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Salamandridae

December 20, 2023

Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders by the lack of rib or costal grooves along the sides of their bodies and by their rough skin. Their skin is very granular because of the number of poison glands. They also lack nasolabial grooves. Most species of Salamandridae have moveable eyelids but lack lacrimal glands.

Salamandridae
True salamanders and newts
Temporal range: 89–0 Ma Cretaceous–recent[1]
Notophthalmus viridescens from North America
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Suborder: Salamandroidea
Family: Salamandridae
Goldfuss, 1820
Genera

  Calotriton
  Chioglossa
  Cynops
  Echinotriton
  Euproctus
  Ichthyosaura
  Laotriton
  Lissotriton
  Lyciasalamandra
  Mertensiella
  Neurergus
  Notophthalmus
  Ommatotriton
  Pachytriton
  Paramesotriton
  Pleurodeles
  Salamandra
  Salamandrina
  Taricha
  Triturus
  Tylototriton

Nearly all salamandrids produce a potent toxin in their skin, with some species being deadly to many other animal species. With a few exceptions, salamandrids have patterns of bright and contrasting colours, most of these are to warn potential predators of their toxicity. They have four well-developed limbs, with four toes on the fore limbs, and (in most cases) five toes on the hind limbs. They vary from 7 to 30 cm (3 to 12 in) in length.[2]

Many species within this family reproduce by method of internal fertilization. Additionally, there are many species-specific courtship rituals that males perform to attract mates. These courtship rituals often employ pheromones to induce mating behavior in females. Pheromones have been discovered to be the driving force behind female mating responses in Alpine newts. These pheromones can induce behavior even when male visual epidemic characters and courtship dances are absent.[3] All species within the genus Lyciasalamandra are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young, without a tadpole stage. There are some species within the genus Salamandra are known to be viviparous too. Some newts are neotenic, being able to reproduce before they are fully metamorphosed.[2] The females of many species can store sperm for up to 6 months at a time.

Toxicity edit

The genus Taricha use the poison tetrodotoxin (TTX) that binds and blocks voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) in nerves and muscles. This blockage causes the cessation of action potentials, leading to paralysis and death. Tetrodotoxin is the most toxic non-protein substance known. The rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) uses tetrodotoxin and is considered the most poisonous species of newt. There are species and sub-species of Taricha that live in concurrent regions with a garter snake (Thamnophis) that has developed a resistance to the TTX poisoning. Species that inhabit regions with resistant Thamnophis snakes have evolved to increase their concentrations of TTX in an evolutionary arms race of predator versus prey.

Conservation status (IUCN Redlist) edit

Conservation Status of Salamandridae
IUCN Classification Number of Species
Least Concern 32
Near Threatened 12
Vulnerable 16
Endangered 14
Critically Endangered 3
Lack of Data 1

Phylogeny edit

Cladograms based on the work of Pyron and Wiens (2011)[4] and modified using Mikko Haaramo [5]

Taxonomy edit

The genus Salamandrina is the only member of the subfamily Salamandrininae, and the genera Chioglossa, Lyciasalamandra, Mertensiella, and Salamandra are grouped in the subfamily Salamandrinae, with sixteen other genera comprising the subfamily Pleurodelinae.[6] Those with a more thoroughly aquatic lifestyle are referred to as "newts", but this is not a formal taxonomic description.

Family SALAMANDRIDAE

Fossil record edit

Salamandrids have a substantial fossil record spanning most of the Cenozoic. The oldest known fossils date from the Thanetian (Paleocene), but these, and most other known fossil salamandrids apparently belong to the crown group.[7] The sole known stem-salamandrid is Phosphotriton sigei, from the Quercy Phosphorites Formation, which apparently dates from the Middle to Late Eocene.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Salamandridae".
  2. ^ a b Lanza, B.; Vanni, S. & Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0-12-178560-4.
  3. ^ Treer, Dag; Van Bocxlaer, Ines; Matthijs, Severine; Du Four, Dimitri; Janssenswillen, Sunita; Willaert, Bert; Bossuyt, Franky (2013-02-15). "Love Is Blind: Indiscriminate Female Mating Responses to Male Courtship Pheromones in Newts (Salamandridae)". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56538. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856538T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056538. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3574087. PMID 23457580.
  4. ^ Pyron, R.A.; Weins, J.J. (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of advanced frogs, salamanders, and caecilians" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–853. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
  5. ^ Haaramo, Mikko (2011). "Caudata – salamanders". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive.
  6. ^ "Amphibian Species of the World".
  7. ^ Marjanovic, D.; Laurin, M. (2014). "An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians, with comments on the anatomy of Jurassic crown-group salamanders (Urodela)". Historical Biology. 26 (4): 535–550. doi:10.1080/08912963.2013.797972. S2CID 84581331.
  8. ^ Tissier, J.; Rage, J.-C.; Boistel, R.; Fernandez, V.; Pollet, N.; Garcia, G.; Laurin, M. (2016). "Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 177 (1): 147–164. doi:10.1111/zoj.12341.

External links edit

  Data related to Salamandridae at Wikispecies   Media related to Salamandridae at Wikimedia Commons

  • Tree of Life: Salamandridae
  • Living Under World

December 20, 2023
salamandridae, family, salamanders, consisting, true, salamanders, newts, salamandrids, distinguished, from, other, salamanders, lack, costal, grooves, along, sides, their, bodies, their, rough, skin, their, skin, very, granular, because, number, poison, gland. Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders by the lack of rib or costal grooves along the sides of their bodies and by their rough skin Their skin is very granular because of the number of poison glands They also lack nasolabial grooves Most species of Salamandridae have moveable eyelids but lack lacrimal glands SalamandridaeTrue salamanders and newtsTemporal range 89 0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Cretaceous recent 1 Notophthalmus viridescens from North AmericaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AmphibiaOrder UrodelaSuborder SalamandroideaFamily SalamandridaeGoldfuss 1820Genera Calotriton Chioglossa Cynops Echinotriton Euproctus Ichthyosaura Laotriton Lissotriton Lyciasalamandra Mertensiella Neurergus Notophthalmus Ommatotriton Pachytriton Paramesotriton Pleurodeles Salamandra Salamandrina Taricha Triturus TylototritonNearly all salamandrids produce a potent toxin in their skin with some species being deadly to many other animal species With a few exceptions salamandrids have patterns of bright and contrasting colours most of these are to warn potential predators of their toxicity They have four well developed limbs with four toes on the fore limbs and in most cases five toes on the hind limbs They vary from 7 to 30 cm 3 to 12 in in length 2 Many species within this family reproduce by method of internal fertilization Additionally there are many species specific courtship rituals that males perform to attract mates These courtship rituals often employ pheromones to induce mating behavior in females Pheromones have been discovered to be the driving force behind female mating responses in Alpine newts These pheromones can induce behavior even when male visual epidemic characters and courtship dances are absent 3 All species within the genus Lyciasalamandra are viviparous meaning they give birth to live young without a tadpole stage There are some species within the genus Salamandra are known to be viviparous too Some newts are neotenic being able to reproduce before they are fully metamorphosed 2 The females of many species can store sperm for up to 6 months at a time Contents 1 Toxicity 2 Conservation status IUCN Redlist 3 Phylogeny 4 Taxonomy 5 Fossil record 6 References 7 External linksToxicity editThe genus Taricha use the poison tetrodotoxin TTX that binds and blocks voltage gated sodium channels Nav in nerves and muscles This blockage causes the cessation of action potentials leading to paralysis and death Tetrodotoxin is the most toxic non protein substance known The rough skinned newt Taricha granulosa uses tetrodotoxin and is considered the most poisonous species of newt There are species and sub species of Taricha that live in concurrent regions with a garter snake Thamnophis that has developed a resistance to the TTX poisoning Species that inhabit regions with resistant Thamnophis snakes have evolved to increase their concentrations of TTX in an evolutionary arms race of predator versus prey Conservation status IUCN Redlist editConservation Status of Salamandridae IUCN Classification Number of SpeciesLeast Concern 32Near Threatened 12Vulnerable 16Endangered 14Critically Endangered 3Lack of Data 1Phylogeny editCladograms based on the work of Pyron and Wiens 2011 4 and modified using Mikko Haaramo 5 Salamandrininae Archaeotriton basalticusSalamandrinaSalamandrinae Chioglossini Mertensiella caucasicaChioglossa lusitanicaSalamandrini Megalotriton filholiLyciasalamandraSalamandra nbsp Pleurodelinae CarpathotritonPleurodelini Brachycormus noachicus Chelotriton Palaeopleurodeles hauffiPleurodeles nbsp EchinotritonTylototriton nbsp Molgini Tarichina NotophthalmusTaricha nbsp Molgina Koalliella genzeli Oligosemia spinosaLissotriton nbsp NeurergusOmmatotritonCalotritonTriturus nbsp EuproctusIchthyosaura alpestrisCynopita Procynops miocenicusLaotriton laoensisPachytritonCynops nbsp ParamesotritonTaxonomy editThe genus Salamandrina is the only member of the subfamily Salamandrininae and the genera Chioglossa Lyciasalamandra Mertensiella and Salamandra are grouped in the subfamily Salamandrinae with sixteen other genera comprising the subfamily Pleurodelinae 6 Those with a more thoroughly aquatic lifestyle are referred to as newts but this is not a formal taxonomic description Family SALAMANDRIDAE Subfamily Pleurodelinae Genus Calotriton two species Calotriton arnoldi Carranza amp Amat 2005 Calotriton asper Duges 1852 Genus Cynops fire belly newts ten species Cynops chenggongensis Kou and Xing 1983 Cynops cyanurus Liu Hu and Yang 1962 Cynops ensicauda Hallowell 1861 Cynops fudingensis Wu Wang Jiang and Hanken 2010 Cynops glaucus Yuan Jiang Ding Zhang and Che 2013 Cynops orientalis David 1873 Cynops orphicus Risch 1983 Cynops pyrrhogaster Boie 1826 Cynops wolterstorffi Boulenger 1905 Cynops yunnanensis Yang 1983 Genus Echinotriton three species Echinotriton andersoni Boulenger 1892 Echinotriton chinhaiensis Chang 1932 Echinotriton maxiquadratus Hou Wu Yang Zheng Yuan and Li 2014 Genus Euproctus two species Euproctus montanus Savi 1838 Euproctus platycephalus Gravenhorst 1829 Genus Ichthyosaura one species Ichthyosaura alpestris Laurenti 1768 Genus Laotriton one species Laotriton laoensis Stuart amp Papenfuss 2002 Genus Lissotriton ten species Lissotriton boscai Lataste 1879 Lissotriton graecus Wolterstorff 1906 Lissotriton helveticus Razoumovsky 1789 Lissotriton italicus Peracca 1898 Lissotriton kosswigi Freytag 1955 Lissotriton lantzi Wolterstorff 1914 Lissotriton maltzani Boettger 1879 Lissotriton montandoni Boulenger 1880 Lissotriton schmidtleri Raxworthy 1988 Lissotriton vulgaris Linnaeus 1758 Genus Neurergus five species Neurergus barani Oz 1994 Neurergus crocatus Cope 1862 Neurergus derjugini Nesterov 1916 Neurergus kaiseri Schmidt 1952 Neurergus strauchii Steindachner 1887 Genus Notophthalmus three species Notophthalmus meridionalis Cope 1880 Notophthalmus perstriatus Bishop 1941 Notophthalmus viridescens Rafinesque 1820 Genus Ommatotriton three species Ommatotriton nesterovi Litvinchuk Zuiderwijk Borkin and Rosanov 2005 Ommatotriton ophryticus Berthold 1846 Ommatotriton vittatus Gray 1835 Genus Pachytriton ten species Pachytriton airobranchiatus Li Yuan Li and Wu 2018 Pachytriton archospotus Shen Shen and Mo 2008 Pachytriton brevipes Sauvage 1876 Pachytriton changi Nishikawa Matsui and Jiang 2012 Pachytriton feii Nishikawa Jiang and Matsui 2011 Pachytriton granulosus Chang 1933 Pachytriton inexpectatus Nishikawa Jiang Matsui and Mo 2011 Pachytriton moi Nishikawa Jiang and Matsui 2011 Pachytriton wuguanfui Yuan Zhang and Che 2016 Pachytriton xanthospilos Wu Wang and Hanken 2012 Genus Paramesotriton fourteen species Paramesotriton aurantius Yuan Wu Zhou and Che 2016 Paramesotriton caudopunctatus Liu and Hu 1973 Paramesotriton chinensis Gray 1859 Paramesotriton deloustali Bourret 1934 Paramesotriton fuzhongensis Wen 1989 Paramesotriton guangxiensis Huang Tang and Tang 1983 Paramesotriton hongkongensis Myers and Leviton 1962 Paramesotriton labiatus Unterstein 1930 Paramesotriton longliensis Li Tian Gu and Xiong 2008 Paramesotriton maolanensis Gu Chen Tian Li and Ran 2012 Paramesotriton qixilingensis Yan Zhao Jiang Hou He Murphy and Che 2014 Paramesotriton wulingensis Wang Tian and Gu 2013 Paramesotriton yunwuensis Wu Jiang and Hanken 2010 Paramesotriton zhijinensis Li Tian and Gu 2008 Genus Pleurodeles three species Pleurodeles nebulosus Guichenot 1850 Pleurodeles poireti Gervais 1836 Pleurodeles waltl Michahelles 1830 Genus Taricha four species Taricha granulosa Skilton 1849 Taricha rivularis Twitty 1935 Taricha sierrae Twitty 1942 Taricha torosa Rathke 1833 Genus Triturus crested newts nine species Triturus anatolicus Wielstra amp Arntzen 2016 Triturus carnifex Laurenti 1768 Triturus cristatus Laurenti 1768 Triturus dobrogicus Kiritzescu 1768 Triturus ivanbureschi Arntzen amp Wielstra 2013 Triturus karelinii Strauch 1870 Triturus macedonicus Karaman 1922 Triturus marmoratus Latreille 1800 Triturus pygmaeus Wolterstorff 1905 Genus Tylototriton crocodile newts twenty five species Tylototriton anguliceps Le Nguyen Nishikawa Nguyen Pham Matsui Bernardes and Nguyen 2015 Tylototriton anhuiensis Qian Sun Li Guo Pan Kang Wang Jiang Wu and Zhang 2017 Tylototriton asperrimus Unterstein 1930 Tylototriton broadoridgus Shen Jiang and Mo 2012 Tylototriton dabienicus Chen Wang and Tao 2010 Tylototriton hainanensis Fei Ye and Yang 1984 Tylototriton himalayanus Khatiwada Wang Ghimire Vasudevan Paudel and Jiang 2015 Tylototriton kachinorum Zaw Lay Pawangkhanant Gorin and Poyarkov 2019 Tylototriton kweichowensis Fang and Chang 1932 Tylototriton liuyangensis Yang Jiang Shen and Fei 2014 Tylototriton lizhengchangi Hou Zhang Jiang Li and Lu 2012 Tylototriton ngarsuensis Grismer Wood Quah Thura Espinoza Grismer Murdoch and Lin 2018 Tylototriton notialis Stuart Phimmachak Sivongxay and Robichaud 2010 Tylototriton panhai Nishikawa Khonsue Pomchote and Matsui 2013 Tylototriton podichthys Phimmachak Aowphol and Stuart 2015 Tylototriton pseudoverrucosus Hou Gu Zhang Zeng and Lu 2012 Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum Brodie and Yang 1995 Tylototriton shanorum Nishikawa Matsui and Rao 2014 Tylototriton taliangensis Liu 1950 Tylototriton uyenoi Nishikawa Khonsue Pomchote and Matsui 2013 Tylototriton verrucosus Anderson 1871 Tylototriton vietnamensis Bohme Schottler Nguyen and Kohler 2005 Tylototriton wenxianensis Fei Ye and Yang 1984 Tylototriton yangi Hou Zhang Zhou Li and Lu 2012 Tylototriton ziegleri Nishikawa Matsui and Nguyen 2013 Subfamily Salamandrinae Genus Chioglossa one species Chioglossa lusitanica Bocage 1864 Genus Lyciasalamandra seven species Lyciasalamandra antalyana Basoglu and Baran 1976 Lyciasalamandra atifi Basoglu 1967 Lyciasalamandra billae Franzen and Klewen 1987 Lyciasalamandra fazilae Basoglu and Atatur 1975 1974 Lyciasalamandra flavimembris Mutz and Steinfartz 1995 Lyciasalamandra helverseni Pieper 1963 Lyciasalamandra luschani Steindachner 1891 Genus Mertensiella one species Mertensiella caucasica Waga 1876 Genus Salamandra fire salamanders seven species Salamandra algira Bedriaga 1883 Salamandra atra Laurenti 1768 Salamandra corsica Savi 1838 Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens 1885 Salamandra lanzai Nascetti Andreone Capula and Bullini 1988 Salamandra longirostris Joger and Steinfartz 1994 Salamandra salamandra Linnaeus 1758 Subfamily Salamandrininae Genus Salamandrina two species Salamandrina perspicillata Savi 1821 Salamandrina terdigitata Bonnaterre 1789 Fossil record editSalamandrids have a substantial fossil record spanning most of the Cenozoic The oldest known fossils date from the Thanetian Paleocene but these and most other known fossil salamandrids apparently belong to the crown group 7 The sole known stem salamandrid is Phosphotriton sigei from the Quercy Phosphorites Formation which apparently dates from the Middle to Late Eocene 8 References edit Fossilworks Salamandridae a b Lanza B Vanni S amp Nistri A 1998 Cogger H G amp Zweifel R G eds Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians San Diego Academic Press pp 73 74 ISBN 978 0 12 178560 4 Treer Dag Van Bocxlaer Ines Matthijs Severine Du Four Dimitri Janssenswillen Sunita Willaert Bert Bossuyt Franky 2013 02 15 Love Is Blind Indiscriminate Female Mating Responses to Male Courtship Pheromones in Newts Salamandridae PLOS ONE 8 2 e56538 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 856538T doi 10 1371 journal pone 0056538 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 3574087 PMID 23457580 Pyron R A Weins J J 2011 A large scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species and a revised classification of advanced frogs salamanders and caecilians PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61 2 543 853 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2011 06 012 PMID 21723399 Haaramo Mikko 2011 Caudata salamanders Mikko s Phylogeny Archive Amphibian Species of the World Marjanovic D Laurin M 2014 An updated paleontological timetree of lissamphibians with comments on the anatomy of Jurassic crown group salamanders Urodela Historical Biology 26 4 535 550 doi 10 1080 08912963 2013 797972 S2CID 84581331 Tissier J Rage J C Boistel R Fernandez V Pollet N Garcia G Laurin M 2016 Synchrotron analysis of a mummified salamander Vertebrata Caudata from the Eocene of Quercy France Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 1 147 164 doi 10 1111 zoj 12341 External links edit nbsp Data related to Salamandridae at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Salamandridae at Wikimedia Commons Tree of Life Salamandridae Living Under World Tylototriton org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Salamandridae amp oldid 1188606290, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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