Clavaria is a genus of fungi in the family Clavariaceae. Species of Clavaria produce basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are either cylindrical to club-shaped or branched and coral-like. They are often grouped with similar-looking species from other genera, when they are collectively known as the clavarioid fungi. All Clavaria species are terrestrial and most (if not all) are believed to be saprotrophic (decomposing dead plant material). In Europe, they are typical of old, mossy, unimproved grassland. In North America and elsewhere, they are more commonly found in woodlands.
Clavaria (the name is derived from the Latin "clava", a club) was first introduced as a genus name by Vaillant (1727), later accepted by Micheli (1729),[2] and was one of the original genera used by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753.[3] It contained all species of fungi with erect, club-shaped or branched (coral-like) fruit bodies, including many that are now referred to the Ascomycota. Subsequent authors described over 1200 species in the genus.[4] The name Clavaria was also used for a group of red algae in the Gelidiaceae family of the Rhodophyta by Stackhouse in 1816.[5] Because Clavaria Stackh. was also validly published, Donk in 1949 proposed that Clavaria Stackh. be rejected as a homonym of Clavaria Fries and that the latter name be retained as a nomen conservandum (conserved name).[6] This proposal was moved by Doty (1948),[7] recommended for adoption by Rogers (1949),[8] and approved by the Special Committee for Fungi.[9]
With increasing use of the microscope in the late nineteenth century, most of the ascomycetous members of the genus were recognized as distinct and moved to other genera. Clavaria was, however, still widely used for the majority of the basidiomycetous species until Corner published his world monograph of the clavarioid fungi in 1950, introducing the modern concept of the genus.[10] Corner restricted Clavaria to those species with fruit bodies having inflated, unclamped, context hyphae (a character that makes Clavaria fruit bodies distinctly brittle). Species with clamped hyphae were placed in the segregate genera Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis. This concept was modified in 1978 by Petersen, who considered Clavulinopsis an artificial genus, moving the majority of species to Ramariopsis but a minority back into Clavaria.[11]
Recent phylogenetic research based on DNA sequencing suggests that all three genera are closely related, but does not unambiguously support either Corner's or Petersen's precise characterization of Clavaria. Too few species have yet been sequenced, however, for Clavaria to be redefined.[12]
Descriptionedit
Fruit bodies are simple (cylindrical to club-shaped) or more rarely branched, sometimes with a distinct stipe (stem). Several of the species with simple fruit bodies form them in dense clusters. The fruit bodies themselves are smooth to grooved and typically brittle. Depending on species, they vary in colour from white or cream to yellow, pink, violet, brown, or black.
The hyphal system of Clavaria species is always monomitic. The context hyphae are inflated, thin-walled, and lack clamp connections (though Petersen's amended concept of the genus includes some species with clamps). The basidia are two- to four-spored, in some species with an open, loop-like clamp connection at the base. Spores are smooth or spiny. Spore prints are white.[10]
Habitat and distributionedit
Clavaria rosea
Most Clavaria species are thought to be saprotrophic, decomposing leaf litter and other organic materials on the woodland floor. In Europe, species are more frequently found in old, unimproved grasslands (i.e., not used agriculturally) where they are presumed to be decomposers of dead grass and moss. At least one species (Clavaria argillacea) is, however, typical of heathland and is a possible mycorrhizal associate of heather.[13]
Species of Clavaria occur in suitable habitats throughout the temperate regions and the tropics.[10] Some 15 species are known from Europe; according to one 2008 estimate, 28 species are recognized worldwide.[14] Petersen described 18 new species from New Zealand in a 1988 monograph.[15] As of August 2015[update], Index Fungorum lists 175 valid species in Clavaria.[16]
^"Clavaria L." MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
^Micheli PA. (1729). Nova plantarum genera Florentiae (in Latin). Florence: typis B. Paperinii.
^Linnaeus C. (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 1182.
^"Search Page: Clavaria". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
^Stackhouse J. (1816). Nereis Britannicus (2nd ed.). Oxonii.
^Donk MA. (1949). "New and revised nomica generica conservanda proposed for Basidiomycetes (Fungi)". Bulletin de l'Institut botanique de Buitenzorg, III. 18: 83–168.
^Doty MS. (1948). "Proposals and notes on some genera of clavarioid fungi and their types". Lloydia. 11: 123–28.
^Rogers DP. (1949). "Nomina conservanda proposita and nomina confusa – Fungi". Farlowia. 3: 425–93.
^Rogers DP. (1953). "Disposition of nomina generica conservanda proposita for Fungi". Mycologia. 45 (2): 312–22. JSTOR 4547700.
^ abcCorner EJH. (1950). A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^Petersen RH. (1978). "Notes on clavarioid fungi. XV. Reorganization of Clavaria, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis". Mycologia. 70 (3): 660–71. doi:10.2307/3759402. JSTOR 3759402.
^ abDentinger BTM, McLaughlin DJ (2006). "Reconstructing the Clavariaceae using nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences and a new genus segregated from Clavaria". Mycologia. 98 (5): 746–62. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.5.746. PMID 17256578.
^Englander L, Hull RJ (1980). "Reciprocal transfer of nutrients between ericaceous plants and a Clavaria sp". New Phytologist. 84 (4): 661–67. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb04779.x. JSTOR 2431919.
^Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 149. ISBN978-0-85199-826-8.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqPetersen RH. (1988). "The clavarioid fungi of New Zealand". Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Industrial Research. 236: 1–170.
^Kirk PM. . Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
^Roberts R. (1999). "Clavarioid fungi from Korup National Park, Cameroon". Kew Bulletin. 54 (3): 517–39. doi:10.2307/4110853. JSTOR 4110853.
^Olariaga I, Salcedo I, Daniëls PP, Spooner B, Kautmanová I (2015). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of yellow Clavaria species with clamped basidia-Clavaria flavostellifera sp. nov. and the typification of C. argillacea, C. flavipes and C. sphagnicola". Mycologia. 107 (1): 104–22. doi:10.3852/13-315. hdl:10261/164062. PMID 25376798. S2CID 40463057.
^Roberts P. (2007). "Black & brown Clavaria species: in the British Isles". Field Mycology. 8 (2): 59–62. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60454-9.
^Agnello C, Baglivo A. "Una nuova specie scoperta in Italia meridionale: Clavaria salentina". 2011 (in Italian). 53: 331–40.
^Geesink J, Bas C (1992). "Clavaria stellifera, spec. nov". Persoonia. 14 (4): 671–3.
December 04, 2023
clavaria, genus, fungi, family, ceae, species, produce, basidiocarps, fruit, bodies, that, either, cylindrical, club, shaped, branched, coral, like, they, often, grouped, with, similar, looking, species, from, other, genera, when, they, collectively, known, cl. Clavaria is a genus of fungi in the family Clavariaceae Species of Clavaria produce basidiocarps fruit bodies that are either cylindrical to club shaped or branched and coral like They are often grouped with similar looking species from other genera when they are collectively known as the clavarioid fungi All Clavaria species are terrestrial and most if not all are believed to be saprotrophic decomposing dead plant material In Europe they are typical of old mossy unimproved grassland In North America and elsewhere they are more commonly found in woodlands ClavariaClavaria fragilisScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaClass AgaricomycetesOrder AgaricalesFamily ClavariaceaeGenus ClavariaVaill ex L 1753 Type speciesClavaria fragilisHolmsk 1790 Speciessee textSynonyms 1 Clavaria P Micheli 1729 Clavaria sect Holocoryne Fr 1838 Holocoryne Fr Bonord 1851 Stichoclavaria Ulbr 1928 Contents 1 History 2 Phylogeny 3 Description 4 Habitat and distribution 5 Species 6 See also 7 ReferencesHistory editClavaria the name is derived from the Latin clava a club was first introduced as a genus name by Vaillant 1727 later accepted by Micheli 1729 2 and was one of the original genera used by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753 3 It contained all species of fungi with erect club shaped or branched coral like fruit bodies including many that are now referred to the Ascomycota Subsequent authors described over 1200 species in the genus 4 The name Clavaria was also used for a group of red algae in the Gelidiaceae family of the Rhodophyta by Stackhouse in 1816 5 Because Clavaria Stackh was also validly published Donk in 1949 proposed that Clavaria Stackh be rejected as a homonym of Clavaria Fries and that the latter name be retained as a nomen conservandum conserved name 6 This proposal was moved by Doty 1948 7 recommended for adoption by Rogers 1949 8 and approved by the Special Committee for Fungi 9 With increasing use of the microscope in the late nineteenth century most of the ascomycetous members of the genus were recognized as distinct and moved to other genera Clavaria was however still widely used for the majority of the basidiomycetous species until Corner published his world monograph of the clavarioid fungi in 1950 introducing the modern concept of the genus 10 Corner restricted Clavaria to those species with fruit bodies having inflated unclamped context hyphae a character that makes Clavaria fruit bodies distinctly brittle Species with clamped hyphae were placed in the segregate genera Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis This concept was modified in 1978 by Petersen who considered Clavulinopsis an artificial genus moving the majority of species to Ramariopsis but a minority back into Clavaria 11 Phylogeny editClavaria argillaceaClavaria fumosaClavaria redoleo alliClavaria vermicularisClavulinopsis laeticolorClavaria zollingeriPhylogeny of clavaria clade based on ribosomal DNA sequences 12 Recent phylogenetic research based on DNA sequencing suggests that all three genera are closely related but does not unambiguously support either Corner s or Petersen s precise characterization of Clavaria Too few species have yet been sequenced however for Clavaria to be redefined 12 Description editFruit bodies are simple cylindrical to club shaped or more rarely branched sometimes with a distinct stipe stem Several of the species with simple fruit bodies form them in dense clusters The fruit bodies themselves are smooth to grooved and typically brittle Depending on species they vary in colour from white or cream to yellow pink violet brown or black The hyphal system of Clavaria species is always monomitic The context hyphae are inflated thin walled and lack clamp connections though Petersen s amended concept of the genus includes some species with clamps The basidia are two to four spored in some species with an open loop like clamp connection at the base Spores are smooth or spiny Spore prints are white 10 Habitat and distribution edit nbsp Clavaria roseaMost Clavaria species are thought to be saprotrophic decomposing leaf litter and other organic materials on the woodland floor In Europe species are more frequently found in old unimproved grasslands i e not used agriculturally where they are presumed to be decomposers of dead grass and moss At least one species Clavaria argillacea is however typical of heathland and is a possible mycorrhizal associate of heather 13 Species of Clavaria occur in suitable habitats throughout the temperate regions and the tropics 10 Some 15 species are known from Europe according to one 2008 estimate 28 species are recognized worldwide 14 Petersen described 18 new species from New Zealand in a 1988 monograph 15 As of August 2015 update Index Fungorum lists 175 valid species in Clavaria 16 Species editImage Scientific name Type localityClavaria afrolutea Cameroon 17 nbsp Clavaria alboglobospora New Zealand 15 Clavaria amoenoides IndiaClavaria ardosiaca New Zealand nbsp Clavaria argillacea EuropeClavaria asperulispora USAClavaria atroumbrina USAClavaria cupreicolor New Zealand 15 Clavaria echinobrevispora New Zealand 15 Clavaria echinonivosa New Zealand 15 Clavaria echino olivacea New Zealand 15 nbsp Clavaria falcata EuropeClavaria flavopurpurea New Zealand 15 Clavaria flavipes Europe nbsp Clavaria fragilis DenmarkClavaria flavostellifera Spain 18 nbsp Clavaria fumosa EuropeClavaria globospora USAClavaria greletii France 19 nbsp Clavaria incarnata RussiaClavaria megaspinosa New Zealand 15 Clavaria mima New Zealand 15 Clavaria musculospinosa New Zealand 15 Clavaria novozealandica New Zealand 15 Clavaria phoenicea IndonesiaClavaria plumbeoargillacea New Zealand 15 Clavaria pullei NetherlandsClavaria redoleoalii New Zealand 15 nbsp Clavaria rosea EuropeClavaria roseoviolacea New Zealand 15 Clavaria rubicundula USAClavaria salentina Italy 20 Clavaria sphagnicola FranceClavaria stellifera Netherlands 21 Clavaria subsordida New Zealand 15 Clavaria tenuipes EnglandClavaria tuberculospora New Zealand 15 Clavaria ypsilonidia New Zealand 15 nbsp Clavaria zollingeri IndonesiaClavaria lametina See also edit List of Agaricales generaReferences edit Clavaria L MycoBank International Mycological Association Retrieved 16 November 2014 Micheli PA 1729 Nova plantarum genera Florentiae in Latin Florence typis B Paperinii Linnaeus C 1753 Species Plantarum in Latin Vol 2 Stockholm Impensis Laurentii Salvii p 1182 Search Page Clavaria Index Fungorum CAB International Retrieved 10 April 2010 Stackhouse J 1816 Nereis Britannicus 2nd ed Oxonii Donk MA 1949 New and revised nomica generica conservanda proposed for Basidiomycetes Fungi Bulletin de l Institut botanique de Buitenzorg III 18 83 168 Doty MS 1948 Proposals and notes on some genera of clavarioid fungi and their types Lloydia 11 123 28 Rogers DP 1949 Nomina conservanda proposita and nomina confusa Fungi Farlowia 3 425 93 Rogers DP 1953 Disposition of nomina generica conservanda proposita for Fungi Mycologia 45 2 312 22 JSTOR 4547700 a b c Corner EJH 1950 A Monograph ofClavariaand Allied Genera Cambridge Cambridge University Press Petersen RH 1978 Notes on clavarioid fungi XV Reorganization of Clavaria Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis Mycologia 70 3 660 71 doi 10 2307 3759402 JSTOR 3759402 a b Dentinger BTM McLaughlin DJ 2006 Reconstructing the Clavariaceae using nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences and a new genus segregated from Clavaria Mycologia 98 5 746 62 doi 10 3852 mycologia 98 5 746 PMID 17256578 Englander L Hull RJ 1980 Reciprocal transfer of nutrients between ericaceous plants and a Clavaria sp New Phytologist 84 4 661 67 doi 10 1111 j 1469 8137 1980 tb04779 x JSTOR 2431919 Kirk PM Cannon PF Minter DW Stalpers JA 2008 Dictionary of the Fungi 10th ed Wallingford UK CAB International p 149 ISBN 978 0 85199 826 8 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Petersen RH 1988 The clavarioid fungi of New Zealand Bulletin of the New Zealand Department of Industrial Research 236 1 170 Kirk PM Species Fungorum version 30th July 2015 In Species 2000 amp ITIS Catalogue of Life Archived from the original on 8 October 2020 Retrieved 22 August 2015 Roberts R 1999 Clavarioid fungi from Korup National Park Cameroon Kew Bulletin 54 3 517 39 doi 10 2307 4110853 JSTOR 4110853 Olariaga I Salcedo I Daniels PP Spooner B Kautmanova I 2015 Taxonomy and phylogeny of yellow Clavaria species with clamped basidia Clavaria flavostellifera sp nov and the typification of C argillacea C flavipes and C sphagnicola Mycologia 107 1 104 22 doi 10 3852 13 315 hdl 10261 164062 PMID 25376798 S2CID 40463057 Roberts P 2007 Black amp brown Clavaria species in the British Isles Field Mycology 8 2 59 62 doi 10 1016 S1468 1641 10 60454 9 Agnello C Baglivo A Una nuova specie scoperta in Italia meridionale Clavaria salentina 2011 in Italian 53 331 40 Geesink J Bas C 1992 Clavaria stellifera spec nov Persoonia 14 4 671 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clavaria amp oldid 1185619765, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
