Climate change, emotions, and everyday life. MIT Press.
21. Grant L. K. (2011). Can we consume our way out of climate change? A call for analysis. The Behavior analyst, 34(2), 245–266. doi:10.1007/BF03392256
22. "5 June 2014. 'TED style' talk given at the annual conference of the American Psychoanalytic Association. - Sally Weintrobe". www.sallyweintrobe.com. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 2020-09-18.
23. Weintrobe, Sally (2019-09-05), "The Climate Crisis", Routledge Handbook of Psychoanalytic Political Theory, Routledge, pp. 417–428, doi:10.4324/9781315524771-34, ISBN 978-1-315-52477-1, S2CID 210572297, retrieved 2020-09-18
24. Weintrobe, S. (2013) The Difficult Problem of Anxiety When Thinking About Climate Change. In Weintraub, S. (ed.) Engaging with Climate Change: psychoanalytic and interdisciplinary perspectives. London: Routledge
25. Orange, Donna M. (2016-09-13). Climate Crisis, Psychoanalysis, and Radical Ethics. doi:10.4324/9781315647906. ISBN 9781315647906.
26. Foster, John (2014-08-07). After Sustainability. doi:10.4324/9781315888576. ISBN 9781315888576.
27. Dewandre, Nicole (2011), "The Sustainability Concept: Can We Stand Between Catastrophism and Denial?", European Research on Sustainable Development, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 29–34, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19202-9_4, ISBN 978-3-642-19201-2, retrieved 2020-09-18
28. Searles, H. F. (1972). "Unconscious Processes in Relation to the Environmental Crisis". Psychoanal. Rev. 59 (3): 361–374. PMID 4636949.
29. Roszak, T., Gomes, M. E., & Kanner, A. D. (Eds.). (1995). Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind. Sierra Club Books.

External links

• Climate Psychologists
• Climate Psychology Alliance
• Psychologists for a Safe Climate
• Climate & Mind