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CitySpire

April 08, 2024

CitySpire (also known as CitySpire Center) is a mixed-use skyscraper at 150 West 56th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Completed in 1990 and designed by Murphy/Jahn Architects, the building measures 814 feet (248 m) tall with 75 stories. CitySpire was developed by Ian Bruce Eichner on a site adjacent to the New York City Center theater. When completed, CitySpire was the second-tallest concrete tower in the United States after the Sears Tower.

CitySpire
Seen in June 2005
Alternative namesCitySpire Center
General information
Location150–156 West 56th Street
Coordinates40°45′51″N 73°58′47″W / 40.76417°N 73.97972°W / 40.76417; -73.97972
Construction started1985
Topped-outJune 1987
Completed1990
OwnerTishman Speyer
Height
Antenna spire814 ft (248 m)
Top floor75
Technical details
Floor count73
Floor area830,000 sq ft (77,110 m2)
Lifts/elevators10
Design and construction
Architect(s)Murphy/Jahn
DeveloperIan Bruce Eichner
Structural engineerRobert Rosenwasser Associates

The skyscraper has an octagonal plan with a dome inspired by that of the New York City Center. The facade is made of stone with glass windows, and it contains setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors. The building has entrances at 56th and 55th Streets, connected by a passageway that forms part of 6½ Avenue. The lowest 22 floors of the tower are for commercial use. Above are luxury apartments, which are larger on higher floors.

Eichner proposed CitySpire in 1984, acquiring unused air rights above City Center and making improvements to the theater to almost double the tower's area. After several agencies approved the project, City Center began construction in 1985 and was topped out by June 1987. A controversy ensued when the building exceeded its approved height by 11 or 14 feet (3.4 or 4.3 m); Eichner agreed to add dance-studio space to compensate for the height overrun, but he ultimately never built the space. Soon after CitySpire's opening in 1989, the building went into foreclosure, and there were complaints of a whistling noise from the roof for two years.

Site edit

CitySpire is at 150 West 56th Street, between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue three blocks south of Central Park, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. The building's land lot covers 24,237 square feet (2,251.7 m2) and has a frontage of 225.5 feet (68.7 m) along 56th Street. While the site is 200 feet (61 m) deep, extending south to 55th Street, only a small section of the lot has frontage on 55th Street.[1]

The building is directly west of the New York City Center and 125 West 55th Street;[1] the former is a New York City designated landmark at 135 West 55th Street.[2] Immediately to the north are Carnegie Hall, Carnegie Hall Tower, Russian Tea Room, and Metropolitan Tower from west to east. Other nearby buildings include 140 West 57th Street, 130 West 57th Street, and the Parker New York hotel to the northeast, as well as the 55th Street Playhouse to the southwest and 1345 Avenue of the Americas to the southeast.[1][2]

The neighborhood was historically part of an artistic hub that developed around the two blocks of West 57th Street from Sixth Avenue west to Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, following the opening of Carnegie Hall.[3][4][5] Several buildings in the area were constructed as residences for artists and musicians, such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street, the Rodin Studios, and the Osborne Apartments, as well as the demolished Sherwood Studios and Rembrandt. In addition, the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society, the Lotos Club, and the American Society of Civil Engineers.[6] Just prior to CitySpire's construction, the site was occupied by six vacant lots at 132–158 West 56th Street and one on 137 West 55th Street.[7] These lots were acquired in the 1970s by Richard M. Chapman, who razed the buildings there.[8]

Architecture edit

CitySpire (also known as CitySpire Center[9][10]) was designed by Murphy/Jahn and developed by Ian Bruce Eichner.[10][11] It was constructed by Tishman Realty & Construction, with Robert Rosenwasser Associates as structural engineer.[12] CitySpire is 814 feet (248 m) tall with 75 above-ground levels and two basement stories;[9][10] the concrete frame reaches a height of 800 feet (240 m).[13] When completed, CitySpire was the second-tallest concrete tower in the United States after the Sears Tower in Chicago.[14][13]

Form and facade edit

 
Lower facade detail

CitySpire was designed from the beginning as an octagonal tower with wings on the east and west.[13][15] CitySpire has three setbacks on the east and west they are placed at the 23rd, 46th, and 62nd floors.[9][16] Most of the building is no more than 80 feet (24 m) wide.[13] Because the building is so narrow, the upper stories sometimes sway during heavy storms.[17]

As proposed, the main shaft of the tower was to be clad in stone, while the wings were to be made of glass.[15] The facade is made of Sardinian "luna pearl" that is cut into 13⁄16-inch (21 mm) slabs, measuring about 15 pounds per square foot (73 kg/m2). Each slab is attached to the aluminum curtain wall frame on all sides, supported only by the curtain wall. The stone panels are entirely prefabricated and are insulated with fiberglass panels measuring 2+5⁄8 inches (67 mm) thick, along with neoprene gaskets and silicone caulk.[12] The setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors were designed with parapets of steel and concrete, which were reduced in size as part of a 1988 lawsuit settlement concerning the building's height.[18] Eichner disliked the parapets; he suggested that residents on the 46th floor "can look out at it and know they're looking at a wall instead of Central Park so that Helmut Jahn can rest easy knowing that his 'artistic integrity' is intact."[19][20]

The roof has a copper-faced dome[17] which, as originally proposed, was supposed to be 13 feet (4.0 m) tall.[8] When it was ultimately installed in 1988, the dome contained eight steel ribs, each measuring 20 feet (6.1 m) long and weighing 700 pounds (320 kg). Each rib consisted of three sections.[21] The dome itself contains louvers and was designed with a green surface.[22] When the dome was constructed, wind created a loud whistling sound when passing through the louvers; this was remedied in 1992 with the removal of alternating panels.[23][24][25] Paul Sachner of Architectural Record initially likened the dome to that of the Nebraska State Capitol,[15] while Paul Goldberger of The New York Times said the dome was meant to relate to City Center.[26]

Structural features edit

The superstructure is made of concrete.[12][16][17] Because of CitySpire's mixed-use spaces, it contains nine different structural systems, since a unified grid of columns was infeasible for apartment layouts. Further, because Eichner wanted to maximize views of the surrounding city, the wind-resisting sections of the superstructure had to be placed in the interior.[16]

The lower stories, used as offices, were largely designed as a grid of concrete columns, allowing for flexible office layouts.[13] While the lower stories are largely composed of grids of columns, there are also sections of rectangular concrete panels, which are staggered across several levels to create a diagonal wind brace. The upper stories are designed as a "shear wall/open tube" structural system, in which shear walls extend from the elevator core at the center of the tower, connecting to the outer columns.[16]

Interior edit

CitySpire has a floor area of around 830,000 square feet (77,100 m2), and ten elevators rise the height of the building.[10] Before CitySpire was developed, the site was zoned to only allow a building of around 34 stories without any modifications.[27][28] Given the size of the lot, this would have provided up to 363,000 square feet (33,700 m2) of space.[28] Eichner obtained unused air rights above City Center, which only occupied a small amount of the maximum space allowed for its lot; this allowed a 60-story tower. On top of this, Eichner was allowed to increase the building's floor area ratio by 20 percent in exchange for renovating City Center.[28][29] This amounted to 128,000 square feet (11,900 m2) of extra space.[8] These bonuses allowed CitySpire to be more than twice as large as it ordinarily would have been.[28][30][31]

The interior floor-numbering system skips floors 13 and 25, so there are physically only 73 stories, though the top story is numbered 75.[23] The lowest 22[32][33] or 23 floors of the building are for commercial use.[16][17][34] There are luxury apartments on the remaining floors,[7][33][a] as well as a mechanical story.[7] The building was designed with elaborate details. The attention to detail extended to the elevator buttons, which Jahn redesigned with three buttons to a row when Eichner found two buttons per row to be unpleasing.[20]

Base edit

 
Pedestrian corridor in the base

A pedestrian arcade between 56th and 55th Streets is included in CitySpire's base as part of its construction.[35] The arcade is one of nine passageways that form 6½ Avenue, a set of full-block passageways from 51st to 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues.[36][37] It was built as a "through-block connection" under the Special Midtown District, created in 1982.[36] The connection itself was not opened until 1997, several years after the building opened;[24] the delay was largely due to the building's foreclosure and other disputes in the early 1990s.[38] The arcade, designed by Brennan Beer Gorman, consists of marble and granite walls as well as a 25-foot (7.6 m) ceiling.[39][40] The passageway is decorated in an Art Deco-inspired style, with theater posters on the walls.[40][37] The space has recessed lights on the ceiling and lights on the walls, but there is no seating since the passageway was designed merely for pedestrian movement.[40]

The office and residential lobbies are separate from each other.[41] The residential lobby at 150 West 56th Street has a domed ceiling as well as wooden paneling.[14] The office portion of CitySpire has the address 156 West 56th Street.[39] There is also a bar called Carnegie Club[42] (originally Carnegie Bar and Books). The bar, on the ground floor, has a ceiling 25 feet (7.6 m) high with an overhanging mezzanine.[43] A garage and cafe was also included in the base.[14] The building was planned with 305,000 square feet (28,300 m2) of office space.[8] Each of the office stories typically measures 193 by 80 feet (59 by 24 m), with polygonal cutouts at each corner.[16]

Tower edit

The building was proposed with 355 luxury residential condominiums,[8] but it was completed with 339[17] or 340 condos.[23][44] According to the New York City Department of City Planning, there are 340 condominiums in the entire building, of which 337 are residential units.[1] About 100 of the apartments were built with one bedroom, with the rest having multiple bedrooms.[45] Many of the residential units are separated from each other by the building's shear walls. Due to the setbacks on the exterior, floors 47 through 61 typically measure 157 by 80 feet (48 by 24 m), while floors 63 through 69 are an octagon measuring 80 feet across.[16]

The apartments at CitySpire vary in size and arrangement, though many of the units contain 20-foot-wide (6.1 m) terraces. For instance, one studio apartment has a living room, kitchen, and terrace. Some of the one-bedroom units also have living and dining rooms with angled walls. In some of the two-bedroom units, there is a foyer with a living/dining room, kitchens, and bedrooms leading off it. There are also duplex units with kitchens, living rooms, and dining rooms on the lower tier, as well as bedrooms on the upper tiers. One of the larger duplexes, on floors 65/66, has four bedrooms; a living/dining area with a library and breakfast area; a family room; and a terrace measuring 44 by 36 feet (13 by 11 m).[14] On upper floors, the units tend to be larger, reaching 2,200 square feet (200 m2) below the penthouse.[17]

Eichner originally intended to occupy a penthouse apartment atop CitySpire,[46] but he ended up never living in the unit.[23] The penthouse was instead purchased in 1993 by real estate developer Steven Klar for about $4.5 million as a "raw space"; it covers floors 72 through 75, though floor 72 is a guest suite.[47][48] Klar had hired Juan Pablo Molyneux to redesign the penthouse over two and a half years.[47] The penthouse, covering 8,000 square feet (740 m2), has six bedrooms and nine bathrooms, as well as three terraces.[48][49] The master bedroom takes up an entire story, while the master bathroom has green marble cladding as well as bronze and mahogany fixtures.[48] The penthouse also has a classical-columned foyer, a large dining room with a chandelier, a wine closet with space for 1,000 bottles, and a private elevator.[47] Molyneux personally disliked the design, calling it a "horror",[50][51] though this was apparently because Molyneux actually never saw the design in person, having been dismissed before the design was completed.[51]

When CitySpire was built, it was advertised with amenities such as the SpireCard, a charge account to which each resident could request a luxury service for a fee.[52] It was also advertised with a media room containing a large-screen TV; a lounge with bar; and a business center with stock quote and telex machines.[53] The modern amenities include a party and conference rooms, play area, and fitness center with pool.[14]

History edit

The neighboring New York City Center had opened in 1924 as the Mecca Temple, a house of worship for the Shriners.[54][55] The Mecca Temple was acquired by the New York City government in 1943 and became a theater.[54][56] In 1982, City Center completed a minor renovation to the lobby and orchestra.[32][57] City Center planned another set of improvements to enlarge stage, storage, and balcony areas.[58] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated City Center as a city landmark in 1983; as a result, the commission was required to approve any major alterations to the theater.[59] Concurrently, Bruce Eichner bought Chapman's neighboring site for $18 million.[8] He also bought a parking garage, whose owner agreed to sell it on the condition a replacement parking garage was built.[28]

Development edit

Planning edit

 
Seen from 54th Street

In May 1984, Eichner announced that he would build a 72-story skyscraper on the site, designed by Murphy/Jahn.[7] The building would contain 22 stories of offices and 49 stories of condominiums.[7][32] It would be shaped like an octagon with setbacks and a domed roof.[60] A key part of Eichner's development was his proposal to purchase unused air rights above City Center.[7][61] Eichner would also make improvements to City Center to obtain additional space.[7][32] The sale was expected to raise $10 to 14 million for the New York City Opera, New York City Ballet, and City Center's sublessee 55th Street Dance Theater.[58][60] The proposed air-rights sale received criticism both for its relatively low price[62] and for the fact that it would allow an excessively large building.[63] City Center Tower was one of several high-rise developments planned for the area at the time; Metropolitan Tower and Carnegie Hall Tower were being proposed as well.[64][65]

The air-rights transfers needed the approval of several agencies.[7] In August 1984, the New York City Board of Estimate voted to allow the sale of air rights.[60][66] The LPC was scheduled to hold a hearing for the proposed sale in November 1984, but an unrelated controversy over another landmark candidate took up all the time allotted for discussing the air-rights sale.[67] The LPC granted the project a "certificate of appropriateness" in January 1985,[68] which allowed the LPC to apply for a special zoning permit from the New York City Planning Commission (CPC) for the air-rights transfer.[69] Several agencies then needed to approve the tower itself. Following objections from members of the Board of Estimate and CPC, some elements of City Center Tower were downsized.[8] The CPC approved the tower in June 1985,[70] followed by the Board of Estimate that August.[71]

The building had been approved to a height of about 800 feet (240 m).[72][b] Though the City Center Tower was to be New York City's tallest residential tower upon its construction, Eichner cited a study that "proved" the top of the tower would not cast shadows on the street.[76] He described the tower as a "quintessential New York skyscraper", compared to the "undistinguished" glass-clad office buildings on Madison and Park Avenues.[77] Eichner received $157.5 million in construction financing.[28][78] Both Eichner and his lawyer Howard Horenstein donated several thousand dollars to Mayor Ed Koch, who had voted in favor of the tower.[79] The donations were investigated in an ethics probe in 1987.[80]

Construction edit

By the time the Board of Estimate had approved City Center Tower, pouring of the concrete slabs was underway.[8] The project was being referred to as CitySpire by mid-1986, when European American Bank leased eight of the office stories.[81] The construction of CitySpire involved controversies over safety. Susan Guszynski of the Joffrey Ballet, a tenant in City Center, wrote a letter to the New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) in late 1986, alleging that three Joffrey staff had been hit by falling concrete during one week that October. The Buildings Department subsequently received four additional complaints of falling objects, including one instance in which a portion of the facade fell from the roof.[82] Neighbors also filed lawsuits claiming that CitySpire's construction had led to debris pileups and various incidents.[83][84] One neighbor claimed that he received death threats after complaining to the police about cracked windows, while another neighbor was allegedly raped after an attacker climbed into her apartment through CitySpire's scaffolding.[83]

Marketing for the residential units started in March 1987, with TV advertisements that featured celebrities such as Dick Cavett, Carol Channing, Lauren Hutton, Robert Joffrey, Lynn Redgrave, and Tommy Tune.[45][52] Despite this, only 60 of the 340 condos were in contract by that August. The slow sales were attributed to the shortage of small apartments, as well as the tower's location in a traditionally non-residential neighborhood.[45] The advertisements also received complaints for including only white people; the director of the building's marketing team claimed they were just targeting the demographic who was most likely to buy apartments there.[85] Horenstein denied the advertisements were intended to discourage minorities.[85][86]

Completion and height controversy edit

 
As seen from 56th Street and 7th Avenue

The building had topped out by mid-1987.[72][87] The building, as constructed, exceeded its approved height by either 11 feet (3.4 m)[18][73][88] or 14 feet (4.3 m).[89] The difference of 3 feet (0.91 m) was a calculation error from two different methods of measuring height,[46] but the extra 11 feet came from Eichner's decision to add 2 inches (51 mm) of cement to all the floor slabs to stiffen them.[46][90][91] The topped-out structure had to undergo a second public review from the Board of Estimate, Manhattan Community Board 5, and the CPC.[72][88] Eichner voluntarily agreed to halt CitySpire's structural work,[92] though he saw the height overruns as being "of no consequence to anyone".[29] By November 1987, Eichner and city officials were discussing a compromise in which Eichner would give more arts funding but keep the extra height.[93] By the end of 1987, Eichner had sold 164 of the apartments,[94] and some of the commercial space was already occupied.[91] Residential prices at CitySpire had remained relatively low in the wake of Black Monday two months earlier.[95]

Community Board 5 officials voted against allowing the extra height in protest of the zoning law.[90][93] The CPC rejected the additional height that December, saying Eichner could have pursued other options, including lowering ceiling heights, to stay within the 800-foot height limit.[96][75] CPC chairwoman Sylvia Deutsch rejected Eichner's offer to add unrelated amenities and pay the city extra cash, and she also dismissed complaints from neighbors who opposed the project for unrelated reasons.[97] In April 1988, the city and Eichner tentatively reached a settlement in which Eichner agreed to build 7,200 square feet (670 m2) of dance studios above the pedestrian arcade and reduce some facade details.[18][35][24] The agreement, contingent on the dome not being completed, had not been ratified by the CPC or Board of Estimate.[92] Deutsch called the agreement "reasonable";[24][98] however, community groups thought it would set a precedent for developers who built past their height limits,[24] and some LPC members specifically opposed the design.[33]

Residents of the lower floors were allowed to move into the building by mid-1988, even though the upper stories did not have their occupancy certificate.[99] CitySpire's dome was completed in August 1988, apparently in violation of the settlement.[92][99] While Community Board 5 had notified the DOB about the illegal work earlier, the dome had been completed by the time the DOB issued a stop-work order.[99] Koch ordered the dome dismantled that November.[21][100] The ribs were partially removed so CitySpire would only exceed the permitted height by 1.5 feet (0.46 m).[74] City Center filed a lawsuit that month, alleging that Eichner had not renovated the theater as promised. City Center sought an injunction to forbid the DOB from issuing CitySpire a certificate of occupancy for the top twenty stories until the renovations were performed.[101][102] A New York Supreme Court justice declined to issue the injunction,[74][101] and the city allowed Eichner to open the 51st through 63rd floors.[74] Community Board 5 "demanded" the city deny CitySpire a special zoning permit for the extra height.[73]

The removal of the dome was temporary pending the approval of a zoning variance through the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure, which was granted in January 1989.[98] Soon after, the CPC voted to permit the completion of CitySpire's dome in exchange for the dance studios in the base.[24][100][74] The Board of Estimate continued to debate over whether the dance studios were an appropriate penalty for Eichner.[103] In March 1989, the Board of Estimate voted 6–5 to allow the dance studios as an appropriate penalty.[89][104] The height agreement received opposition from city comptroller Harrison J. Goldin, who charged that Eichner was violating the law, and from critics who believed the dance studios, at 21 by 60 feet (6.4 by 18.3 m), were too small.[46] The dome was subsequently damaged in a fire in May 1989,[105][106] which investigators determined was an arson.[107] Eichner had still not completed renovations at City Center like he had promised,[108] and the building's pedestrian arcade was not open to the public.[109]

Usage edit

 
Roof of CitySpire, which caused controversy for making a "whistling" sound in its early years

Eichner had sold 280 of the apartments and three-quarters of the office space by early 1989,[74] and the building was completed by 1990.[24] CitySpire's dance studios were supposed to be completed in September 1989, but it was not until mid-1990 that Eichner applied for a permit. Construction on the studios had not even started because, according to Hornstein, the plans had to be approved by several agencies.[108][109] Eichner still had yet to sell the 50 remaining apartments and the remaining 20 percent of commercial space. Ten of these apartments were in the top stories that could not be completed until the studios were finished.[108][109]

Noise pollution and bankruptcy edit

Shortly after CitySpire's completion, Eichner was concurrently negotiating construction loans with his lenders,[108][110] which included Citibank and European American Bank.[110] He was also delinquent on $3.7 million of tax payments, which the city sued that July to recover.[78] In October 1990, European American Bank challenged the collateral behind $50 million worth of construction loans on the building.[111] The next month, the bank foreclosed on the loans.[78] That December, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) fined CitySpire for noise violations, making CitySpire the first building to be individually cited by the DEP for noise pollution. The DEP had received hundreds of complaints about a loud whistling noise that was audible several blocks away; the noise was caused by wind blowing through louvers on the dome.[22][112] Neighbors reported being kept awake by the noise.[13][113][114] Monroe Price opined that "the community should attempt to understand what the building is trying to say",[24][115] while Progressive Architecture said: "In a less restrictive era, we might look forward to developers' plans for 'The Wind Chime Centre' or 'One Kazoo Plaza'."[116]

At a hearing in February 1991, Judge Gerald Denaro of New York City's Environmental Control Board ordered a study on the noise coming from the dome.[117] The building faced a fine of up to $880 if it was found guilty of whistling.[117][c] West 56th Street Association, the building's legal owner, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection at the end of that month.[118][119] The association, a limited partnership where Eichner was the general partner, faced lawsuits from both European American Bank and Bank of Nova Scotia. The association had also faced a receivership proceeding, as it had also failed to pay the condominium apartments' common charges.[118] The bankruptcy proceeding absolved Eichner from paying $11 million in unpaid taxes,[120] but the building's residential sales office had to shut down that year.[44]

In April 1991, Denaro ruled that CitySpire was guilty of violating the noise ordinance and fined the managing agent $220.[119] A federal judge ruled that September that the city's noise code was too vague to be enforced,[121] leading the New York City Council to draft a law to more strictly define noise.[122] By May 1992, the building's board of managers said the whistling would be fixed within several weeks.[123] Bankruptcy proceedings, meanwhile, had been stalled over an unpaid $324,000 capital gains tax. A reorganization plan for the tower was finally approved in September 1992, eighteen months after the building's owner had filed for bankruptcy.[124] The roof noise was stopped that October, and the receivers paid the city $2.1 million instead of renovating City Center's studios as a penalty. The receivers also sought to be exempted from their obligation to build studios above the pedestrian arcade, which was still unfinished.[125]

Late 1990s to present edit

 
Residential entrance as seen from 56th Street

Euram, a subsidiary of European American Bank's parent ABN AMRO, took over the residential section and renovated 75 vacant units. The Bank of Nova Scotia rebranded the commercial section as Midland Tower.[23] Euram started marketing the vacant apartments in May 1993; ten of the units had been sold within a month,[23] and all the condos were sold by the following year.[44] Eichner continued to maintain offices at CitySpire.[126] Although the financial issues and noise complaints had been resolved, the studios and arcade, which had been a compromise for CitySpire's height, had still not been completed by 1995. The arcade was strewn with litter and blocked off with razor wire and wooden panels, and CitySpire's owners planned to renovate it for use. The owners planned to scrap the studios above the arcade, instead creating additional rehearsal space in City Center itself.[127]

Around 1996, Joseph Neumann and Credit Suisse First Boston acquired CitySpire for $38 million. The building had been offered for $50 million, but Neumann and First Boston were able to buy the building for less after beating a competing bid from Henry Elghanayan.[128] At the time, the building owed $1.9 million in taxes to the city government.[129] The office owners (composed of First Boston and external investors), along with the residential condo owners, bore the cost of the pedestrian arcade's $1 million renovation.[39] CitySpire's pedestrian arcade was finally completed in late 1997. Upon the arcade's completion, David W. Dunlap wrote for The New York Times that it had taken seven years between the authorization of the first transcontinental railroad and the laying of its golden spike, but it had taken twelve years between the arcade's approval and its opening.[24][39] The arcade's opening completed the set of walkways from 51st to 57th Street.[39] In addition, some of the office space was converted into "prebuilt" offices.[130]

The office stories were owned by Singapore government investment fund GIC by 2001.[131] GIC leased space to Windels Marx, GE Capital, and The Recording Academy.[132] That year, Lehman Brothers and Morgan Stanley provided a $900 million mortgage to GIC for CitySpire's office stories and some of GIC's other properties.[133] The office section of CitySpire was acquired in 2004 by Tishman Speyer, who bought a 51 percent majority stake. GIC continued to hold a 49 percent stake.[134][135]

In 2012, Tishman Speyer and an unidentified pension fund acquired CitySpire and several other buildings as part of a portfolio valued at $1.6 billion.[136] The same year, Douglas Elliman marketed the penthouse apartment for $100 million, which would have made it the most expensive residence in New York City had it been sold at that price.[47][48] After receiving few offers, the penthouse's owner withdrew the unit from the market and offered it for sale himself,[49][137] only to withdraw it again in 2015.[138][139] At that point, the majority of CitySpire's residences, over sixty percent, were being used as pieds-a-terre rather than as primary residences.[34] As of 2021, CitySpire's commercial occupants include New York Road Runners, Windels Marx, and Brown Shoe Company.[140]

Critical reception edit

When CitySpire was being planned, Paul Goldberger praised Jahn for including design elements inspired by both City Center and earlier New York City skyscrapers. However, he said the design was "only partially successful in terms of its relationship to the City Center building itself", especially as both buildings' domes were rarely visible simultaneously.[26][141] Harry Berkowitz of Newsday described the project as one of several designed by architects who "want little to do with the idea of adjusting to a neighborhood".[142] Paul M. Sachner wrote for Architectural Record that the plans "exemplify the 'high-tech historicist' quality" of Murphy/Jahn's work, but he said "many question the appropriateness of a 70-story building" on such a narrow site.[15][32]

By the time CitySpire was completed, Goldberger believed it looked weaker than the neighboring Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan towers, even though CitySpire had looked better in conceptual depictions.[143] CitySpire, Carnegie Hall Tower, and Metropolitan Tower became known as the "Tuning Fork Trio" because of their shape and proximity to each other.[144] John McPhee of The New Yorker wrote in 2003 that the buildings "look like three chopsticks incongruously holding a cocktail blini", as they surrounded the small Russian Tea Room.[144]

CitySpire's construction also prompted discussion on the appropriateness of transferring air rights from city landmarks, such as City Center, to raise money for landmarks' upkeep.[63][145] New York Landmarks Conservancy executive director Laurie Beckelman said that "we save [city landmarks] by putting them out of context" in allowing the transfers, and Community Board 5 district manager Joan E. Ramer said that "selling off a precious city resource without understanding the ramifications is simply irresponsible".[63] Former city planning commissioner Martin Gallent said the zoning exceptions allowed midtown Manhattan to be more "overly dense" than it already was.[145] After the height compromise in 1988, Goldberger said, "What is to prevent another developer from adding 22 feet to his building and offering to build two dance studios?"[29][146] Goldberger also referred to CitySpire as a "case of the city selling its birthright for a mess of pottage".[147]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ This is also cited as 50 floors.[32]
  2. ^ The height is cited variously as 798 feet (243 m),[73] 799 feet (244 m),[74][75] or 802.6 feet (244.6 m).[35][18]
  3. ^ The Real Deal suggests it would have been a daily fine.[25]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d "150 West 56 Street, 10019". New York City Department of City Planning. from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  2. ^ a b White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  3. ^ Gray, Christopher (May 9, 1999). "Streetscapes /57th Street Between Avenue of the Americas and Seventh Avenue; High and Low Notes of a Block With a Musical Bent". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  4. ^ "Steinway Hall" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 13, 2001. pp. 6–7. (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  5. ^ Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
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Sources edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to CitySpire.
  • Adler, Jerry (1993). High Rise: How 1,000 Men and Women Worked Around the Clock for Five Years and Lost $200 Million Building a Skyscraper. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 68–69, 119–120, 244–245. ISBN 978-0-06-016701-1. OCLC 27013131.
  • Stern, Robert A. M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2006). New York 2000: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Bicentennial and the Millennium. New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 978-1-58093-177-9. OCLC 70267065. OL 22741487M.

April 08, 2024
cityspire, also, known, center, mixed, skyscraper, west, 56th, street, midtown, manhattan, neighborhood, york, city, completed, 1990, designed, murphy, jahn, architects, building, measures, feet, tall, with, stories, developed, bruce, eichner, site, adjacent, . CitySpire also known as CitySpire Center is a mixed use skyscraper at 150 West 56th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City Completed in 1990 and designed by Murphy Jahn Architects the building measures 814 feet 248 m tall with 75 stories CitySpire was developed by Ian Bruce Eichner on a site adjacent to the New York City Center theater When completed CitySpire was the second tallest concrete tower in the United States after the Sears Tower CitySpireSeen in June 2005Alternative namesCitySpire CenterGeneral informationLocation150 156 West 56th StreetCoordinates40 45 51 N 73 58 47 W 40 76417 N 73 97972 W 40 76417 73 97972Construction started1985Topped outJune 1987Completed1990OwnerTishman SpeyerHeightAntenna spire814 ft 248 m Top floor75Technical detailsFloor count73Floor area830 000 sq ft 77 110 m2 Lifts elevators10Design and constructionArchitect s Murphy JahnDeveloperIan Bruce EichnerStructural engineerRobert Rosenwasser AssociatesThe skyscraper has an octagonal plan with a dome inspired by that of the New York City Center The facade is made of stone with glass windows and it contains setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors The building has entrances at 56th and 55th Streets connected by a passageway that forms part of 6 Avenue The lowest 22 floors of the tower are for commercial use Above are luxury apartments which are larger on higher floors Eichner proposed CitySpire in 1984 acquiring unused air rights above City Center and making improvements to the theater to almost double the tower s area After several agencies approved the project City Center began construction in 1985 and was topped out by June 1987 A controversy ensued when the building exceeded its approved height by 11 or 14 feet 3 4 or 4 3 m Eichner agreed to add dance studio space to compensate for the height overrun but he ultimately never built the space Soon after CitySpire s opening in 1989 the building went into foreclosure and there were complaints of a whistling noise from the roof for two years Contents 1 Site 2 Architecture 2 1 Form and facade 2 2 Structural features 2 3 Interior 2 3 1 Base 2 3 2 Tower 3 History 3 1 Development 3 1 1 Planning 3 1 2 Construction 3 1 3 Completion and height controversy 3 2 Usage 3 2 1 Noise pollution and bankruptcy 3 2 2 Late 1990s to present 4 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 SourcesSite editCitySpire is at 150 West 56th Street between Sixth Avenue and Seventh Avenue three blocks south of Central Park in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City The building s land lot covers 24 237 square feet 2 251 7 m2 and has a frontage of 225 5 feet 68 7 m along 56th Street While the site is 200 feet 61 m deep extending south to 55th Street only a small section of the lot has frontage on 55th Street 1 The building is directly west of the New York City Center and 125 West 55th Street 1 the former is a New York City designated landmark at 135 West 55th Street 2 Immediately to the north are Carnegie Hall Carnegie Hall Tower Russian Tea Room and Metropolitan Tower from west to east Other nearby buildings include 140 West 57th Street 130 West 57th Street and the Parker New York hotel to the northeast as well as the 55th Street Playhouse to the southwest and 1345 Avenue of the Americas to the southeast 1 2 The neighborhood was historically part of an artistic hub that developed around the two blocks of West 57th Street from Sixth Avenue west to Broadway during the late 19th and early 20th centuries following the opening of Carnegie Hall 3 4 5 Several buildings in the area were constructed as residences for artists and musicians such as 130 and 140 West 57th Street the Rodin Studios and the Osborne Apartments as well as the demolished Sherwood Studios and Rembrandt In addition the area contained the headquarters of organizations such as the American Fine Arts Society the Lotos Club and the American Society of Civil Engineers 6 Just prior to CitySpire s construction the site was occupied by six vacant lots at 132 158 West 56th Street and one on 137 West 55th Street 7 These lots were acquired in the 1970s by Richard M Chapman who razed the buildings there 8 Architecture editCitySpire also known as CitySpire Center 9 10 was designed by Murphy Jahn and developed by Ian Bruce Eichner 10 11 It was constructed by Tishman Realty amp Construction with Robert Rosenwasser Associates as structural engineer 12 CitySpire is 814 feet 248 m tall with 75 above ground levels and two basement stories 9 10 the concrete frame reaches a height of 800 feet 240 m 13 When completed CitySpire was the second tallest concrete tower in the United States after the Sears Tower in Chicago 14 13 Form and facade edit nbsp Lower facade detailCitySpire was designed from the beginning as an octagonal tower with wings on the east and west 13 15 CitySpire has three setbacks on the east and west they are placed at the 23rd 46th and 62nd floors 9 16 Most of the building is no more than 80 feet 24 m wide 13 Because the building is so narrow the upper stories sometimes sway during heavy storms 17 As proposed the main shaft of the tower was to be clad in stone while the wings were to be made of glass 15 The facade is made of Sardinian luna pearl that is cut into 13 16 inch 21 mm slabs measuring about 15 pounds per square foot 73 kg m2 Each slab is attached to the aluminum curtain wall frame on all sides supported only by the curtain wall The stone panels are entirely prefabricated and are insulated with fiberglass panels measuring 2 5 8 inches 67 mm thick along with neoprene gaskets and silicone caulk 12 The setbacks at the 46th and 62nd floors were designed with parapets of steel and concrete which were reduced in size as part of a 1988 lawsuit settlement concerning the building s height 18 Eichner disliked the parapets he suggested that residents on the 46th floor can look out at it and know they re looking at a wall instead of Central Park so that Helmut Jahn can rest easy knowing that his artistic integrity is intact 19 20 The roof has a copper faced dome 17 which as originally proposed was supposed to be 13 feet 4 0 m tall 8 When it was ultimately installed in 1988 the dome contained eight steel ribs each measuring 20 feet 6 1 m long and weighing 700 pounds 320 kg Each rib consisted of three sections 21 The dome itself contains louvers and was designed with a green surface 22 When the dome was constructed wind created a loud whistling sound when passing through the louvers this was remedied in 1992 with the removal of alternating panels 23 24 25 Paul Sachner of Architectural Record initially likened the dome to that of the Nebraska State Capitol 15 while Paul Goldberger of The New York Times said the dome was meant to relate to City Center 26 Structural features edit The superstructure is made of concrete 12 16 17 Because of CitySpire s mixed use spaces it contains nine different structural systems since a unified grid of columns was infeasible for apartment layouts Further because Eichner wanted to maximize views of the surrounding city the wind resisting sections of the superstructure had to be placed in the interior 16 The lower stories used as offices were largely designed as a grid of concrete columns allowing for flexible office layouts 13 While the lower stories are largely composed of grids of columns there are also sections of rectangular concrete panels which are staggered across several levels to create a diagonal wind brace The upper stories are designed as a shear wall open tube structural system in which shear walls extend from the elevator core at the center of the tower connecting to the outer columns 16 Interior edit CitySpire has a floor area of around 830 000 square feet 77 100 m2 and ten elevators rise the height of the building 10 Before CitySpire was developed the site was zoned to only allow a building of around 34 stories without any modifications 27 28 Given the size of the lot this would have provided up to 363 000 square feet 33 700 m2 of space 28 Eichner obtained unused air rights above City Center which only occupied a small amount of the maximum space allowed for its lot this allowed a 60 story tower On top of this Eichner was allowed to increase the building s floor area ratio by 20 percent in exchange for renovating City Center 28 29 This amounted to 128 000 square feet 11 900 m2 of extra space 8 These bonuses allowed CitySpire to be more than twice as large as it ordinarily would have been 28 30 31 The interior floor numbering system skips floors 13 and 25 so there are physically only 73 stories though the top story is numbered 75 23 The lowest 22 32 33 or 23 floors of the building are for commercial use 16 17 34 There are luxury apartments on the remaining floors 7 33 a as well as a mechanical story 7 The building was designed with elaborate details The attention to detail extended to the elevator buttons which Jahn redesigned with three buttons to a row when Eichner found two buttons per row to be unpleasing 20 Base edit nbsp Pedestrian corridor in the baseA pedestrian arcade between 56th and 55th Streets is included in CitySpire s base as part of its construction 35 The arcade is one of nine passageways that form 6 Avenue a set of full block passageways from 51st to 57th Street between Sixth and Seventh Avenues 36 37 It was built as a through block connection under the Special Midtown District created in 1982 36 The connection itself was not opened until 1997 several years after the building opened 24 the delay was largely due to the building s foreclosure and other disputes in the early 1990s 38 The arcade designed by Brennan Beer Gorman consists of marble and granite walls as well as a 25 foot 7 6 m ceiling 39 40 The passageway is decorated in an Art Deco inspired style with theater posters on the walls 40 37 The space has recessed lights on the ceiling and lights on the walls but there is no seating since the passageway was designed merely for pedestrian movement 40 The office and residential lobbies are separate from each other 41 The residential lobby at 150 West 56th Street has a domed ceiling as well as wooden paneling 14 The office portion of CitySpire has the address 156 West 56th Street 39 There is also a bar called Carnegie Club 42 originally Carnegie Bar and Books The bar on the ground floor has a ceiling 25 feet 7 6 m high with an overhanging mezzanine 43 A garage and cafe was also included in the base 14 The building was planned with 305 000 square feet 28 300 m2 of office space 8 Each of the office stories typically measures 193 by 80 feet 59 by 24 m with polygonal cutouts at each corner 16 Tower edit The building was proposed with 355 luxury residential condominiums 8 but it was completed with 339 17 or 340 condos 23 44 According to the New York City Department of City Planning there are 340 condominiums in the entire building of which 337 are residential units 1 About 100 of the apartments were built with one bedroom with the rest having multiple bedrooms 45 Many of the residential units are separated from each other by the building s shear walls Due to the setbacks on the exterior floors 47 through 61 typically measure 157 by 80 feet 48 by 24 m while floors 63 through 69 are an octagon measuring 80 feet across 16 The apartments at CitySpire vary in size and arrangement though many of the units contain 20 foot wide 6 1 m terraces For instance one studio apartment has a living room kitchen and terrace Some of the one bedroom units also have living and dining rooms with angled walls In some of the two bedroom units there is a foyer with a living dining room kitchens and bedrooms leading off it There are also duplex units with kitchens living rooms and dining rooms on the lower tier as well as bedrooms on the upper tiers One of the larger duplexes on floors 65 66 has four bedrooms a living dining area with a library and breakfast area a family room and a terrace measuring 44 by 36 feet 13 by 11 m 14 On upper floors the units tend to be larger reaching 2 200 square feet 200 m2 below the penthouse 17 Eichner originally intended to occupy a penthouse apartment atop CitySpire 46 but he ended up never living in the unit 23 The penthouse was instead purchased in 1993 by real estate developer Steven Klar for about 4 5 million as a raw space it covers floors 72 through 75 though floor 72 is a guest suite 47 48 Klar had hired Juan Pablo Molyneux to redesign the penthouse over two and a half years 47 The penthouse covering 8 000 square feet 740 m2 has six bedrooms and nine bathrooms as well as three terraces 48 49 The master bedroom takes up an entire story while the master bathroom has green marble cladding as well as bronze and mahogany fixtures 48 The penthouse also has a classical columned foyer a large dining room with a chandelier a wine closet with space for 1 000 bottles and a private elevator 47 Molyneux personally disliked the design calling it a horror 50 51 though this was apparently because Molyneux actually never saw the design in person having been dismissed before the design was completed 51 When CitySpire was built it was advertised with amenities such as the SpireCard a charge account to which each resident could request a luxury service for a fee 52 It was also advertised with a media room containing a large screen TV a lounge with bar and a business center with stock quote and telex machines 53 The modern amenities include a party and conference rooms play area and fitness center with pool 14 History editThe neighboring New York City Center had opened in 1924 as the Mecca Temple a house of worship for the Shriners 54 55 The Mecca Temple was acquired by the New York City government in 1943 and became a theater 54 56 In 1982 City Center completed a minor renovation to the lobby and orchestra 32 57 City Center planned another set of improvements to enlarge stage storage and balcony areas 58 The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission LPC designated City Center as a city landmark in 1983 as a result the commission was required to approve any major alterations to the theater 59 Concurrently Bruce Eichner bought Chapman s neighboring site for 18 million 8 He also bought a parking garage whose owner agreed to sell it on the condition a replacement parking garage was built 28 Development edit Planning edit nbsp Seen from 54th StreetIn May 1984 Eichner announced that he would build a 72 story skyscraper on the site designed by Murphy Jahn 7 The building would contain 22 stories of offices and 49 stories of condominiums 7 32 It would be shaped like an octagon with setbacks and a domed roof 60 A key part of Eichner s development was his proposal to purchase unused air rights above City Center 7 61 Eichner would also make improvements to City Center to obtain additional space 7 32 The sale was expected to raise 10 to 14 million for the New York City Opera New York City Ballet and City Center s sublessee 55th Street Dance Theater 58 60 The proposed air rights sale received criticism both for its relatively low price 62 and for the fact that it would allow an excessively large building 63 City Center Tower was one of several high rise developments planned for the area at the time Metropolitan Tower and Carnegie Hall Tower were being proposed as well 64 65 The air rights transfers needed the approval of several agencies 7 In August 1984 the New York City Board of Estimate voted to allow the sale of air rights 60 66 The LPC was scheduled to hold a hearing for the proposed sale in November 1984 but an unrelated controversy over another landmark candidate took up all the time allotted for discussing the air rights sale 67 The LPC granted the project a certificate of appropriateness in January 1985 68 which allowed the LPC to apply for a special zoning permit from the New York City Planning Commission CPC for the air rights transfer 69 Several agencies then needed to approve the tower itself Following objections from members of the Board of Estimate and CPC some elements of City Center Tower were downsized 8 The CPC approved the tower in June 1985 70 followed by the Board of Estimate that August 71 The building had been approved to a height of about 800 feet 240 m 72 b Though the City Center Tower was to be New York City s tallest residential tower upon its construction Eichner cited a study that proved the top of the tower would not cast shadows on the street 76 He described the tower as a quintessential New York skyscraper compared to the undistinguished glass clad office buildings on Madison and Park Avenues 77 Eichner received 157 5 million in construction financing 28 78 Both Eichner and his lawyer Howard Horenstein donated several thousand dollars to Mayor Ed Koch who had voted in favor of the tower 79 The donations were investigated in an ethics probe in 1987 80 Construction edit By the time the Board of Estimate had approved City Center Tower pouring of the concrete slabs was underway 8 The project was being referred to as CitySpire by mid 1986 when European American Bank leased eight of the office stories 81 The construction of CitySpire involved controversies over safety Susan Guszynski of the Joffrey Ballet a tenant in City Center wrote a letter to the New York City Department of Buildings DOB in late 1986 alleging that three Joffrey staff had been hit by falling concrete during one week that October The Buildings Department subsequently received four additional complaints of falling objects including one instance in which a portion of the facade fell from the roof 82 Neighbors also filed lawsuits claiming that CitySpire s construction had led to debris pileups and various incidents 83 84 One neighbor claimed that he received death threats after complaining to the police about cracked windows while another neighbor was allegedly raped after an attacker climbed into her apartment through CitySpire s scaffolding 83 Marketing for the residential units started in March 1987 with TV advertisements that featured celebrities such as Dick Cavett Carol Channing Lauren Hutton Robert Joffrey Lynn Redgrave and Tommy Tune 45 52 Despite this only 60 of the 340 condos were in contract by that August The slow sales were attributed to the shortage of small apartments as well as the tower s location in a traditionally non residential neighborhood 45 The advertisements also received complaints for including only white people the director of the building s marketing team claimed they were just targeting the demographic who was most likely to buy apartments there 85 Horenstein denied the advertisements were intended to discourage minorities 85 86 Completion and height controversy edit nbsp As seen from 56th Street and 7th AvenueThe building had topped out by mid 1987 72 87 The building as constructed exceeded its approved height by either 11 feet 3 4 m 18 73 88 or 14 feet 4 3 m 89 The difference of 3 feet 0 91 m was a calculation error from two different methods of measuring height 46 but the extra 11 feet came from Eichner s decision to add 2 inches 51 mm of cement to all the floor slabs to stiffen them 46 90 91 The topped out structure had to undergo a second public review from the Board of Estimate Manhattan Community Board 5 and the CPC 72 88 Eichner voluntarily agreed to halt CitySpire s structural work 92 though he saw the height overruns as being of no consequence to anyone 29 By November 1987 Eichner and city officials were discussing a compromise in which Eichner would give more arts funding but keep the extra height 93 By the end of 1987 Eichner had sold 164 of the apartments 94 and some of the commercial space was already occupied 91 Residential prices at CitySpire had remained relatively low in the wake of Black Monday two months earlier 95 Community Board 5 officials voted against allowing the extra height in protest of the zoning law 90 93 The CPC rejected the additional height that December saying Eichner could have pursued other options including lowering ceiling heights to stay within the 800 foot height limit 96 75 CPC chairwoman Sylvia Deutsch rejected Eichner s offer to add unrelated amenities and pay the city extra cash and she also dismissed complaints from neighbors who opposed the project for unrelated reasons 97 In April 1988 the city and Eichner tentatively reached a settlement in which Eichner agreed to build 7 200 square feet 670 m2 of dance studios above the pedestrian arcade and reduce some facade details 18 35 24 The agreement contingent on the dome not being completed had not been ratified by the CPC or Board of Estimate 92 Deutsch called the agreement reasonable 24 98 however community groups thought it would set a precedent for developers who built past their height limits 24 and some LPC members specifically opposed the design 33 Residents of the lower floors were allowed to move into the building by mid 1988 even though the upper stories did not have their occupancy certificate 99 CitySpire s dome was completed in August 1988 apparently in violation of the settlement 92 99 While Community Board 5 had notified the DOB about the illegal work earlier the dome had been completed by the time the DOB issued a stop work order 99 Koch ordered the dome dismantled that November 21 100 The ribs were partially removed so CitySpire would only exceed the permitted height by 1 5 feet 0 46 m 74 City Center filed a lawsuit that month alleging that Eichner had not renovated the theater as promised City Center sought an injunction to forbid the DOB from issuing CitySpire a certificate of occupancy for the top twenty stories until the renovations were performed 101 102 A New York Supreme Court justice declined to issue the injunction 74 101 and the city allowed Eichner to open the 51st through 63rd floors 74 Community Board 5 demanded the city deny CitySpire a special zoning permit for the extra height 73 The removal of the dome was temporary pending the approval of a zoning variance through the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure which was granted in January 1989 98 Soon after the CPC voted to permit the completion of CitySpire s dome in exchange for the dance studios in the base 24 100 74 The Board of Estimate continued to debate over whether the dance studios were an appropriate penalty for Eichner 103 In March 1989 the Board of Estimate voted 6 5 to allow the dance studios as an appropriate penalty 89 104 The height agreement received opposition from city comptroller Harrison J Goldin who charged that Eichner was violating the law and from critics who believed the dance studios at 21 by 60 feet 6 4 by 18 3 m were too small 46 The dome was subsequently damaged in a fire in May 1989 105 106 which investigators determined was an arson 107 Eichner had still not completed renovations at City Center like he had promised 108 and the building s pedestrian arcade was not open to the public 109 Usage edit nbsp Roof of CitySpire which caused controversy for making a whistling sound in its early yearsEichner had sold 280 of the apartments and three quarters of the office space by early 1989 74 and the building was completed by 1990 24 CitySpire s dance studios were supposed to be completed in September 1989 but it was not until mid 1990 that Eichner applied for a permit Construction on the studios had not even started because according to Hornstein the plans had to be approved by several agencies 108 109 Eichner still had yet to sell the 50 remaining apartments and the remaining 20 percent of commercial space Ten of these apartments were in the top stories that could not be completed until the studios were finished 108 109 Noise pollution and bankruptcy edit Shortly after CitySpire s completion Eichner was concurrently negotiating construction loans with his lenders 108 110 which included Citibank and European American Bank 110 He was also delinquent on 3 7 million of tax payments which the city sued that July to recover 78 In October 1990 European American Bank challenged the collateral behind 50 million worth of construction loans on the building 111 The next month the bank foreclosed on the loans 78 That December the New York City Department of Environmental Protection DEP fined CitySpire for noise violations making CitySpire the first building to be individually cited by the DEP for noise pollution The DEP had received hundreds of complaints about a loud whistling noise that was audible several blocks away the noise was caused by wind blowing through louvers on the dome 22 112 Neighbors reported being kept awake by the noise 13 113 114 Monroe Price opined that the community should attempt to understand what the building is trying to say 24 115 while Progressive Architecture said In a less restrictive era we might look forward to developers plans for The Wind Chime Centre or One Kazoo Plaza 116 At a hearing in February 1991 Judge Gerald Denaro of New York City s Environmental Control Board ordered a study on the noise coming from the dome 117 The building faced a fine of up to 880 if it was found guilty of whistling 117 c West 56th Street Association the building s legal owner filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection at the end of that month 118 119 The association a limited partnership where Eichner was the general partner faced lawsuits from both European American Bank and Bank of Nova Scotia The association had also faced a receivership proceeding as it had also failed to pay the condominium apartments common charges 118 The bankruptcy proceeding absolved Eichner from paying 11 million in unpaid taxes 120 but the building s residential sales office had to shut down that year 44 In April 1991 Denaro ruled that CitySpire was guilty of violating the noise ordinance and fined the managing agent 220 119 A federal judge ruled that September that the city s noise code was too vague to be enforced 121 leading the New York City Council to draft a law to more strictly define noise 122 By May 1992 the building s board of managers said the whistling would be fixed within several weeks 123 Bankruptcy proceedings meanwhile had been stalled over an unpaid 324 000 capital gains tax A reorganization plan for the tower was finally approved in September 1992 eighteen months after the building s owner had filed for bankruptcy 124 The roof noise was stopped that October and the receivers paid the city 2 1 million instead of renovating City Center s studios as a penalty The receivers also sought to be exempted from their obligation to build studios above the pedestrian arcade which was still unfinished 125 Late 1990s to present edit nbsp Residential entrance as seen from 56th StreetEuram a subsidiary of European American Bank s parent ABN AMRO took over the residential section and renovated 75 vacant units The Bank of Nova Scotia rebranded the commercial section as Midland Tower 23 Euram started marketing the vacant apartments in May 1993 ten of the units had been sold within a month 23 and all the condos were sold by the following year 44 Eichner continued to maintain offices at CitySpire 126 Although the financial issues and noise complaints had been resolved the studios and arcade which had been a compromise for CitySpire s height had still not been completed by 1995 The arcade was strewn with litter and blocked off with razor wire and wooden panels and CitySpire s owners planned to renovate it for use The owners planned to scrap the studios above the arcade instead creating additional rehearsal space in City Center itself 127 Around 1996 Joseph Neumann and Credit Suisse First Boston acquired CitySpire for 38 million The building had been offered for 50 million but Neumann and First Boston were able to buy the building for less after beating a competing bid from Henry Elghanayan 128 At the time the building owed 1 9 million in taxes to the city government 129 The office owners composed of First Boston and external investors along with the residential condo owners bore the cost of the pedestrian arcade s 1 million renovation 39 CitySpire s pedestrian arcade was finally completed in late 1997 Upon the arcade s completion David W Dunlap wrote for The New York Times that it had taken seven years between the authorization of the first transcontinental railroad and the laying of its golden spike but it had taken twelve years between the arcade s approval and its opening 24 39 The arcade s opening completed the set of walkways from 51st to 57th Street 39 In addition some of the office space was converted into prebuilt offices 130 The office stories were owned by Singapore government investment fund GIC by 2001 131 GIC leased space to Windels Marx GE Capital and The Recording Academy 132 That year Lehman Brothers and Morgan Stanley provided a 900 million mortgage to GIC for CitySpire s office stories and some of GIC s other properties 133 The office section of CitySpire was acquired in 2004 by Tishman Speyer who bought a 51 percent majority stake GIC continued to hold a 49 percent stake 134 135 In 2012 Tishman Speyer and an unidentified pension fund acquired CitySpire and several other buildings as part of a portfolio valued at 1 6 billion 136 The same year Douglas Elliman marketed the penthouse apartment for 100 million which would have made it the most expensive residence in New York City had it been sold at that price 47 48 After receiving few offers the penthouse s owner withdrew the unit from the market and offered it for sale himself 49 137 only to withdraw it again in 2015 138 139 At that point the majority of CitySpire s residences over sixty percent were being used as pieds a terre rather than as primary residences 34 As of 2021 update CitySpire s commercial occupants include New York Road Runners Windels Marx and Brown Shoe Company 140 Critical reception editWhen CitySpire was being planned Paul Goldberger praised Jahn for including design elements inspired by both City Center and earlier New York City skyscrapers However he said the design was only partially successful in terms of its relationship to the City Center building itself especially as both buildings domes were rarely visible simultaneously 26 141 Harry Berkowitz of Newsday described the project as one of several designed by architects who want little to do with the idea of adjusting to a neighborhood 142 Paul M Sachner wrote for Architectural Record that the plans exemplify the high tech historicist quality of Murphy Jahn s work but he said many question the appropriateness of a 70 story building on such a narrow site 15 32 By the time CitySpire was completed Goldberger believed it looked weaker than the neighboring Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan towers even though CitySpire had looked better in conceptual depictions 143 CitySpire Carnegie Hall Tower and Metropolitan Tower became known as the Tuning Fork Trio because of their shape and proximity to each other 144 John McPhee of The New Yorker wrote in 2003 that the buildings look like three chopsticks incongruously holding a cocktail blini as they surrounded the small Russian Tea Room 144 CitySpire s construction also prompted discussion on the appropriateness of transferring air rights from city landmarks such as City Center to raise money for landmarks upkeep 63 145 New York Landmarks Conservancy executive director Laurie Beckelman said that we save city landmarks by putting them out of context in allowing the transfers and Community Board 5 district manager Joan E Ramer said that selling off a precious city resource without understanding the ramifications is simply irresponsible 63 Former city planning commissioner Martin Gallent said the zoning exceptions allowed midtown Manhattan to be more overly dense than it already was 145 After the height compromise in 1988 Goldberger said What is to prevent another developer from adding 22 feet to his building and offering to build two dance studios 29 146 Goldberger also referred to CitySpire as a case of the city selling its birthright for a mess of pottage 147 See also edit nbsp Architecture portal nbsp New York City portalList of tallest buildings in New York City List of tallest buildings in the United StatesReferences editNotes edit This is also cited as 50 floors 32 The height is cited variously as 798 feet 243 m 73 799 feet 244 m 74 75 or 802 6 feet 244 6 m 35 18 The Real Deal suggests it would have been a daily fine 25 Citations edit a b c d 150 West 56 Street 10019 New York City Department of City Planning Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved September 8 2020 a b White Norval Willensky Elliot Leadon Fran 2010 AIA Guide to New York City 5th ed New York Oxford University Press p 305 ISBN 978 0 19538 386 7 Gray Christopher May 9 1999 Streetscapes 57th Street Between Avenue of the Americas and Seventh Avenue High and Low Notes of a Block With a Musical Bent The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 27 2020 Retrieved November 18 2020 Steinway Hall PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission November 13 2001 pp 6 7 Archived PDF from the original on November 9 2020 Retrieved November 12 2020 Federal Writers Project 1939 New York City Guide New York Random House p 232 ISBN 978 1 60354 055 1 Reprinted by Scholarly Press 1976 often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City Society House of the American Society of Civil Engineers PDF New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission December 16 2008 p 2 Archived PDF from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c d e f g h Daniels Lee A May 3 1984 72 story Tower Proposed Next to the City Center The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 a b c d e f g h Lyons Richard D September 1 1985 The Long Battle for Approval of City Center Tower The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 a b c CitySpire Center Emporis Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved January 1 2021 a b c d CitySpire The Skyscraper Center The Skyscraper Center April 7 2016 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 632 a b c Donaldson Barry July 1987 Stone New technology and design PDF Architectural Record Vol 175 p 144 Archived PDF from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c d e f Zaknic Ivan Smith Matthew Rice Dolores B Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat 1998 100 of the world s tallest buildings Corte Madera CA Gingko Press p 112 ISBN 3 927258 60 1 OCLC 40110184 a b c d e CitySpire CityRealty Archived from the original on May 29 2018 Retrieved May 28 2018 a b c d Sachner Paul M January 1985 Redefining the Manhattan skyline Three new projects by Murphy Jahn PDF Architectural Record Vol 173 p 57 Archived PDF from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c d e f g Cityspire New York City PDF Architectural Record Vol 178 October 1990 p 107 Archived PDF from the original on July 9 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c d e f Stichweh Dirk 2016 New York Skyscrapers Prestel Publishing p 181 ISBN 978 3 7913 8226 5 OCLC 923852487 a b c d Dunlap David W April 20 1988 Pact Reached On Skyscraper Built Too Tall The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 634 a b Adler 1993 p 69 a b Dunlap David W November 9 1988 Cityspire To Dismantle Part of Tower The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 a b Gold Allan R December 7 1990 A Manhattan Skyscraper Is Told to Stop Whistling The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a b c d e f Dunlap David W June 13 1993 Whistle Silenced Cityspire Sales Resume The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a b c d e f g h i Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 636 a b Warner Adam December 1 2015 This month in real estate history The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b Goldberger Paul January 27 1985 Architecture View the Tower Blight Has Struck West 57th Street The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 27 2020 Retrieved November 19 2020 Moritz Owen January 13 1985 Another tall tale of Manhattan New York Daily News p 188 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b c d e f Scardino Albert February 21 1986 Trading Air to Build Towers The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 a b c Tumulty Karen May 2 1989 Battle for space light high rises cast shadow over N Y Los Angeles Times ProQuest 280814454 Lessley Sara September 27 1986 Pulling Money From Thin Air Newsday pp 66 100 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com Adler 1993 p 24 a b c d e f Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 633 a b c McCain Mark April 19 1987 Commercial Property Mixed Use Buildings The Rocky Marriages of Offices and Apartments The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 27 2021 a b Satow Julie January 9 2015 Why the Doorman Is Lonely The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c Saunders D J April 21 1988 A big step for dance companies New York Daily News p 420 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 625 a b Midtown Arcades 6 1 2 Avenue and other POPS Untapped New York February 28 2013 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 Dunlap David W September 27 1992 Remaking Spaces for Public Use The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 16 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a b c d e Dunlap David W August 13 1997 Midtown Midblock Walkway Nears Completion The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a b c Kayden Jerold S March 31 2016 156 West 56th Street Privately Owned Public Space APOPS Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 CitySpire Commercial Real Estate NYC Tishman Speyer Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 The Carnegie Club The Thousand Best New York Magazine February 20 2019 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 On West 56th Another Pub That Blends Books and Beer The New York Times June 1 1997 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c Catalano Joe August 27 1994 Apartment Sales and Prices Are Looking Up in the City Newsday p 55 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com a b c Sommerfield Frank August 31 1987 Cityspire s Hard Sell Falls Short Crain s New York Business Vol 3 no 35 p 1 ProQuest 219160512 a b c d Moss Michael March 30 1989 Board to Vote on CitySpire Deal Newsday pp 6 47 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b c d Barrionuevo Alexei July 27 2012 Reaching for 100 Million The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b c d Galante Meredith July 30 2012 House of the Day At 100 Million An Octagon Shaped Penthouse In Midtown Is The New Most Expensive Listing In New York City Business Insider Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b Samtani Hiten May 16 2013 CitySpire triplex resurfaces as NYC s priciest owner sale ever The Real Deal New York Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 Hogarty Dave August 31 2012 Is The 100M City Spire Penthouse an Embarrassing Horror Curbed NY Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b Barrionuevo Alexei August 30 2012 The Torment of High End Decorators The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 25 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b Tuohy Theesa June 13 1987 The Stars Are Coming Out To Push Condos Co ops Newsday p 63 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com Catalano Joe March 21 1987 Buildings Have More in Common Newsday p 69 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com a b Stern Robert A M Gilmartin Patrick Mellins Thomas 1987 New York 1930 Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars New York Rizzoli p 197 ISBN 978 0 8478 3096 1 OCLC 13860977 Shriners Dedicate Mecca s New Home Nobles From All Parts of the Country Here for Opening of 2 500 000 Mosque The New York Times December 30 1924 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 Pogrebin Robin March 16 2010 City Center to Begin 75 Million Renovation The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 14 2020 Retrieved August 23 2021 Kisselgoff Anna October 5 1982 New City Center a Place to Crown the Dance an Appraisal The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 a b City Center Expansion Plan Detailed The New York Times October 30 1984 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Dolkart Andrew S Postal Matthew A 2009 Postal Matthew A ed Guide to New York City Landmarks 4th ed New York John Wiley amp Sons p 123 ISBN 978 0 470 28963 1 a b c Shepard Joan September 27 1984 Landmarkers to hear more about City Center plan New York Daily News p 226 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com City Center Rumor Center New York Daily News July 12 1984 p 277 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com Shepard Joan October 24 1984 City attacked on air rights sale New York Daily News p 101 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b c Dunlap David W August 26 1984 City s Plan to Sell Air Rights at Landmarks Draws Critics The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 Gottlieb Martin December 4 1983 Developers Looking West of Sixth Avenue The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 19 2021 Retrieved August 19 2021 Moritz Owen May 4 1986 It s a not so grand canyon New York Daily News p 12 Archived from the original on August 22 2021 Retrieved August 22 2021 via newspapers com Dunlap David W August 17 1984 Board Approves a Contract for 2 500 Bus stop Shelters The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 Shepard Joan November 16 1984 Commission eyes convent New York Daily News p 145 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com Shepard Joan January 11 1985 That skyscraper over City Center looms ever closer New York Daily News p 107 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com Oser Alan S June 16 1985 Perspectives Planning Policy a Dissenting Voice on Transferring Air Rights The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 Moritz Owen June 25 1985 70 story tower OKd New York Daily News p 3 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com Board Gives Approval For a 70 Story Tower The New York Times August 16 1985 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 a b c Dunlap David W June 23 1987 City to Review Cityspire Tower For Second Time The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a b c Saunders D J January 18 1989 Tower hit New York Daily News p 39 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b c d e f Berkowitz Harry February 16 1989 City Makes Deal on Cityspire Dome Newsday pp 55 58 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b Moss Michael December 22 1987 City Panel Rejects Illegal Skyscraper Built 14 Feet Too Tall Newsday pp 21 28 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com Polsky Carol November 19 1986 When the Sky s the Only Limit Newsday pp 152 153 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com McCain Mark April 19 1987 Commercial Property Mixed Use Buildings The Rocky Marriages of Offices and Apartments The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a b c Moss Michael November 11 1990 Bank Forecloses on CitySpire Condos Newsday p 55 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com Schanberg Sydney H July 22 1986 A Tidy 10 Million Gift for a Developer Newsday p 67 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com Weber Michael A November 7 1987 Ethics Probers Check Donations To City Officials Newsday pp 4 13 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com EAB Consolidation Newsday May 17 1986 p 67 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com Friedman Robert August 9 1987 Objects rain from high rise sites alarming city officials neighbors Newsday pp 7 23 24 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b Saunders D J November 10 1988 Neighbors want CitySpire to clean up act New York Daily News p 493 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com Walls Jeannette November 7 1988 Cityspire Raises Neighbor s Ire New York Vol 21 no 44 New York Media LLC p 13 ISSN 0028 7369 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 25 2021 a b Lavin Carl H May 31 1987 Housing Groups Attack Ads Using Only Whites The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 Polsky Carol October 15 1987 Ad Plan Offered in Housing Bias Case Newsday pp 9 27 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com Adler 1993 p 119 a b Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 pp 634 636 a b Moss Michael March 31 1989 Estimate Board OKs CitySpire Deal in Close Vote Newsday p 9 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b Dunlap David W November 4 1987 Enforcing of Height Limit Is Urged for Tower The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 a b Moritz Owen December 22 1987 Height report Take it all off New York Daily News p 20 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com a b c Dunlap David W August 24 1988 New Dome Atop Cityspire Seen as Violating an Accord The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a b Polsky Carol November 4 1987 Compromise Hinted on CitySpire Newsday p 19 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com Moss Michael December 27 1987 Towering Midtown Battleground At Issue Is Legality Of Too Tall Condo Newsday pp 4 27 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com McCain Mark December 13 1987 Battling the Doldrums in Condo Sales The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 Dunlap David W December 22 1987 Planners Reject a Tower That Is 11 Feet Too Tall The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 Dunlap David W January 27 1988 A Tough Stance by the Planning Chief The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 a b Saunders D J January 20 1989 Ribs stay Koch men tell tower builder New York Daily News p 875 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com a b c Moss Michael August 23 1988 Developer Tops Off Too Tall Tower Move violates agreement with city Newsday pp 4 26 Archived from the original on August 24 2021 Retrieved August 24 2021 via newspapers com a b CitySpire gets its dome The Daily Times March 5 1989 p 112 Archived from the original on August 23 2021 Retrieved August 23 2021 via newspapers com a b Saunders D J December 9 1988 City Center loses high rise round New York Daily News p 69 Archived from 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New York Monacelli Press ISBN 978 1 58093 177 9 OCLC 70267065 OL 22741487M Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title CitySpire amp oldid 1157331413, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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