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Logstown

December 15, 2023

The riverside village of Logstown (1725?, 1727–1758) also known as Logg's Town, French: Chiningue[1]: 356  (transliterated to Shenango) near modern-day Baden, Pennsylvania, was a significant Native American settlement in Western Pennsylvania and the site of the 1752 signing of the Treaty of Logstown between the Ohio Company, the Colony of Virginia, and the Six Nations, which occupied the region. Being an unusually large settlement, and because of its strategic location in the Ohio Country, an area contested by France and England, Logstown was an important community for all parties living along the Ohio and tributary rivers. Logstown was a prominent trade and council site for the contending British and French colonial governments, both of which made abortive plans to construct forts near the town.[2] Logstown was burned in 1754 and although it was rebuilt, in the years following the French and Indian War it became depopulated and was eventually abandoned.

Logstown
Maughwawame
Historic Native American village
The stone marker at or near the former site of Logstown (1725-1758)
Etymology: Unami: maughwawame "extensive flats"[1]: 356 
Location in Beaver County and state of Pennsylvania
Location of Pennsylvania in the United States
Coordinates: 40°37′23″N 80°13′36″W / 40.622942°N 80.226675°W / 40.622942; -80.226675
StatePennsylvania
Present-day CommunityHarmony Township, Beaver County, Pennsylvania
Founded1725-1727
DemolishedJune, 1754
Rebuilt1755-58
AbandonedNovember 1758
Population
 • Estimate 
(1754)
200−500
Logstown and other Native American villages, most circa 1750s.

Location edit

Logstown is located in Harmony Township, about 14 miles northwest of the Forks of the Ohio (now in downtown Pittsburgh) in an area on the east bank of the Ohio River opposite Aliquippa. The site is also due north of the Pittsburgh International Airport. Today the site is marked with a stone bearing a brass plaque placed there by the Fort McIntosh chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1932, memorializing the visit of Major George Washington to the town in November, 1753.[3]: 8 [4]

Etymology edit

A few sources claim that in 1747 the French built about 30 log cabins, some with stone chimneys, on a plateau above the original Logstown village,[5][6]: 326  and that these log cabins supposedly gave the town its name.[7] However, George P. Donehoo says that the name "was probably due to the fact that large numbers of logs were left upon the flat after the floods in the Ohio River."[8][9]

Donehoo and several other sources report that the original Lenape name of the village was Maughwawame,[10]: 42  which translates to "extensive flats."[1]: 356 [9]

The French referred to the town as "Chiningue" which Father Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps notes was their designation and not a Native name: "We called it Chiningue, from its vicinity to a river of that name."[11]: 142–43  Donehoo says that chiningue is a French word for beaver, but also suggests that it may be a corruption of ochenango, a Seneca word meaning "large bull thistles."[9]

Early history edit

The original village was settled by Shawnees, possibly as early as 1725[12] or 1730[13] on low-lying land less than a mile north of present-day Ambridge in Beaver County, Pennsylvania.[5] The population grew as groups of Lenape, Cayugas, Senecas, and Shawnees migrated west into the Ohio River Valley seeking to escape a smallpox epidemic in 1733 and a drought in 1741, creating a multi-ethnic community.[14][15] In August 1744 the town's population increased significantly when Kakowatcheky arrived with his band of Shawnee warriors and their families from Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania.[16] Kakowatcheky is sometimes credited with founding Logstown.[1]: 355–56 [17]: 88  Another early resident was Opessa Straight Tail, who moved to Logstown some time before 1750.[18] The town's population varied from approximately 200 to 500 people. In 1749 Céloron de Blainville observed fifty cabins housing about sixty warriors,[19]: 30  suggesting a population of 200 to 250 total, while in late 1758 George Croghan noted forty houses for about one hundred and twenty warriors,[20]: 97–98  suggesting a total population of 350 to 500.

In late April 1745, the Pekowi Shawnee leader Peter Chartier and about 400 Shawnees, including Meshemethequater and Neucheconeh, stopped at Logstown to visit Kakowatcheky and to try to persuade him to join them. Chartier was angry with the Provincial government of Pennsylvania for their failure to control the sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities, and his plan at that time was to bring as many Shawnees as he could over to French protection. He was on his way to Lower Shawneetown to address the Shawnees living there. Kakowatcheky, however, refused to join him, and Chartier and his people left Logstown after a brief stay.[13]

Most sources agree that the main section of the town was built on the broad, flat floodplain along the east bank of the Ohio River, with a few structures located on the west bank. Gardens and cornfields were planted on both sides of the river, on fertile, alluvial flatlands, where the town's residents cultivated maize, beans, squash, gourds, tobacco, and sunflowers. One source states that "in the year 1752...the Shawanese Inhabited Loggs Town, on the West Side of the Ohio, and tended Corn on the East Side of the River."[21]: 975  On the east bank of the river, a few homes were built on a grassy terrace above the floodplain, the so-called "upper town."[22]: 103–106 

In 1747, the Six Nations Confederacy Haudenosaunee sent two headmen as emissaries to live in Logstown and supervise the Iroquois allies: Tanacharison,[23][24] a Seneca, and Scarouady, an Oneida.[25]: 45  Tanacharison oversaw the Delawares and Scarouady supervised the Shawnees.[24]

Visit by George Croghan, 1748 edit

The provincial government of Pennsylvania was anxious to keep Native Americans in the Ohio Valley from being influenced by the French. As early as 1731, agents from Montreal had visited communities along the Ohio River, distributing goods and urging the tribes to send emissaries to Quebec to establish alliances.[1]: 183–84  On September 18, 1747, George Croghan wrote to Thomas Lawrence in Philadelphia, a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council, that one of his men, who had just come "down from ye Woods," had informed him that "the Indians at this side of the Lake Erie are making war very briskly against the French, but is very impatient to hear from their brothers, ye English, expecting a present of powder and lead; which, if they don't get, I am of opinion, by the best accounts, that they will turn to the French."[1]: 328–29  In November 1747 Scarouady and other Iroquois leaders visited Philadelphia to sign the "Treaty Between the President and Council of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Ohio Indians,"[26] promising a military alliance against the French in exchange for supplies and trade goods.[27] The Council obtained £200 worth of goods and sent Croghan to Logstown in April, 1748 to cement the terms of the treaty and secure the tribes' loyalty to the British.[13]: 132  Conrad Weiser was to follow in August with more gifts. Croghan met in council with 1500 men at Logstown, and finding the Council's gifts insufficient for all of them, he added an additional £224 in powder, lead, knives, flints, brass wire, and tobacco from his own stock. This gesture was influential in maintaining the alliance between the British and the Ohio tribes.[28]

In late July, fifty-five representatives of the Six Nations, Delawares, Shawnees, Nanticokes, and Twightwees met at the courthouse in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and signed a peace treaty with the Pennsylvania Provincial Council.[29] This treaty guaranteed commercial access to tribes across the Ohio Valley as far west as the Wabash River, an unprecedented diplomatic achievement for the English.[30][31]

Visit by Conrad Weiser, 1748 edit

In 1748, the colony of Pennsylvania sent Conrad Weiser, Pennsylvania's ambassador to the Six Nations, to Logstown.[27] Arriving on August 27, he set up his headquarters in Croghan's trading post and visited the surrounding villages.[32]: 347–358  Soon a large number of Delaware, Shawnee, Iroquois and Wyandot Indians gathered at Logstown,[33] including the Wyandot chief Orontony and five other leaders from Kuskusky, who "behav’d like People of good Sense & Sincerity."[34]: 43  Weiser met each tribe separately and then in a general council he announced that King George's War had ended and that England and France signed a peace treaty. As a result, the English had no more war supplies for them and he distributed gifts instead.[35] The chiefs complied with his request for a count of their warriors in the Ohio Valley region:[5]: 7 

 
Unnamed Iroquois chief, early 18th century.

Weiser was accompanied by "English traders, of whom there were above twenty," intending to formally establish trade with tribes represented at the council, to create a stronger relationship that would further exclude the French from operating in the region. During the council, a trader from Maryland named Nolan arrived with 30 gallons of rum and began to sell it to the Indians, much to the dismay of Weiser and Croghan, who were afraid that violence would erupt if the Indians drank too much. Several of the Logstown leaders were also unhappy, as they had petitioned the Pennsylvania provincial government as early as 1734 to restrict the sale of alcohol in Native American communities because of the social and economic problems it caused.[1] Croghan eventually decided to break open the kegs and spill the rum, in accordance with a newly-enacted Pennsylvania statute issued by Lieutenant-Governor George Thomas.[36][31]: 191–2 

After the gifts had been distributed, the chiefs told Weiser and Croghan, "Our brethren the White Men have indeed tied our hearts to theirs. We at present can but return thanks with an empty hand till another opportunity serves to do it sufficiently...In the meantime, look upon us as your true brothers."[31]

Among those accompanying Weiser was Benjamin Franklin's illegitimate son, William Franklin, only nineteen at the time, probably sent by his father as a part of his education. Franklin kept a journal of his trip which Lewis Evans used in making his 1749 map.[37] William's journey subsequently inspired his father's keen interest in the frontier.[28]

Visit by Céloron de Blainville, 1749 edit

 
Map of the route followed by Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville along the Ohio River in 1749, drawn by Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps, showing the "Village de Chingue" (Logstown).

In 1749, the Comte de La Galissonière wanted to strengthen French control over the Ohio Country, and in August he ordered the military commander at Detroit, Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville to travel down the Ohio River to demonstrate French dominance. Leading a force of eight officers, six cadets, an armorer, 20 soldiers, 180 Canadians, 30 Iroquois and 25 Abenakis,[11] Céloron moved down the river on a flotilla of 23 large boats and birch-bark canoes, on his "lead plate expedition," burying lead plates at six locations where major tributaries entered the Ohio and nailing copper plates bearing royal arms to trees to claim the territory for New France.[38]

Céloron arrived at Logstown on August 8, 1749. He regarded the town as an important point in his expedition, writing in his journal:

I made the men of my detachment brush themselves up as well as possible, so as to give them a better appearance, and I arranged everything...in good order, as I considered this one of the most considerable villages of the Beautiful River (the Ohio River)...When I was in sight of the village I discovered three French and one English flag...I had M. de Joncaire tell them to ...knock down the English [flag], or I would have it taken away myself. This was done immediately, a woman cut the pole and the flag has not been seen since...I fixed my camp securely near the village, and made it appear as strong as it was possible for me. I had body guards placed on the right and the left, I ordered sentinels to be placed at a short distance from each other, and bivouacked for the night.[11]: 29–30 

The Jesuit priest Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps, who accompanied Céloron, wrote about Logstown, which he called by its French name: "The village of Chiningué is quite new; it is hardly more than five or six years since it was established. The savages who live there are almost all Iroquois; they count about sixty warriors."[39]: 176 

Céloron reported that he was informed that warriors in Logstown had planned to attack his camp during the first night, but that his well-armed force, sentinels, and carefully planned encampment discouraged them from doing so. Later that evening "the Chiefs, accompanied by thirty or forty braves, came to salute me." They apologized for the English flag, saying that it had been put on display by some young men "for show...and without perceiving the consequences," adding that "our heart is entirely French."[11]

Céloron described Logstown and its inhabitants briefly:

This village consists of fifty cabins, composed of Iroquois, Channanous, Loups and a part of the men of the villages I had passed, who had come to seek refuge there, and to render them stronger...Besides these three nations there are in this village Iroquois from the Sault St. Louis (Kahnawake), from the Lake of Two Mountains (Mohawks of Kanesatake), and Indians from the Nepisiniques and the Abenakis, with Ontarios and other nations. This gathering forms a bad village, which is seduced by the allurements of cheap merchandise furnished by the English, which keeps them in very bad disposition towards us.[11]

He discovered some British traders living in Logstown. Incensed, he warned them to leave this territory which belonged to France.[40] and wrote a scolding note to the governor of Pennsylvania,[41]: 26  which stated in part:

I have been very much surprised to find some merchants of your government in this country, to which England has never had any pretensions. I have treated them with all possible mildness, though I had a right to look upon them as intruders and mere vagrants, their traffic being contrary to the preliminaries of the peace (Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)), signed more than fifteen months ago. I hope, Sir, you will condescend to forbid this trade for the future, which is contrary to the treaties; and that you will warn your traders not to return into these territories; for, if so, they can only impute to themselves the evils which might befall them. I know that our Governor-General would be very sorry to have to resort to violent measures, but he has received positive orders not to allow foreign merchants or traders in his government.[11]

During the night, Céloron was warned by Chabert de Joncaire that preparations were again being made in Logstown to attack the French camp, and he gave orders to his men to prepare for battle. He then sent Joncaire (who had lived in a Seneca village and spoke the language fluently)[42][43]: 298  to advise the chiefs that the French were aware of their plans. Céloron writes that the warriors did not attack, but "filed before my camp and made the accustomed salute." Chiefs from the village visited the French camp the next day with pipes of peace, and Céloron reprimanded them for contemplating violence, adding: "I know how to make war, and those who have made war with us ought to know it, too."[11]: 32 

The following day, 10 August 1749, Céloron delivered a prepared message from the Marquis de La Galissonière, the Governor of New France, which described how the English were deceiving the Ohio tribes and planning their "total ruin," adding: "I know the English only inspire you with evil sentiments, and, besides, intend, through their establishments on the Beautiful River, which belongs to me, to take it from me."[11]: 33  The aged chief Kakowatcheky, listening in the audience, was apparently outraged. George Croghan, who arrived in Logstown a few days after Céloron had left, told Richard Peters that

Old Cackewatcheka was so exasperated at the Pride & Insolence of the French pretending to say that the Indian's land belonged to them that while he [Céloron] was in the midst of his Speech, the old King being blind and unable to stand without somebody to support him said in a low voice to those next to him, Why don't you shoot this French Fellow - Shoot him - shoot him.[44]

Afterwards, Céloron called the English traders who were living in Logstown to meet with him, "to whom I addressed a summons to retire into their own territory with all their servants...They answered...that they would do so, that they knew well they had no right to trade on the Beautiful River." Bonnecamps wrote in his own diary:

The English there were 10 in number, and one among them was their chief. Monsieur de Céloron had him come, and ordered him, as he had done with the others, to return to his own country. The Englishman, who saw us ready to depart, acquiesced in all that was exacted from him, — firmly resolved, doubtless, to do nothing of the kind, as soon as our backs were turned.[39]: 176 

Céloron then distributed gifts and departed from Logstown on 12 August, proceeding downriver to Lower Shawneetown. The expulsion of the British traders and Céloron's condescending attitude irritated the Shawnees, some of whom returned to their home villages, "tearing down and trampling underfoot with contempt" the French copper plates as they went."[45]: 666 [46]: 155 

Governor James Hamilton sent George Croghan to Logstown as soon as they learned of Céloron's visit, to find out how the Indians had reacted to the French expedition. Croghan arrived in late August, only a few days after Céloron's departure, and reported that the Indians had told Céloron "that the land was their own, and while there were any Indians in those parts they would continue to trade with the English," adding that “to separate them from their brothers, the English, would be like cutting a man in two halves and then expecting him to live.”[1]: 359 

Visit by Christopher Gist, 1750 edit

In September, 1750 the Ohio Company ordered Christopher Gist to survey lands along the Ohio to find an area of 200,000 acres that the Company could take possession of, according to a 1749 grant from King George II of England.[47] Gist was instructed to

Search out and discover the Lands upon the River Ohio, & other adjoining Branches of the Mississippi down as low as the great Falls thereof: You are particularly to observe the Ways & Passes thro all the Mountains you cross, & take an exact Account of the Soil, Quality, & Product of the Land, and the Wideness and Deepness of the Rivers, & the several Falls belonging to them, together with the Courses & Bearings of the Rivers & Mountains as near as you conveniently can: You are, also to observe what Nations of Indians inhabit there, their Strength & Numbers, who they trade with, & in what Comodities they deal.[20]: 38 

Gist arrived in Logstown on 25 November, describing the path of the Ohio River as it appeared before reaching the town: "Down the River...to Loggs Town, the Lands these last 8 [miles] very rich, the Bottoms above a Mile wide, but on the SE side, scarce a Mile wide, the Hills high and steep. In the Loggs Town, I found scarce any Body but a Parcel of reprobate Indian Traders, the Chiefs of the Indians being out a hunting." In the town he found the people suspicious of his reasons for being there, as it was already clear to the Natives that the colonial governments were hoping to take possession of the land: "The People in this Town, began to enquire my Business, and because I did not readily inform them, they began to suspect me, and said, I was come to settle the Indian's Lands and they knew I should never go Home again safe." Gist invented a reason for his visit, that "I had a Message to deliver the Indians from the King, by Order of the President of Virginia," which "obtained me Quiet and Respect among them." Gist spent one night in the town and left the next day, observing the river downstream from the town: "The Bottoms upon the River below the Logg's Town very rich but narrow, the high Land pretty good but not very rich."[20]

Visit by Chabert de Joncaire, 1750-51 edit

After Céloron returned and reported his experiences, the new Governor-General of New France, the Marquis de la Jonquière, decided to send Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire back to Logstown to establish a permanent French base there.[42] In early July 1750, Joncaire set out from Montreal with a staff of eight cadets and four soldiers, in addition to two Cayuga guides. They traveled with two canoes loaded with goods, including powder and shot, intended as gifts for the Indians and for trade. They proceeded down the Allegheny to Logstown, where Joncaire had orders to establish a trading-house, two stories high, its walls fitted with crénelés, (loopholes) for defense. Joncaire was directed to explore the region, to learn all he could about the Monongahela River, to find a new route from southern Ohio to Lake Erie, to visit Lower Shawneetown and establish relations with the chiefs there, and finally, to report back to Céloron in Detroit.[43]: 359–60 

Throughout September and October the Pennsylvania government received reports that a Frenchman named "Jean Coeur," or "John Ceur" was traveling up and down the Ohio River, distributing gifts and gaining influence with the Indians.[32]

 
Conference between French and Native American leaders around 1750 by Émile Louis Vernier.

Croghan returned to Logstown again in November, 1750, to tend to his trading post there. He wrote to Governor James Hamilton on 16 November: "Yesterday, Andrew Montour and I got to this Town, where we found thirty warriors of the Six Nations...They told us that they saw John Coeur [Joncaire] about one hundred and fifty miles up this River at an Indian Town, where he intends to build a Fort if he can get liberty from the Ohio Indians. He has five canoes loaded with goods, and is very generous in making presents to all the chiefs of the Indians that he meets with."[1]: 361 

 
Map showing the French occupation of the Ohio Valley, based on Christopher Gist's surveys of 1751, showing "Logs T." to the lower left of center.

Alarmed by these continued attempts of the French to maintain influence over the Ohio tribes, the Pennsylvania government purchased gifts and sent Croghan and Montour back to Logstown. They arrived on 18 May 1751, and were welcomed warmly. Two days after they arrived, "Mr. loncoeur and one Frenchman more" arrived, accompanied by forty Iroquois warriors. On 21 May Joncaire called a council with the leaders of Logstown, and Croghan was also there. Joncaire requested that the leaders respond to Céloron's speech of August, 1749, challenging them to end all trade relations with the English. In his letter to Governor Hamilton, Croghan noted, "To enforce that speech he gave them a very large belt of wampum,"[48] a symbol of the importance of his message.[49] Keeshequeatama, Speaker for the Six Nations, replied:

You desire we may turn our Brothers, the English, away, and not suffer them to come and trade with us again. I now tell you from our hearts, we will not; for we ourselves brought them here to trade with us and they shall live amongst us as long as there is one of us alive. You are always threatening our Brothers what you will do to them, and in particular, to that man (pointing to George Croghan); now, if you have anything to say to our Brothers, tell it to him if you be a man, as you Frenchmen always say you are, and the Head of all Nations. Our Brothers are the people we will trade with, and not you.[32]: 530–41 

He then returned the belt of wampum, symbolically rejecting the French challenge to end trade with the English.

On 25 May Croghan met with Joncaire, who apologized for urging the leaders of Logstown to end trade with the English, saying that he was following orders from the Governor of Canada, but added that "he was sure the French could not accomplish their designs with the Six Nations, without it could be done by force; which, he said, he believed they [the French] would find to be as difficult as the method they had just tried, and would meet with the like success."[48]: 59 [33]

At another meeting with the town's leaders on 28 May, the Speaker of the Six Nations addressed Joncaire directly, saying, "Is it not our land (stamping on the ground, and putting his finger to Joncair's nose)? What right has Onontio (the Governor of New France) to our lands? I desire you may go home directly off our lands and tell Onontio to send us word immediately what was his reason for using our Brothers so, or what he means by such proceedings, that we may know what to do; for I can assure Onontio that we, the Six Nations, will not take such usage."[48]: 69 

On 4 June 1751 Joncaire wrote directly to Governor Hamilton from Logstown, in French, with a warning:

Monsieur the Marquis de La Jonquiere, Governor of the whole of New France, having honored me with his orders to watch that the English should make no treaty in the country of the Ohio, I have directed the traders of your government to withdraw. You cannot be ignorant, sir, that all the lands of this region have always belonged to the King of France, and that the English have no right to come there to trade. My superior has commanded me to apprise you of what I have done, in order that you might not affect ignorance of the reasons of it, and he has given me this order with so much the greater reason because it is now two years since Monsieur Céloron, by order of Monsieur de La Galissoniere, then Commandant General, warned many English who were trading with the Indians along the Ohio, against doing so, and they promised him not to return to trade on the lands, as Monsieur Céloron wrote to you.

I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your very humble and obedient servant,
Joncaire
Lieutenant of a detachment of the Marine[32]: 541 

Joncaire apparently abandoned the idea of constructing a blockhouse, and Governor Duquesne began preparations to send French and Canadian troupes de la marine to the south shore of Lake Erie, under the command of Paul Marin de la Malgue,[50] to build a road and construct a series of forts (Fort Presque Isle, Fort Le Boeuf, Fort Machault), and later, Fort Duquesne.[51]

English attempts to build a fort at Logstown edit

The Ohio Iroquois had been reluctant to allow the English to build forts in the region. As early as March 23, 1731, Seneca chiefs sent a message to Governor Patrick Gordon: "It is [our] land but your people may trade there but not build Stone or Timber houses, but of Bark."[52] Twenty years later, the English began working to obtain permission to build forts.

George Croghan was in Logstown in November, 1750 when the residents mentioned to him that Joncaire was exploring the idea of building a French fort nearby. In his letter of 16 November to Governor Hamilton, Croghan then adds: "We have seen but very few of the Chiefs of the Indians they being all out a hunting, but those we have seen are of opinion that their Brothers the English ought to have a Fort on this River to secure the Trade."[48]: 54  Governor Hamilton was evidently anxious to pursue this opportunity, and wanted Croghan to obtain approval from the Logstown sachems for the construction of an English fort, but told Croghan that no official request to build a fort should be made. Instead, Croghan was instructed to find out how the Indians felt about having an English stronghold on the Ohio.[53]

On 29 May 1751, at a council meeting at Logstown between George Croghan, Andrew Montour and representatives of the Six Nations, Croghan reported the following statement from Iroquois speaker Toanahiso:

We expect that you our Brothers will build a Strong House on the River Ohio, that if we should be obliged to engage in a war that we should have a Place to secure our Wives and Children...Now, Brothers, we will take two months to consider and choose out a place fit for that Purpose, and then we will send You word. We hope Brothers that as soon as you receive our Message you will order such a House to be built. Brothers: that you may consider well the necessity of building such a Place of Security to strengthen our arms, and that this, our first request of that kind may have a good effect on your minds.[36]: 538–39 

Governor Hamilton used this statement as evidence to the Pennsylvania Provincial Council that they should pay for the construction of a fort at a site selected by the sachems at Logstown, arguing that unless the fort were built, the English might lose not only Indian support, but control over the fur trade in Ohio. But Andrew Montour contradicted Croghan's account, stating that the Indians had never requested a fort but had only agreed to consider the idea.[53] Montour doubted that they would allow a fort to be built near Logstown. As a result, the Provincial Council decided not to provide funding for a fort, arguing that fair dealings and occasional presents would hold the Indians as allies.[36]: 547  At the Treaty of Logstown in June 1752, Tanacharison agreed to the construction of a fort upriver from Logstown, but his figurehead authority as half-king did not allow him to speak for the Onondaga Council. The following summer, Virginia's Ohio Company obtained permission from the Six Nations to build Fort Prince George, but construction did not begin until February of 1754.[54]: 54 

Treaty of Logstown, 1752 edit

 
1751 map by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson depicting "Log's Town," at the upper margin.

In 1749 the British Crown awarded the Ohio Company a grant of 500,000 acres in the Ohio Country between the Monongahela and the Kanawha Rivers, provided that the company would settle 100 families within seven years.[55] The Ohio Company was also required to construct a fort and provide a garrison to protect the settlement at their own expense.[56] The Treaty of Logstown was intended to open up land for settlement so that the Ohio Company could meet the seven-year deadline, and to obtain explicit permission to construct a fort.[47][57]: 123–144 

Between 1 and 13 June 1752, the British held a council at Logstown with representatives of the Six Nations, and the Lenape and Shawnee who had been tributary to them. Colonel Joshua Fry, James Patton, and Lunsford Lomax represented the Colony of Virginia,[58] and Christopher Gist, Thomas Lee, William Trent,[59] and William Beverley represented the Ohio Company.[60]

One of the main purposes of the Logstown treaty conference was to confirm the 1744 Lancaster Treaty in which the Six Nations supposedly gave up territory to Virginia, along the Ohio River on the southeast, as there was anxiety on the part of the colonial authorities as to whether the Indians were still willing to abide by the treaty.[61] The Ohio Company and the Virginia commissioners also wanted the Ohio tribes to grant permission to build a fort at the forks of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers and to allow new English settlements to be established on a half-million acres of unsettled land to the west and north of the Ohio River. The Company wanted to open trade with the Ohio Indians, which the French had forbidden.[15] The Virginia and Pennsylvania delegates reminded the Delawares and Shawnees, "We advise and exhort you to beware of French Councils, and that you will adhere to a strict friendship with us (the English colonies and the Six Nations)."[60]

At first, the Iroquois sachem, Tanacharison (referred to in the treaty as "Thonariss, called by the English the half King"),[24] reminded the Virginia officials that "the lands then sold [by the Six Nations at Lancaster in 1744] were to extend no further to the sunset [west] than the hill on the other [eastern] side of Allagany Hill," but he was eventually forced to cede Iroquois lands beyond the Alleghenies, granting access to the territory the colonial authorities wanted. The Virginia representatives also tried to pretend that Indians would still have access to these lands, stating in the treaty: "Be assur'd that the King, our Father, by purchasing your Lands, had never any Intention of takeing them from you, but that we might live together as one People, & keep them from the French, who wou'd be bad Neighbours."[60]

After much urging from Andrew Montour, Tanacharison reluctantly agreed to allow a British fort to be built at the mouth of the Monongahela River,[62]: 104  the site of present-day Pittsburgh.

At the conclusion of the Logstown conference, Tanacharison promised that existing settlements southeast of the Ohio River "shall be unmolested by us, and that we will, as far as in our power, assist and Protect the British Subjects there."[60][63] In spite of Tanacharison's promises, the Ohio Indians did not agree to allow English settlements in the Ohio region,[9] and Scarouady, the Oneida half king to the Shawnees, warned, "we [the Ohio Indians] intend to keep our country clear of settlements."[62]: 103  Tanacharison himself had regrets, and a year later he told the French "we live in a country in between [the French and the English colonies], therefore the land belongs to neither one nor t'other."[62]: 104 

 
Forts built by the French in Western Pennsylvania in 1753.

Technically, the treaty signed by the "Half-king" was not binding on the part of the Onondaga Council, although the colonial commissioners and the Ohio Company hoped that they would support the treaty, or at least agree to consider additional treaties in the coming months.[49]

Appointment of Shingas as chief of the Lenape edit

Since the death of Sassoonan in 1747, the Lenape had been without an effective leader. Sassoonan had selected Pisquetomen as his successor, but James Logan saw him as an obstinate and independent obstructionist to Pennsylvania's political agenda.[64]: 209  Logan also wanted a leader with the determination to bring those Lenape who had migrated to Ohio back to the Susquehanna region, and felt that Pisquetomen would be unable and unwilling to attempt this.[64]: 246  Logan and Weiser actively tried to promote Lappapitton as Sassoonan's successor, but Lappapitton declined out of respect for Pisquetomen.[65] The Iroquois instructed Tanacharison to decide on a leader acceptable to all parties, and at Logstown Tanacharison presented Shingas as his choice, arguing "that is our right to give you a King" to represent the Lenape in "all publick Business" between the Lenape, the Six Nations, and the British.[60]: 164  Tanacharison announced to the Virginia commissioners, "we have given our Cousins, the Delawars, a King, who lives there, we desire you will look upon him as a Chief of that Nation." Shingas was absent from the treaty conference, so Tamaqua "stood proxy for his brother and was presented with a lace hat and jacket and suit."[60]: 167 

French response to the treaty edit

The French wanted to maintain control of the Ohio Valley because it lay between their two great provinces of Canada and La Louisiane, and English control of the region would make French commerce, defense and communication slower, more expensive, and less secure.[49] They responded to the news of the treaty by sending troops to construct and garrison a series of forts, intended to solidify their military presence in the Ohio region, intimidate the Native American inhabitants, and keep the British out. Francois Bigot, intendant of New France since 1748, wrote this summary of the French plan on 26 October 1752:

It is necessary to send 2000 Frenchmen with 200 of our domiciliated savages to this river (the Ohio)...in the spring; to build a store house at the lower end of this portage on the shore of Lake Erie, and another at the end of this same portage on Lake Chatakouin; likewise, to make a fort at La Paille Coupée (Brokenstraw Creek, later the site of Fort Le Boeuf) where M. de Joncaire is located, another at the Written Rock (McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, below Pittsburgh) or at Chiningué (Logstown), and a third at Sonhioto (the Scioto River, site of Lower Shawneetown). The garrisons of these forts will be taken from the 2000 men.[66]: 20 

 
George Washington's 1754 map of the confluence of the Ohio and the Monongahela rivers, showing "The Log's Town."

In late 1753 (the exact date is unknown) the sachems at Logstown received a letter from Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre stating:

I am commanded to build four strong Houses, viz. at Weningo, Mohongialo Forks, Logs-Town, and Beaver Creek, and this I will do...All the Land and Waters on this Side Allegheny Hills are mine, on the other Side theirs; this is agreed on between the two Crowns over the great Waters. I do not like your selling your Lands to the English; they shall draw you into no more foolish Bargains. I will take Care of your Lands for you, and of you.[67]

Visit by George Washington, 1753 edit

 
"Washington in the Indian Council," by Junius Brutus Stearns (1847), depicting Washington (standing) and Gist meeting with Shingas, Scarouady, Tanacharison, and other Native American leaders at Logstown in November, 1753.

In late 1753, Virginia Governor Dinwiddie appointed newly-commissioned Major George Washington as a special envoy to the French commander at Fort Le Boeuf to demand that the French vacate the Ohio Valley territory, which the British had claimed.[68] Washington was also ordered to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy and to gather intelligence about the French forces.[69]: 15–16 

Washington left Williamsburg, Virginia on 30 October with eight men, heading to Logstown to meet with Iroquois allies.[70]: 18  On his way, he stopped at the homestead of Christopher Gist near Wills Creek and Gist joined them.[71]

Arriving in Logstown on 23 November, Washington held council with Shingas, Scarouady, and Tanacharison, who had recently returned from a journey to Fort Le Boeuf himself.[71] The chiefs provided Washington with information about the best route to Fort Le Boeuf, and called a council of sachems. Washington explained his mission, and received assurances that the Indians and the English "were brothers." Tanacharison told Washington that "he cou’d not consent to our going without a Guard, for fear some Accident shou’d befall us," and volunteered to accompany Washington, along with Kaghswaghtaniunt (White Thunder),[72] Guyasuta, and Jeskakake, on his journey to Fort Le Boeuf.[24] Their purpose was to return three belts of Wampum sent by the French as a symbol of friendship. Returning the wampum was a gesture intended to show Washington that the sachems at Logstown were allied with the English.[49] Washington wrote in his diary that "I knew that returning of Wampum was the abolishing of Agreements; & giving this up was shaking of all Dependence upon the French."[71]

 
George Washington (left) meeting with French military commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre at Fort Le Boeuf in 1753. In the background are Tanacharison and another Indian from Logstown, possibly Guyasuta.

While at Logstown, Washington encountered four French deserters who had fled from a French military supply convoy from Fort de Chartres in Illinois, under the command of Captain Demazilière and headed towards Lake Erie, where a French military force under the command of Paul Marin de la Malgue[73] was building a road between Fort Presque Isle, Fort Le Boeuf, and Fort Machault.[51][74]: 156  The deserters had learned of La Malgue's sudden death on 29 October and had taken refuge in Lower Shawneetown. They were on their way to Philadelphia in the company of an English trader.[71]

Washington and his men left Logstown on 30 November and reached Venango at French Creek on 4 December, where they were warmly greeted by Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire, who was in command of the French troops at Venango. Joncaire provided Washington's men with wine and brandy, and the Indians, when intoxicated, declared their loyalty to the French. It took Washington three days to persuade them to move on to Fort Le Boeuf, where they met the French commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre. Tanacharison tried to return the wampum to Saint-Pierre, "who evaded taking it, & made many fair Promises of Love & Friendship; said he wanted to live in Peace & trade amicably with them; as a Proof of which, he wou’d send some Goods immediately down to the Logstown for them." The French refused to consider leaving the area, and gave Washington a reply to deliver personally to Williamsburg.[71]

French attempts to build a fort at Logstown edit

After Washington's return to Williamsburg, Governor Dinwiddie wrote to Governor James De Lancey of New York about Washington's mission, stating:

On his arrival he found that the French had taken a post on a branch of the River Ohio, and built a Fort...and that they had in readiness materials for other forts, which they declared their intentions to erect on the River, and particularly at Logstown, the place destined for their chief residence, as soon as the season would permit them to embark.[1]: 373 

 
1754 map of British plantations in North America, showing "Loggs Town" on the Ohio.

Tanacharison returned to Logstown on 15 January 1754,[24]: 74  escorted by a French detachment under Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie[75] which set up a temporary post nearby.[24] George Croghan had arrived in Logstown the day before, accompanied by the trader John Patten, and observed the arrival of the French troops, "an Ensign, a Sergeant, and Fifteen Soldiers."[48]: 74  The next day, as Patten was walking around the town, the French commandant ordered him to be arrested. Tanacharison and Croghan protested vigorously, and Croghan noted that the residents of Logstown seemed very opposed to the presence of French soldiers in the town. The French decided to "board their Canoes and set off to a small Town of the Six Nations about two Miles below the Log's Town, where [La Chauvignerie] intends to stay till the Rest of their Army come down." Correspondence between La Chauvignerie and his superior at Fort Le Boeuf, Saint-Pierre, describe the French soldiers as suffering from hunger and cold, as firewood was difficult to find. La Chauvignerie writes on February 10: "We are on the eve of being without food...The scarcity of wood which prevails in this place causes us all to be exposed to the harshness of the weather...I shall take every care to keep the tribes as peaceful as possible until a reinforcement arrives."[75]: 123 

Saint-Pierre was evidently planning to construct a fort near Logstown and to drive away any English settlers. Governor Duquesne wrote orders to Captain Michel Péan:

 
1755 map by John Mitchell showing "Logs T. built & settled by the English several years agoe," upper left of map's center.

When Sieur Péan arrives at Chiningué, if Sieur de Contrecoeur thinks it advisable, he will put his troops to work strengthening the establishment of the fort and, if necessary, enlarging it, in order to take care of as many as two hundred men in garrison for an entire year...When this fort is entirely finished or in the final stages of completion by its garrison, Sieur Péan...will continue...to the Rivière à la Roche.[76]: 48  In case he found on his way some English establishments not farther than six leagues from the river, he would call on them to retire, would give the plunder to the savages and destroy these settlements."[75]: 134–35 

The French fort at Logstown was to be built by Contrecoeur, whose original orders had been to proceed down the Allegheny and Ohio and establish a military base there. The French had been planning to build a fort at Logstown since 1753, and had sent a sizeable French force to the south shore of Lake Erie to build roads and clear the rivers of rocks and driftwood so that boats could bring supplies. Problems with supplies and illness among the troops had slowed progress,[75] however, and the sudden death of Marin, the commander, at Fort Le Boeuf on 29 October forced the French to postpone the project.[66]: 22–23 

Then on 4 March 1754, La Chauvignerie discovered English soldiers building Fort Prince George at the confluence of the Ohio and the Monongahela rivers.[54][75]: 129  Contrecoeur seized it on 18 April 1754, and razed it to build Fort Duquesne.[77] The French then decided that a fort at Logstown was unnecessary, particularly because of the lack of trees for lumber.[78]: 57 

Destruction of Logstown, 1754 edit

A few days before Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity on 3 July, 1754, Scarouady burned down Logstown. Washington's journal entry for 26 June, 1754, reads: "An Indian arrived bearing the news that Monacatoocha (Scarouady) had burned his village, Logstown, and was gone by water with his people to Red-Stone, and might be expected there in two days."[79][80]: 128  Henry Wilson Temple reports that the town's inhabitants destroyed it "fearing lest they might be punished for their alliance with the French."[77]: 257  About 200 of the town's Iroquois, Shawnee and Lenape residents moved to Fort Cumberland, and later to the Aughwick Valley near present-day Shirleysburg, Pennsylvania.[1]: 377 

Later years edit

Rebuilding, 1755 edit

In March, 1755, French forces began rebuilding the village. Joseph Gaspard Chaussegros de Lery passed the site of the town on 5 April, 1755 and refers to it as the "Little Chaouanon Village."[74]: 180  Progress was initially slow. Charles Stuart, who was taken captive by a group of Lenape and Shawnee warriors in October, 1755, was taken to Logstown in December and reported: "When we came to Loggs town we found all the Cabbins waste but Three."[81]: 67 

In December, 1755, George Croghan hired a Lenape Indian named Jo Hickman to visit Kittanning and Logstown and bring back information on the number of warriors and European prisoners in each place, as Indian raids on settlements had become frequent, and the Pennsylvania Provincial Council was contemplating sending a military force to attack one or both of these communities. At Logstown Hickman observed "about 100 Indians and 30 English prisoners."[82][83]: 449 

Christian Frederick Post visited the town in December, 1758, and wrote in his journal: "I came to Logs Town, situated on a hill. On the east end is a great piece of low land, where the Old Log's Town used to stand. In the New Log's Town, the French have built about thirty houses for the Indians."[1]: 377 [84]: 57 

John McCullough was 8 years old when he was captured by Lenape warriors in July, 1756, and brought to "Shenango," (a corruption of Chiningué). In his captivity narrative he reports living there with a Lenape family for two and a half years and states that Logstown "lay in a semi-circular form, round the bend of a creek." He refers to an upper town and a lower town. In late 1758, he moved to "Kseek-he-ooing" (possibly Saucunk) and was released in December, 1764, along with over 200 other captives, by order of Colonel Henry Bouquet.[85]

Abandonment, 1758 edit

In late 1758, Logtown's inhabitants were invited to establish a new town on the Upper Scioto, at Pickaway Plains, by the former residents of Lower Shawneetown, who had abandoned their village in November 1758.[86]: 339–340  On 26 November, George Croghan and Andrew Montour proceeded down the river to Shingas's Town (Saucunk). In his journal, Croghan writes:

Set off at seven o'clock, in company with six Delawares, and that night arrived at Logs Town, which we found deserted by its late inhabitants. On inquiring the reason of their speedy flight, the Delawares informed me the Lower Shanoes [inhabitants of Lower Shawneetown] had removed off the River up Sihotta (Scioto), to a great plain called Moguck, and sent for those that lived here to come there and live with them, and quit the French, and at the same time the deputies of the Six Nations, which I had sent from Easton, came and hastened their departure. In this Town [Logstown] is forty houses, all built for them by the French, and lived here about one hundred and twenty warriors.[20]: 97–98 [1]: 378 

 
1764 map by Thomas Hutchins of Henry Bouquet's expedition showing "Logs Town" on the Ohio, seen on the right side of the page.

Henry Bouquet passed through the area in 1764, en route with 1,500 troops to Ohio, writing in his journal:

Friday, October 5. In this day's march, the Army passed through Loggstown, situated seventeen miles and an half, fifty-seven perches by the path from Fort Pitt. This place was noted before the last war for the great trade carried on there by the English and French, but its inhabitants abandoned it in the year 1758. The lower town extended about sixty perches over a rich bottom to the foot of a low, steep ridge, on the summit of which, near the declivity, stood the upper town, commanding a most agreeable prospect over the lower and quite across the Ohio, which is quite five hundred yards wide here, and by its majestic, easy current adds much to the beauty of the place.[87]

 
1776 map by John Montrésor showing Logs Town near Fort Pitt.

George Croghan returned to the area in 1765. His journal entry for 16 May says:

We set off at seven o'clock in the morning, and at ten o'clock arrived at the Logs Town, an old settlement of the Shawnesse, about seventeen miles from Fort Pitt, where we put ashore, and viewed the remains of that village, which was situated on a high bank, on the south side of the Ohio river, a fine fertile country round it.[48]: 127 

George Washington returned to the area and noted in his journal that on 21 October 1770 he "breakfasted at Logstown" with George Croghan and Alexander McKee,[1]: 380  but says nothing of the community or its inhabitants.[88] On 5 September 1772, the Reverend David McClure visited John Gibson, a trader, at "his house in Logs Town, which was the only house there."[1]: 380 

Arthur Lee, an Indian Commissioner, visited Fort McIntosh in 1784. His journal entry for December 17 begins: "We embarked on the Monongahela, and soon entered the Ohio...Four miles down the River brings you to Montour's Island...The next place is Loggstown, which was formerly a settlement on both sides of the Ohio, and the place where the Treaty of Lancaster was confirmed by the Western Indians."[1]: 382 

Legionville, 1792 edit

In 1792, General Anthony Wayne established a military training base for the newly formed Legion of the United States on ground situated where Logstown's "upper town" had been.[22][77] Legionville became the first basic training camp for regular Army recruits, and was the first facility established expressly for this purpose.[89] In March, 1793 the Seneca leader Guyasuta, a former resident of Logstown, was invited to Legionville to meet with General Wayne for peace talks.[21]: 997  The site was vacated in 1793 after the troops left to fight in the Northwest Indian War.[90]

Archaeological excavations edit

 
Historical marker at the former site of Logstown, near present-day Ambridge in Beaver County, Pennsylvania.

The only known archaeological studies of the Logstown site took place in 1940[91] and 1942.[92] The 1955 Annals of the Carnegie Museum states: "One unsuccessful attempt has been made [in 1942] to locate the late Historic village known as Logstown."[93]: 164 

In 2011 an archaeological survey of the Beaver Creek area noted that the Logstown site has never been

...formally excavated by professional archaeologists. Advancement of the Colonial period...had a devastating effect on the archaeological record of the last organized native villages of the western part of the state. Further destruction occurred as industry and development expanded, and any remains that survived the initial onslaught [were] likely wiped away. [94]: 94 

In 2019 the National Park Service conducted a survey of the route traveled by George Washington from Williamsburg, Virginia to Fort LeBoeuf between October, 1753 and January, 1754, to determine the feasibility of designating this a National Historic Trail. The report notes that "The site of Logs Town, an Indian village that Washington visited in 1753, also has...potential for an archeological survey."[3]: 28 

See also edit

Further reading edit

  • Logstown on the Ohio (1894)
  • 1752 Treaty of Logstown
  • Henry Wilson Temple, Logstown (1918)
  • George P. Donehoo, "Logstown," excerpt from "A History of Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania," in Milestones, Vol 3, No 2. Spring 1977
  • The Story of Logstown Revisited: "Logstown: A Legacy Lost" published by the Logstown Associates Historical Society, South News, September 4, 1997
  • Jenny Wagner, "Native Americans shaped Beaver County, from its land to its Politics," The Times Online, Feb 25 2015
  • Shawn MacIntyre, "Logstown." Posted on January 7, 2020
  • Leon J. Pollom, "Logstown1: You Don’t Know Logstown," Now Then, Pittsburgh: Interesting Bits of the Past. Posted November 4, 2018
  • Leon J. Pollom, "Logstown2: Where Drowned Trees Went," Now Then, Pittsburgh: Interesting Bits of the Past. Posted November 7, 2018

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December 15, 2023
logstown, riverside, village, 1725, 1727, 1758, also, known, logg, town, french, chiningue, transliterated, shenango, near, modern, baden, pennsylvania, significant, native, american, settlement, western, pennsylvania, site, 1752, signing, treaty, between, ohi. The riverside village of Logstown 1725 1727 1758 also known as Logg s Town French Chiningue 1 356 transliterated to Shenango near modern day Baden Pennsylvania was a significant Native American settlement in Western Pennsylvania and the site of the 1752 signing of the Treaty of Logstown between the Ohio Company the Colony of Virginia and the Six Nations which occupied the region Being an unusually large settlement and because of its strategic location in the Ohio Country an area contested by France and England Logstown was an important community for all parties living along the Ohio and tributary rivers Logstown was a prominent trade and council site for the contending British and French colonial governments both of which made abortive plans to construct forts near the town 2 Logstown was burned in 1754 and although it was rebuilt in the years following the French and Indian War it became depopulated and was eventually abandoned Logstown MaughwawameHistoric Native American villageThe stone marker at or near the former site of Logstown 1725 1758 Etymology Unami maughwawame extensive flats 1 356 Location in Beaver County and state of PennsylvaniaLocation of Pennsylvania in the United StatesCoordinates 40 37 23 N 80 13 36 W 40 622942 N 80 226675 W 40 622942 80 226675StatePennsylvaniaPresent day CommunityHarmony Township Beaver County PennsylvaniaFounded1725 1727DemolishedJune 1754Rebuilt1755 58AbandonedNovember 1758Population Estimate 1754 200 500Logstown and other Native American villages most circa 1750s Contents 1 Location 2 Etymology 3 Early history 4 Visit by George Croghan 1748 5 Visit by Conrad Weiser 1748 6 Visit by Celoron de Blainville 1749 7 Visit by Christopher Gist 1750 8 Visit by Chabert de Joncaire 1750 51 9 English attempts to build a fort at Logstown 10 Treaty of Logstown 1752 10 1 Appointment of Shingas as chief of the Lenape 10 2 French response to the treaty 11 Visit by George Washington 1753 12 French attempts to build a fort at Logstown 13 Destruction of Logstown 1754 14 Later years 14 1 Rebuilding 1755 14 2 Abandonment 1758 14 3 Legionville 1792 15 Archaeological excavations 16 See also 17 Further reading 18 ReferencesLocation editLogstown is located in Harmony Township about 14 miles northwest of the Forks of the Ohio now in downtown Pittsburgh in an area on the east bank of the Ohio River opposite Aliquippa The site is also due north of the Pittsburgh International Airport Today the site is marked with a stone bearing a brass plaque placed there by the Fort McIntosh chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1932 memorializing the visit of Major George Washington to the town in November 1753 3 8 4 Etymology editA few sources claim that in 1747 the French built about 30 log cabins some with stone chimneys on a plateau above the original Logstown village 5 6 326 and that these log cabins supposedly gave the town its name 7 However George P Donehoo says that the name was probably due to the fact that large numbers of logs were left upon the flat after the floods in the Ohio River 8 9 Donehoo and several other sources report that the original Lenape name of the village was Maughwawame 10 42 which translates to extensive flats 1 356 9 The French referred to the town as Chiningue which Father Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps notes was their designation and not a Native name We called it Chiningue from its vicinity to a river of that name 11 142 43 Donehoo says that chiningue is a French word for beaver but also suggests that it may be a corruption of ochenango a Seneca word meaning large bull thistles 9 Early history editThe original village was settled by Shawnees possibly as early as 1725 12 or 1730 13 on low lying land less than a mile north of present day Ambridge in Beaver County Pennsylvania 5 The population grew as groups of Lenape Cayugas Senecas and Shawnees migrated west into the Ohio River Valley seeking to escape a smallpox epidemic in 1733 and a drought in 1741 creating a multi ethnic community 14 15 In August 1744 the town s population increased significantly when Kakowatcheky arrived with his band of Shawnee warriors and their families from Wyoming Valley Pennsylvania 16 Kakowatcheky is sometimes credited with founding Logstown 1 355 56 17 88 Another early resident was Opessa Straight Tail who moved to Logstown some time before 1750 18 The town s population varied from approximately 200 to 500 people In 1749 Celoron de Blainville observed fifty cabins housing about sixty warriors 19 30 suggesting a population of 200 to 250 total while in late 1758 George Croghan noted forty houses for about one hundred and twenty warriors 20 97 98 suggesting a total population of 350 to 500 In late April 1745 the Pekowi Shawnee leader Peter Chartier and about 400 Shawnees including Meshemethequater and Neucheconeh stopped at Logstown to visit Kakowatcheky and to try to persuade him to join them Chartier was angry with the Provincial government of Pennsylvania for their failure to control the sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities and his plan at that time was to bring as many Shawnees as he could over to French protection He was on his way to Lower Shawneetown to address the Shawnees living there Kakowatcheky however refused to join him and Chartier and his people left Logstown after a brief stay 13 Most sources agree that the main section of the town was built on the broad flat floodplain along the east bank of the Ohio River with a few structures located on the west bank Gardens and cornfields were planted on both sides of the river on fertile alluvial flatlands where the town s residents cultivated maize beans squash gourds tobacco and sunflowers One source states that in the year 1752 the Shawanese Inhabited Loggs Town on the West Side of the Ohio and tended Corn on the East Side of the River 21 975 On the east bank of the river a few homes were built on a grassy terrace above the floodplain the so called upper town 22 103 106 In 1747 the Six Nations Confederacy Haudenosaunee sent two headmen as emissaries to live in Logstown and supervise the Iroquois allies Tanacharison 23 24 a Seneca and Scarouady an Oneida 25 45 Tanacharison oversaw the Delawares and Scarouady supervised the Shawnees 24 Visit by George Croghan 1748 editThe provincial government of Pennsylvania was anxious to keep Native Americans in the Ohio Valley from being influenced by the French As early as 1731 agents from Montreal had visited communities along the Ohio River distributing goods and urging the tribes to send emissaries to Quebec to establish alliances 1 183 84 On September 18 1747 George Croghan wrote to Thomas Lawrence in Philadelphia a member of the Pennsylvania Provincial Council that one of his men who had just come down from ye Woods had informed him that the Indians at this side of the Lake Erie are making war very briskly against the French but is very impatient to hear from their brothers ye English expecting a present of powder and lead which if they don t get I am of opinion by the best accounts that they will turn to the French 1 328 29 In November 1747 Scarouady and other Iroquois leaders visited Philadelphia to sign the Treaty Between the President and Council of the Province of Pennsylvania and the Ohio Indians 26 promising a military alliance against the French in exchange for supplies and trade goods 27 The Council obtained 200 worth of goods and sent Croghan to Logstown in April 1748 to cement the terms of the treaty and secure the tribes loyalty to the British 13 132 Conrad Weiser was to follow in August with more gifts Croghan met in council with 1500 men at Logstown and finding the Council s gifts insufficient for all of them he added an additional 224 in powder lead knives flints brass wire and tobacco from his own stock This gesture was influential in maintaining the alliance between the British and the Ohio tribes 28 In late July fifty five representatives of the Six Nations Delawares Shawnees Nanticokes and Twightwees met at the courthouse in Lancaster Pennsylvania and signed a peace treaty with the Pennsylvania Provincial Council 29 This treaty guaranteed commercial access to tribes across the Ohio Valley as far west as the Wabash River an unprecedented diplomatic achievement for the English 30 31 Visit by Conrad Weiser 1748 editIn 1748 the colony of Pennsylvania sent Conrad Weiser Pennsylvania s ambassador to the Six Nations to Logstown 27 Arriving on August 27 he set up his headquarters in Croghan s trading post and visited the surrounding villages 32 347 358 Soon a large number of Delaware Shawnee Iroquois and Wyandot Indians gathered at Logstown 33 including the Wyandot chief Orontony and five other leaders from Kuskusky who behav d like People of good Sense amp Sincerity 34 43 Weiser met each tribe separately and then in a general council he announced that King George s War had ended and that England and France signed a peace treaty As a result the English had no more war supplies for them and he distributed gifts instead 35 The chiefs complied with his request for a count of their warriors in the Ohio Valley region 5 7 nbsp Unnamed Iroquois chief early 18th century Iroquois or Six Nations Senecas 163 Onondagas 35 Oneidas 15 Cayugas 20 Mohawks 74 Allies of Iroquois Wyandots 100 Others Shawnees 162 Tisagechroamis 40 Mohicans 15 Lenape Delaware 165 Total 789 1 357 Weiser was accompanied by English traders of whom there were above twenty intending to formally establish trade with tribes represented at the council to create a stronger relationship that would further exclude the French from operating in the region During the council a trader from Maryland named Nolan arrived with 30 gallons of rum and began to sell it to the Indians much to the dismay of Weiser and Croghan who were afraid that violence would erupt if the Indians drank too much Several of the Logstown leaders were also unhappy as they had petitioned the Pennsylvania provincial government as early as 1734 to restrict the sale of alcohol in Native American communities because of the social and economic problems it caused 1 Croghan eventually decided to break open the kegs and spill the rum in accordance with a newly enacted Pennsylvania statute issued by Lieutenant Governor George Thomas 36 31 191 2 After the gifts had been distributed the chiefs told Weiser and Croghan Our brethren the White Men have indeed tied our hearts to theirs We at present can but return thanks with an empty hand till another opportunity serves to do it sufficiently In the meantime look upon us as your true brothers 31 Among those accompanying Weiser was Benjamin Franklin s illegitimate son William Franklin only nineteen at the time probably sent by his father as a part of his education Franklin kept a journal of his trip which Lewis Evans used in making his 1749 map 37 William s journey subsequently inspired his father s keen interest in the frontier 28 Visit by Celoron de Blainville 1749 edit nbsp Map of the route followed by Pierre Joseph Celoron de Blainville along the Ohio River in 1749 drawn by Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps showing the Village de Chingue Logstown In 1749 the Comte de La Galissoniere wanted to strengthen French control over the Ohio Country and in August he ordered the military commander at Detroit Pierre Joseph Celoron de Blainville to travel down the Ohio River to demonstrate French dominance Leading a force of eight officers six cadets an armorer 20 soldiers 180 Canadians 30 Iroquois and 25 Abenakis 11 Celoron moved down the river on a flotilla of 23 large boats and birch bark canoes on his lead plate expedition burying lead plates at six locations where major tributaries entered the Ohio and nailing copper plates bearing royal arms to trees to claim the territory for New France 38 Celoron arrived at Logstown on August 8 1749 He regarded the town as an important point in his expedition writing in his journal I made the men of my detachment brush themselves up as well as possible so as to give them a better appearance and I arranged everything in good order as I considered this one of the most considerable villages of the Beautiful River the Ohio River When I was in sight of the village I discovered three French and one English flag I had M de Joncaire tell them to knock down the English flag or I would have it taken away myself This was done immediately a woman cut the pole and the flag has not been seen since I fixed my camp securely near the village and made it appear as strong as it was possible for me I had body guards placed on the right and the left I ordered sentinels to be placed at a short distance from each other and bivouacked for the night 11 29 30 The Jesuit priest Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps who accompanied Celoron wrote about Logstown which he called by its French name The village of Chiningue is quite new it is hardly more than five or six years since it was established The savages who live there are almost all Iroquois they count about sixty warriors 39 176 Celoron reported that he was informed that warriors in Logstown had planned to attack his camp during the first night but that his well armed force sentinels and carefully planned encampment discouraged them from doing so Later that evening the Chiefs accompanied by thirty or forty braves came to salute me They apologized for the English flag saying that it had been put on display by some young men for show and without perceiving the consequences adding that our heart is entirely French 11 Celoron described Logstown and its inhabitants briefly This village consists of fifty cabins composed of Iroquois Channanous Loups and a part of the men of the villages I had passed who had come to seek refuge there and to render them stronger Besides these three nations there are in this village Iroquois from the Sault St Louis Kahnawake from the Lake of Two Mountains Mohawks of Kanesatake and Indians from the Nepisiniques and the Abenakis with Ontarios and other nations This gathering forms a bad village which is seduced by the allurements of cheap merchandise furnished by the English which keeps them in very bad disposition towards us 11 He discovered some British traders living in Logstown Incensed he warned them to leave this territory which belonged to France 40 and wrote a scolding note to the governor of Pennsylvania 41 26 which stated in part I have been very much surprised to find some merchants of your government in this country to which England has never had any pretensions I have treated them with all possible mildness though I had a right to look upon them as intruders and mere vagrants their traffic being contrary to the preliminaries of the peace Treaty of Aix la Chapelle 1748 signed more than fifteen months ago I hope Sir you will condescend to forbid this trade for the future which is contrary to the treaties and that you will warn your traders not to return into these territories for if so they can only impute to themselves the evils which might befall them I know that our Governor General would be very sorry to have to resort to violent measures but he has received positive orders not to allow foreign merchants or traders in his government 11 During the night Celoron was warned by Chabert de Joncaire that preparations were again being made in Logstown to attack the French camp and he gave orders to his men to prepare for battle He then sent Joncaire who had lived in a Seneca village and spoke the language fluently 42 43 298 to advise the chiefs that the French were aware of their plans Celoron writes that the warriors did not attack but filed before my camp and made the accustomed salute Chiefs from the village visited the French camp the next day with pipes of peace and Celoron reprimanded them for contemplating violence adding I know how to make war and those who have made war with us ought to know it too 11 32 The following day 10 August 1749 Celoron delivered a prepared message from the Marquis de La Galissoniere the Governor of New France which described how the English were deceiving the Ohio tribes and planning their total ruin adding I know the English only inspire you with evil sentiments and besides intend through their establishments on the Beautiful River which belongs to me to take it from me 11 33 The aged chief Kakowatcheky listening in the audience was apparently outraged George Croghan who arrived in Logstown a few days after Celoron had left told Richard Peters that Old Cackewatcheka was so exasperated at the Pride amp Insolence of the French pretending to say that the Indian s land belonged to them that while he Celoron was in the midst of his Speech the old King being blind and unable to stand without somebody to support him said in a low voice to those next to him Why don t you shoot this French Fellow Shoot him shoot him 44 Afterwards Celoron called the English traders who were living in Logstown to meet with him to whom I addressed a summons to retire into their own territory with all their servants They answered that they would do so that they knew well they had no right to trade on the Beautiful River Bonnecamps wrote in his own diary The English there were 10 in number and one among them was their chief Monsieur de Celoron had him come and ordered him as he had done with the others to return to his own country The Englishman who saw us ready to depart acquiesced in all that was exacted from him firmly resolved doubtless to do nothing of the kind as soon as our backs were turned 39 176 Celoron then distributed gifts and departed from Logstown on 12 August proceeding downriver to Lower Shawneetown The expulsion of the British traders and Celoron s condescending attitude irritated the Shawnees some of whom returned to their home villages tearing down and trampling underfoot with contempt the French copper plates as they went 45 666 46 155 Governor James Hamilton sent George Croghan to Logstown as soon as they learned of Celoron s visit to find out how the Indians had reacted to the French expedition Croghan arrived in late August only a few days after Celoron s departure and reported that the Indians had told Celoron that the land was their own and while there were any Indians in those parts they would continue to trade with the English adding that to separate them from their brothers the English would be like cutting a man in two halves and then expecting him to live 1 359 Visit by Christopher Gist 1750 editIn September 1750 the Ohio Company ordered Christopher Gist to survey lands along the Ohio to find an area of 200 000 acres that the Company could take possession of according to a 1749 grant from King George II of England 47 Gist was instructed to Search out and discover the Lands upon the River Ohio amp other adjoining Branches of the Mississippi down as low as the great Falls thereof You are particularly to observe the Ways amp Passes thro all the Mountains you cross amp take an exact Account of the Soil Quality amp Product of the Land and the Wideness and Deepness of the Rivers amp the several Falls belonging to them together with the Courses amp Bearings of the Rivers amp Mountains as near as you conveniently can You are also to observe what Nations of Indians inhabit there their Strength amp Numbers who they trade with amp in what Comodities they deal 20 38 Gist arrived in Logstown on 25 November describing the path of the Ohio River as it appeared before reaching the town Down the River to Loggs Town the Lands these last 8 miles very rich the Bottoms above a Mile wide but on the SE side scarce a Mile wide the Hills high and steep In the Loggs Town I found scarce any Body but a Parcel of reprobate Indian Traders the Chiefs of the Indians being out a hunting In the town he found the people suspicious of his reasons for being there as it was already clear to the Natives that the colonial governments were hoping to take possession of the land The People in this Town began to enquire my Business and because I did not readily inform them they began to suspect me and said I was come to settle the Indian s Lands and they knew I should never go Home again safe Gist invented a reason for his visit that I had a Message to deliver the Indians from the King by Order of the President of Virginia which obtained me Quiet and Respect among them Gist spent one night in the town and left the next day observing the river downstream from the town The Bottoms upon the River below the Logg s Town very rich but narrow the high Land pretty good but not very rich 20 Visit by Chabert de Joncaire 1750 51 editAfter Celoron returned and reported his experiences the new Governor General of New France the Marquis de la Jonquiere decided to send Philippe Thomas Chabert de Joncaire back to Logstown to establish a permanent French base there 42 In early July 1750 Joncaire set out from Montreal with a staff of eight cadets and four soldiers in addition to two Cayuga guides They traveled with two canoes loaded with goods including powder and shot intended as gifts for the Indians and for trade They proceeded down the Allegheny to Logstown where Joncaire had orders to establish a trading house two stories high its walls fitted with creneles loopholes for defense Joncaire was directed to explore the region to learn all he could about the Monongahela River to find a new route from southern Ohio to Lake Erie to visit Lower Shawneetown and establish relations with the chiefs there and finally to report back to Celoron in Detroit 43 359 60 Throughout September and October the Pennsylvania government received reports that a Frenchman named Jean Coeur or John Ceur was traveling up and down the Ohio River distributing gifts and gaining influence with the Indians 32 nbsp Conference between French and Native American leaders around 1750 by Emile Louis Vernier Croghan returned to Logstown again in November 1750 to tend to his trading post there He wrote to Governor James Hamilton on 16 November Yesterday Andrew Montour and I got to this Town where we found thirty warriors of the Six Nations They told us that they saw John Coeur Joncaire about one hundred and fifty miles up this River at an Indian Town where he intends to build a Fort if he can get liberty from the Ohio Indians He has five canoes loaded with goods and is very generous in making presents to all the chiefs of the Indians that he meets with 1 361 nbsp Map showing the French occupation of the Ohio Valley based on Christopher Gist s surveys of 1751 showing Logs T to the lower left of center Alarmed by these continued attempts of the French to maintain influence over the Ohio tribes the Pennsylvania government purchased gifts and sent Croghan and Montour back to Logstown They arrived on 18 May 1751 and were welcomed warmly Two days after they arrived Mr loncoeur and one Frenchman more arrived accompanied by forty Iroquois warriors On 21 May Joncaire called a council with the leaders of Logstown and Croghan was also there Joncaire requested that the leaders respond to Celoron s speech of August 1749 challenging them to end all trade relations with the English In his letter to Governor Hamilton Croghan noted To enforce that speech he gave them a very large belt of wampum 48 a symbol of the importance of his message 49 Keeshequeatama Speaker for the Six Nations replied You desire we may turn our Brothers the English away and not suffer them to come and trade with us again I now tell you from our hearts we will not for we ourselves brought them here to trade with us and they shall live amongst us as long as there is one of us alive You are always threatening our Brothers what you will do to them and in particular to that man pointing to George Croghan now if you have anything to say to our Brothers tell it to him if you be a man as you Frenchmen always say you are and the Head of all Nations Our Brothers are the people we will trade with and not you 32 530 41 He then returned the belt of wampum symbolically rejecting the French challenge to end trade with the English On 25 May Croghan met with Joncaire who apologized for urging the leaders of Logstown to end trade with the English saying that he was following orders from the Governor of Canada but added that he was sure the French could not accomplish their designs with the Six Nations without it could be done by force which he said he believed they the French would find to be as difficult as the method they had just tried and would meet with the like success 48 59 33 At another meeting with the town s leaders on 28 May the Speaker of the Six Nations addressed Joncaire directly saying Is it not our land stamping on the ground and putting his finger to Joncair s nose What right has Onontio the Governor of New France to our lands I desire you may go home directly off our lands and tell Onontio to send us word immediately what was his reason for using our Brothers so or what he means by such proceedings that we may know what to do for I can assure Onontio that we the Six Nations will not take such usage 48 69 On 4 June 1751 Joncaire wrote directly to Governor Hamilton from Logstown in French with a warning Monsieur the Marquis de La Jonquiere Governor of the whole of New France having honored me with his orders to watch that the English should make no treaty in the country of the Ohio I have directed the traders of your government to withdraw You cannot be ignorant sir that all the lands of this region have always belonged to the King of France and that the English have no right to come there to trade My superior has commanded me to apprise you of what I have done in order that you might not affect ignorance of the reasons of it and he has given me this order with so much the greater reason because it is now two years since Monsieur Celoron by order of Monsieur de La Galissoniere then Commandant General warned many English who were trading with the Indians along the Ohio against doing so and they promised him not to return to trade on the lands as Monsieur Celoron wrote to you I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your very humble and obedient servant Joncaire Lieutenant of a detachment of the Marine 32 541 Joncaire apparently abandoned the idea of constructing a blockhouse and Governor Duquesne began preparations to send French and Canadian troupes de la marine to the south shore of Lake Erie under the command of Paul Marin de la Malgue 50 to build a road and construct a series of forts Fort Presque Isle Fort Le Boeuf Fort Machault and later Fort Duquesne 51 English attempts to build a fort at Logstown editThe Ohio Iroquois had been reluctant to allow the English to build forts in the region As early as March 23 1731 Seneca chiefs sent a message to Governor Patrick Gordon It is our land but your people may trade there but not build Stone or Timber houses but of Bark 52 Twenty years later the English began working to obtain permission to build forts George Croghan was in Logstown in November 1750 when the residents mentioned to him that Joncaire was exploring the idea of building a French fort nearby In his letter of 16 November to Governor Hamilton Croghan then adds We have seen but very few of the Chiefs of the Indians they being all out a hunting but those we have seen are of opinion that their Brothers the English ought to have a Fort on this River to secure the Trade 48 54 Governor Hamilton was evidently anxious to pursue this opportunity and wanted Croghan to obtain approval from the Logstown sachems for the construction of an English fort but told Croghan that no official request to build a fort should be made Instead Croghan was instructed to find out how the Indians felt about having an English stronghold on the Ohio 53 On 29 May 1751 at a council meeting at Logstown between George Croghan Andrew Montour and representatives of the Six Nations Croghan reported the following statement from Iroquois speaker Toanahiso We expect that you our Brothers will build a Strong House on the River Ohio that if we should be obliged to engage in a war that we should have a Place to secure our Wives and Children Now Brothers we will take two months to consider and choose out a place fit for that Purpose and then we will send You word We hope Brothers that as soon as you receive our Message you will order such a House to be built Brothers that you may consider well the necessity of building such a Place of Security to strengthen our arms and that this our first request of that kind may have a good effect on your minds 36 538 39 Governor Hamilton used this statement as evidence to the Pennsylvania Provincial Council that they should pay for the construction of a fort at a site selected by the sachems at Logstown arguing that unless the fort were built the English might lose not only Indian support but control over the fur trade in Ohio But Andrew Montour contradicted Croghan s account stating that the Indians had never requested a fort but had only agreed to consider the idea 53 Montour doubted that they would allow a fort to be built near Logstown As a result the Provincial Council decided not to provide funding for a fort arguing that fair dealings and occasional presents would hold the Indians as allies 36 547 At the Treaty of Logstown in June 1752 Tanacharison agreed to the construction of a fort upriver from Logstown but his figurehead authority as half king did not allow him to speak for the Onondaga Council The following summer Virginia s Ohio Company obtained permission from the Six Nations to build Fort Prince George but construction did not begin until February of 1754 54 54 Treaty of Logstown 1752 edit nbsp 1751 map by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson depicting Log s Town at the upper margin In 1749 the British Crown awarded the Ohio Company a grant of 500 000 acres in the Ohio Country between the Monongahela and the Kanawha Rivers provided that the company would settle 100 families within seven years 55 The Ohio Company was also required to construct a fort and provide a garrison to protect the settlement at their own expense 56 The Treaty of Logstown was intended to open up land for settlement so that the Ohio Company could meet the seven year deadline and to obtain explicit permission to construct a fort 47 57 123 144 Between 1 and 13 June 1752 the British held a council at Logstown with representatives of the Six Nations and the Lenape and Shawnee who had been tributary to them Colonel Joshua Fry James Patton and Lunsford Lomax represented the Colony of Virginia 58 and Christopher Gist Thomas Lee William Trent 59 and William Beverley represented the Ohio Company 60 One of the main purposes of the Logstown treaty conference was to confirm the 1744 Lancaster Treaty in which the Six Nations supposedly gave up territory to Virginia along the Ohio River on the southeast as there was anxiety on the part of the colonial authorities as to whether the Indians were still willing to abide by the treaty 61 The Ohio Company and the Virginia commissioners also wanted the Ohio tribes to grant permission to build a fort at the forks of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers and to allow new English settlements to be established on a half million acres of unsettled land to the west and north of the Ohio River The Company wanted to open trade with the Ohio Indians which the French had forbidden 15 The Virginia and Pennsylvania delegates reminded the Delawares and Shawnees We advise and exhort you to beware of French Councils and that you will adhere to a strict friendship with us the English colonies and the Six Nations 60 At first the Iroquois sachem Tanacharison referred to in the treaty as Thonariss called by the English the half King 24 reminded the Virginia officials that the lands then sold by the Six Nations at Lancaster in 1744 were to extend no further to the sunset west than the hill on the other eastern side of Allagany Hill but he was eventually forced to cede Iroquois lands beyond the Alleghenies granting access to the territory the colonial authorities wanted The Virginia representatives also tried to pretend that Indians would still have access to these lands stating in the treaty Be assur d that the King our Father by purchasing your Lands had never any Intention of takeing them from you but that we might live together as one People amp keep them from the French who wou d be bad Neighbours 60 After much urging from Andrew Montour Tanacharison reluctantly agreed to allow a British fort to be built at the mouth of the Monongahela River 62 104 the site of present day Pittsburgh At the conclusion of the Logstown conference Tanacharison promised that existing settlements southeast of the Ohio River shall be unmolested by us and that we will as far as in our power assist and Protect the British Subjects there 60 63 In spite of Tanacharison s promises the Ohio Indians did not agree to allow English settlements in the Ohio region 9 and Scarouady the Oneida half king to the Shawnees warned we the Ohio Indians intend to keep our country clear of settlements 62 103 Tanacharison himself had regrets and a year later he told the French we live in a country in between the French and the English colonies therefore the land belongs to neither one nor t other 62 104 nbsp Forts built by the French in Western Pennsylvania in 1753 Technically the treaty signed by the Half king was not binding on the part of the Onondaga Council although the colonial commissioners and the Ohio Company hoped that they would support the treaty or at least agree to consider additional treaties in the coming months 49 Appointment of Shingas as chief of the Lenape edit Since the death of Sassoonan in 1747 the Lenape had been without an effective leader Sassoonan had selected Pisquetomen as his successor but James Logan saw him as an obstinate and independent obstructionist to Pennsylvania s political agenda 64 209 Logan also wanted a leader with the determination to bring those Lenape who had migrated to Ohio back to the Susquehanna region and felt that Pisquetomen would be unable and unwilling to attempt this 64 246 Logan and Weiser actively tried to promote Lappapitton as Sassoonan s successor but Lappapitton declined out of respect for Pisquetomen 65 The Iroquois instructed Tanacharison to decide on a leader acceptable to all parties and at Logstown Tanacharison presented Shingas as his choice arguing that is our right to give you a King to represent the Lenape in all publick Business between the Lenape the Six Nations and the British 60 164 Tanacharison announced to the Virginia commissioners we have given our Cousins the Delawars a King who lives there we desire you will look upon him as a Chief of that Nation Shingas was absent from the treaty conference so Tamaqua stood proxy for his brother and was presented with a lace hat and jacket and suit 60 167 French response to the treaty edit The French wanted to maintain control of the Ohio Valley because it lay between their two great provinces of Canada and La Louisiane and English control of the region would make French commerce defense and communication slower more expensive and less secure 49 They responded to the news of the treaty by sending troops to construct and garrison a series of forts intended to solidify their military presence in the Ohio region intimidate the Native American inhabitants and keep the British out Francois Bigot intendant of New France since 1748 wrote this summary of the French plan on 26 October 1752 It is necessary to send 2000 Frenchmen with 200 of our domiciliated savages to this river the Ohio in the spring to build a store house at the lower end of this portage on the shore of Lake Erie and another at the end of this same portage on Lake Chatakouin likewise to make a fort at La Paille Coupee Brokenstraw Creek later the site of Fort Le Boeuf where M de Joncaire is located another at the Written Rock McKees Rocks Pennsylvania below Pittsburgh or at Chiningue Logstown and a third at Sonhioto the Scioto River site of Lower Shawneetown The garrisons of these forts will be taken from the 2000 men 66 20 nbsp George Washington s 1754 map of the confluence of the Ohio and the Monongahela rivers showing The Log s Town In late 1753 the exact date is unknown the sachems at Logstown received a letter from Jacques Legardeur de Saint Pierre stating I am commanded to build four strong Houses viz at Weningo Mohongialo Forks Logs Town and Beaver Creek and this I will do All the Land and Waters on this Side Allegheny Hills are mine on the other Side theirs this is agreed on between the two Crowns over the great Waters I do not like your selling your Lands to the English they shall draw you into no more foolish Bargains I will take Care of your Lands for you and of you 67 Visit by George Washington 1753 edit nbsp Washington in the Indian Council by Junius Brutus Stearns 1847 depicting Washington standing and Gist meeting with Shingas Scarouady Tanacharison and other Native American leaders at Logstown in November 1753 In late 1753 Virginia Governor Dinwiddie appointed newly commissioned Major George Washington as a special envoy to the French commander at Fort Le Boeuf to demand that the French vacate the Ohio Valley territory which the British had claimed 68 Washington was also ordered to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy and to gather intelligence about the French forces 69 15 16 Washington left Williamsburg Virginia on 30 October with eight men heading to Logstown to meet with Iroquois allies 70 18 On his way he stopped at the homestead of Christopher Gist near Wills Creek and Gist joined them 71 Arriving in Logstown on 23 November Washington held council with Shingas Scarouady and Tanacharison who had recently returned from a journey to Fort Le Boeuf himself 71 The chiefs provided Washington with information about the best route to Fort Le Boeuf and called a council of sachems Washington explained his mission and received assurances that the Indians and the English were brothers Tanacharison told Washington that he cou d not consent to our going without a Guard for fear some Accident shou d befall us and volunteered to accompany Washington along with Kaghswaghtaniunt White Thunder 72 Guyasuta and Jeskakake on his journey to Fort Le Boeuf 24 Their purpose was to return three belts of Wampum sent by the French as a symbol of friendship Returning the wampum was a gesture intended to show Washington that the sachems at Logstown were allied with the English 49 Washington wrote in his diary that I knew that returning of Wampum was the abolishing of Agreements amp giving this up was shaking of all Dependence upon the French 71 nbsp George Washington left meeting with French military commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint Pierre at Fort Le Boeuf in 1753 In the background are Tanacharison and another Indian from Logstown possibly Guyasuta While at Logstown Washington encountered four French deserters who had fled from a French military supply convoy from Fort de Chartres in Illinois under the command of Captain Demaziliere and headed towards Lake Erie where a French military force under the command of Paul Marin de la Malgue 73 was building a road between Fort Presque Isle Fort Le Boeuf and Fort Machault 51 74 156 The deserters had learned of La Malgue s sudden death on 29 October and had taken refuge in Lower Shawneetown They were on their way to Philadelphia in the company of an English trader 71 Washington and his men left Logstown on 30 November and reached Venango at French Creek on 4 December where they were warmly greeted by Philippe Thomas Chabert de Joncaire who was in command of the French troops at Venango Joncaire provided Washington s men with wine and brandy and the Indians when intoxicated declared their loyalty to the French It took Washington three days to persuade them to move on to Fort Le Boeuf where they met the French commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint Pierre Tanacharison tried to return the wampum to Saint Pierre who evaded taking it amp made many fair Promises of Love amp Friendship said he wanted to live in Peace amp trade amicably with them as a Proof of which he wou d send some Goods immediately down to the Logstown for them The French refused to consider leaving the area and gave Washington a reply to deliver personally to Williamsburg 71 French attempts to build a fort at Logstown editAfter Washington s return to Williamsburg Governor Dinwiddie wrote to Governor James De Lancey of New York about Washington s mission stating On his arrival he found that the French had taken a post on a branch of the River Ohio and built a Fort and that they had in readiness materials for other forts which they declared their intentions to erect on the River and particularly at Logstown the place destined for their chief residence as soon as the season would permit them to embark 1 373 nbsp 1754 map of British plantations in North America showing Loggs Town on the Ohio Tanacharison returned to Logstown on 15 January 1754 24 74 escorted by a French detachment under Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie 75 which set up a temporary post nearby 24 George Croghan had arrived in Logstown the day before accompanied by the trader John Patten and observed the arrival of the French troops an Ensign a Sergeant and Fifteen Soldiers 48 74 The next day as Patten was walking around the town the French commandant ordered him to be arrested Tanacharison and Croghan protested vigorously and Croghan noted that the residents of Logstown seemed very opposed to the presence of French soldiers in the town The French decided to board their Canoes and set off to a small Town of the Six Nations about two Miles below the Log s Town where La Chauvignerie intends to stay till the Rest of their Army come down Correspondence between La Chauvignerie and his superior at Fort Le Boeuf Saint Pierre describe the French soldiers as suffering from hunger and cold as firewood was difficult to find La Chauvignerie writes on February 10 We are on the eve of being without food The scarcity of wood which prevails in this place causes us all to be exposed to the harshness of the weather I shall take every care to keep the tribes as peaceful as possible until a reinforcement arrives 75 123 Saint Pierre was evidently planning to construct a fort near Logstown and to drive away any English settlers Governor Duquesne wrote orders to Captain Michel Pean nbsp 1755 map by John Mitchell showing Logs T built amp settled by the English several years agoe upper left of map s center When Sieur Pean arrives at Chiningue if Sieur de Contrecoeur thinks it advisable he will put his troops to work strengthening the establishment of the fort and if necessary enlarging it in order to take care of as many as two hundred men in garrison for an entire year When this fort is entirely finished or in the final stages of completion by its garrison Sieur Pean will continue to the Riviere a la Roche 76 48 In case he found on his way some English establishments not farther than six leagues from the river he would call on them to retire would give the plunder to the savages and destroy these settlements 75 134 35 The French fort at Logstown was to be built by Contrecoeur whose original orders had been to proceed down the Allegheny and Ohio and establish a military base there The French had been planning to build a fort at Logstown since 1753 and had sent a sizeable French force to the south shore of Lake Erie to build roads and clear the rivers of rocks and driftwood so that boats could bring supplies Problems with supplies and illness among the troops had slowed progress 75 however and the sudden death of Marin the commander at Fort Le Boeuf on 29 October forced the French to postpone the project 66 22 23 Then on 4 March 1754 La Chauvignerie discovered English soldiers building Fort Prince George at the confluence of the Ohio and the Monongahela rivers 54 75 129 Contrecoeur seized it on 18 April 1754 and razed it to build Fort Duquesne 77 The French then decided that a fort at Logstown was unnecessary particularly because of the lack of trees for lumber 78 57 Destruction of Logstown 1754 editA few days before Washington s surrender at Fort Necessity on 3 July 1754 Scarouady burned down Logstown Washington s journal entry for 26 June 1754 reads An Indian arrived bearing the news that Monacatoocha Scarouady had burned his village Logstown and was gone by water with his people to Red Stone and might be expected there in two days 79 80 128 Henry Wilson Temple reports that the town s inhabitants destroyed it fearing lest they might be punished for their alliance with the French 77 257 About 200 of the town s Iroquois Shawnee and Lenape residents moved to Fort Cumberland and later to the Aughwick Valley near present day Shirleysburg Pennsylvania 1 377 Later years editRebuilding 1755 edit In March 1755 French forces began rebuilding the village Joseph Gaspard Chaussegros de Lery passed the site of the town on 5 April 1755 and refers to it as the Little Chaouanon Village 74 180 Progress was initially slow Charles Stuart who was taken captive by a group of Lenape and Shawnee warriors in October 1755 was taken to Logstown in December and reported When we came to Loggs town we found all the Cabbins waste but Three 81 67 In December 1755 George Croghan hired a Lenape Indian named Jo Hickman to visit Kittanning and Logstown and bring back information on the number of warriors and European prisoners in each place as Indian raids on settlements had become frequent and the Pennsylvania Provincial Council was contemplating sending a military force to attack one or both of these communities At Logstown Hickman observed about 100 Indians and 30 English prisoners 82 83 449 Christian Frederick Post visited the town in December 1758 and wrote in his journal I came to Logs Town situated on a hill On the east end is a great piece of low land where the Old Log s Town used to stand In the New Log s Town the French have built about thirty houses for the Indians 1 377 84 57 John McCullough was 8 years old when he was captured by Lenape warriors in July 1756 and brought to Shenango a corruption of Chiningue In his captivity narrative he reports living there with a Lenape family for two and a half years and states that Logstown lay in a semi circular form round the bend of a creek He refers to an upper town and a lower town In late 1758 he moved to Kseek he ooing possibly Saucunk and was released in December 1764 along with over 200 other captives by order of Colonel Henry Bouquet 85 Abandonment 1758 edit In late 1758 Logtown s inhabitants were invited to establish a new town on the Upper Scioto at Pickaway Plains by the former residents of Lower Shawneetown who had abandoned their village in November 1758 86 339 340 On 26 November George Croghan and Andrew Montour proceeded down the river to Shingas s Town Saucunk In his journal Croghan writes Set off at seven o clock in company with six Delawares and that night arrived at Logs Town which we found deserted by its late inhabitants On inquiring the reason of their speedy flight the Delawares informed me the Lower Shanoes inhabitants of Lower Shawneetown had removed off the River up Sihotta Scioto to a great plain called Moguck and sent for those that lived here to come there and live with them and quit the French and at the same time the deputies of the Six Nations which I had sent from Easton came and hastened their departure In this Town Logstown is forty houses all built for them by the French and lived here about one hundred and twenty warriors 20 97 98 1 378 nbsp 1764 map by Thomas Hutchins of Henry Bouquet s expedition showing Logs Town on the Ohio seen on the right side of the page Henry Bouquet passed through the area in 1764 en route with 1 500 troops to Ohio writing in his journal Friday October 5 In this day s march the Army passed through Loggstown situated seventeen miles and an half fifty seven perches by the path from Fort Pitt This place was noted before the last war for the great trade carried on there by the English and French but its inhabitants abandoned it in the year 1758 The lower town extended about sixty perches over a rich bottom to the foot of a low steep ridge on the summit of which near the declivity stood the upper town commanding a most agreeable prospect over the lower and quite across the Ohio which is quite five hundred yards wide here and by its majestic easy current adds much to the beauty of the place 87 nbsp 1776 map by John Montresor showing Logs Town near Fort Pitt George Croghan returned to the area in 1765 His journal entry for 16 May says We set off at seven o clock in the morning and at ten o clock arrived at the Logs Town an old settlement of the Shawnesse about seventeen miles from Fort Pitt where we put ashore and viewed the remains of that village which was situated on a high bank on the south side of the Ohio river a fine fertile country round it 48 127 George Washington returned to the area and noted in his journal that on 21 October 1770 he breakfasted at Logstown with George Croghan and Alexander McKee 1 380 but says nothing of the community or its inhabitants 88 On 5 September 1772 the Reverend David McClure visited John Gibson a trader at his house in Logs Town which was the only house there 1 380 Arthur Lee an Indian Commissioner visited Fort McIntosh in 1784 His journal entry for December 17 begins We embarked on the Monongahela and soon entered the Ohio Four miles down the River brings you to Montour s Island The next place is Loggstown which was formerly a settlement on both sides of the Ohio and the place where the Treaty of Lancaster was confirmed by the Western Indians 1 382 Legionville 1792 edit In 1792 General Anthony Wayne established a military training base for the newly formed Legion of the United States on ground situated where Logstown s upper town had been 22 77 Legionville became the first basic training camp for regular Army recruits and was the first facility established expressly for this purpose 89 In March 1793 the Seneca leader Guyasuta a former resident of Logstown was invited to Legionville to meet with General Wayne for peace talks 21 997 The site was vacated in 1793 after the troops left to fight in the Northwest Indian War 90 Archaeological excavations edit nbsp Historical marker at the former site of Logstown near present day Ambridge in Beaver County Pennsylvania The only known archaeological studies of the Logstown site took place in 1940 91 and 1942 92 The 1955 Annals of the Carnegie Museum states One unsuccessful attempt has been made in 1942 to locate the late Historic village known as Logstown 93 164 In 2011 an archaeological survey of the Beaver Creek area noted that the Logstown site has never been formally excavated by professional archaeologists Advancement of the Colonial period had a devastating effect on the archaeological record of the last organized native villages of the western part of the state Further destruction occurred as industry and development expanded and any remains that survived the initial onslaught were likely wiped away 94 94 In 2019 the National Park Service conducted a survey of the route traveled by George Washington from Williamsburg Virginia to Fort LeBoeuf between October 1753 and January 1754 to determine the feasibility of designating this a National Historic Trail The report notes that The site of Logs Town an Indian village that Washington visited in 1753 also has potential for an archeological survey 3 28 See also editLegionville Lower Shawneetown History of Pennsylvania French and Indian War History of Pittsburgh Meshemethequater Opessa Straight Tail KakowatchekyFurther reading editLogstown on the Ohio 1894 1752 Treaty of Logstown Henry Wilson Temple Logstown 1918 George P Donehoo Logstown excerpt from A History of Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania in Milestones Vol 3 No 2 Spring 1977 The Story of Logstown Revisited Logstown A Legacy Lost published by the Logstown Associates Historical Society South News September 4 1997 Jenny Wagner Native Americans shaped Beaver County from its land to its Politics The Times Online Feb 25 2015 Shawn MacIntyre Logstown Posted on January 7 2020 Leon J Pollom Logstown1 You Don t Know Logstown Now Then Pittsburgh Interesting Bits of the Past Posted November 4 2018 Leon J Pollom Logstown2 Where Drowned Trees Went Now Then Pittsburgh Interesting Bits of the Past Posted November 7 2018References edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Charles Augustus Hanna The Wilderness Trail Or The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path Volume 1 Putnam s sons 1911 Richard White The Middle Ground Indians Empires and Republics in the Great Lakes Region 1650 1815 Cambridge studies in North American Indian history Cambridge University Press 1991 ISBN 1139495682 a b National Park Service Reconnaissance Survey The Washington Trail 1753 Park Planning and Special Studies Northeast Region US Dept of the Interior August 2019 Logstown Historical Marker Historical Marker Database a b c Agnew Daniel Logstown on the Ohio a historical sketch originally published by Myers Shinkle amp Co Pittsburgh PA 1894 Charles William Dahlinger The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine Pittsburgh Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania 1969 Jeffrey Snedden Names still exist but the places don t The Times Online Posted Dec 6 2016 Donehoo George P A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania Papamoa Press 2019 a b c d George P Donehoo A Few Facts in the History of Logstown The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine vol 1 no 1 Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania 1918 Pp 259 264 Thwaites Reuben Gold The French Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest Vol I 1634 1760 State Historical Society of Wisconsin 1908 a b c d e f g h O H Marshall De Celoron s Expedition to the Ohio in 1749 Magazine of American History March 1878 p 146 Chester Hale Sipe The Principal Indian Towns of Western Pennsylvania Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine v 13 no 2 April 1 1930 pp 104 122 a b c Chester Hale Sipe The Indian chiefs of Pennsylvania or A story of the part played by the American Indian in the history of Pennsylvania based primarily on the Pennsylvania archives and colonial records and built around the outstanding chiefs Butler Pa Ziegler Print Co Inc 1927 Helen Hornbeck Tanner and Miklos Pinther Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History Civilization of the American Indian series v 174 1st ed Norman Published for the Newberry Library by the University of Oklahoma Press 1987 pp 40 41 a b Richard S Grimes The emergence and decline of the Delaware Indian nation in western Pennsylvania and the Ohio country 1730 1795 Doctoral Dissertation Eberly College of Arts and Sciences West Virginia University 2005 Paul A W Wallace Indians in Pennsylvania DIANE Publishing Inc 2007 p 127 ISBN 1422314936 John Heckewelder History Manners and Customs of The Indian Nations who once Inhabited Pennsylvania and the Neighbouring States Philadelphia Historical Society of Pennsylvania 1881 Stephen Warren Worlds the Shawnees Made Migration and Violence in Early America UNC Press Books 2014 ISBN 1469611732 O H Marshall C B Galbreath Andrew Arnold Lambing and Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps 1921 Expedition of Celoron to the Ohio country in 1749 Columbus O The F J Heer Printing Co a b c d William M Darlington ed Christopher Gist s Journals with Historical Geographical and Ethnological Notes and Biographies of His Contemporaries Pittsburgh J R Weldin amp Co 1893 Part 4 1750 51 a b Bausman Joseph Henderson History of Beaver County Pennsylvania And Its Centennial Celebration vol II New York Knickerbocker Press 1904 a b James B Richardson Ronald C Carlisle Ohio River Environmental Assessment Cultural Resources Dept of Anthropology Pittsburgh University PA Oct 1977 Kenny A Franks Tanacharison American National Biography Online Oxford University Press 2021 a b c d e f William A Hunter Tanaghrisson in Dictionary of Canadian Biography vol 3 University of Toronto Universite Laval 2003 accessed March 15 2021 Sipe C Hale The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania 1929 Telegraph Press Harrisburg A Treaty between the president and Council of the province of Pennsylvania and the Indians of Ohio held at Philadelphia Nov 13 1747 printed by Benjamin Franklin a b Michael N McConnell Kuskusky Towns and Early Western Pennsylvania Indian History 1748 1778 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography vol 116 no 1 January 1 1992 pp 33 58 a b Volwiler Albert T George Croghan and the Westward Movement 1741 1782 Cleveland The Arthur H Clark Company 1926 A Treaty held by commissioners members of the Council of the province of Pennsylvania at the town of Lancaster with some of the chiefs of the Six Nations at Ohio and others for the admission of the Twightwee Nation into the alliance of His Majesty amp c in the month of July 1748 Edward G Everett Pennsylvania s Indian Diplomacy 1747 1753 Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine vol 44 September 1961 pp 241 56 a b c Joseph Solomon Walton 1900 Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial Pennsylvania Philadelphia G W Jacobs amp Co 1900 a b c d Colonial Records Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania from the organization to the termination of the proprietary government v 11 16 Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania from its organization to the termination of the revolution Harrisburg Theo Fenn amp Company 1851 a b Shannon Timothy John Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier Viking 2008 Reuben Gold Thwaites ed Conrad Weiser s journal of a tour to the Ohio August 11 October 2 1748 in Early Western Journals 1748 1765 Cleveland Arthur H Clark 1904 Wainwright Nicholas B George Croghan Wilderness Diplomat Institute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg 1959 a b c Samuel Hazard ed Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania From the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government Mar 10 1683 Sept 27 1775 Vol 4 of Colonial Records of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Provincial Council Pennsylvania Committee of Safety J Severns 1851 Evans Lewis A map of Pensilvania New Jersey New York and the three Delaware counties 1749 Celeron de Bienville Ohio History Central Ohio Historical Society Retrieved 2021 03 13 a b Joseph Pierre de Bonnecamps Relation du voyage de la Belle Riviere faite en 1749 sous les ordres de M de Celoron in Reuben Gold Thwaites ed The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents 73 vols Cleveland Burrow Brothers 1896 1901 vol 69 A Gwynn Henderson The Lower Shawnee Town on Ohio Sustaining Native Autonomy in an Indian Republic In Craig Thompson Friend ed The Buzzel about Kentuck Settling the Promised Land University Press of Kentucky 1999 pp 25 56 ISBN 0813133394 Boyd Crumrine ed History of Washington County Pennsylvania With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men Philadelphia L H Everts and Co 1882 1882 a b MacLeod Malcolm 1974 Chabert de Joncaire Philippe Thomas Nitachinon Dictionary of Canadian Biography Vol 3 University of Toronto Universite Laval a b Severance Frank Hayward An old frontier of France the Niagara region and adjacent lakes under French control New York Dodd Mead 1917 Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v 20 21 Malcolm B Brown Is It Not Our Land An Ethnohistory of the Susquehanna Ohio Indian Alliance 1701 1754 Ph D thesis University of Oklahoma December 1996 Douglas Greenberg John Murrin Stanley Nider Katz eds Colonial America Essays in Politics and Social Development McGraw Hill Companies Incorporated 2001 ISBN 007231740X Theodore Calvin Pease and Ernestine Jenison Illinois on the Eve of the Seven Years War 1747 1755 Springfield Trustees of the State Historical Library 1940 Illinois Historical Collections volume XXIX a b Emilius Oviatt Randall Daniel Joseph Ryan 1912 History of Ohio The Rise and Progress of an American State Volume 1 pp 216 217 a b c d e f Croghan George A selection of George Croghan s letters and journals relating to tours into the western country November 16 1750 November 1765 Reuben Gold Thwaites ed Cleveland Ohio The Arthur H Clark Company 1904 a b c d Jacobs Wilbur R Wampum The Protocol of Indian Diplomacy The William and Mary Quarterly vol 6 no 4 1949 596 604 Accessed March 23 2021 doi 10 2307 1916752 Paul Marin de La Malgue Dictionary of Canadian Biography a b Kathleen Lugarich Constructing the French Forts of the Ohio Country Fort Pitt Museum October 9 2015 Hunter William A The Ohio the Indian s Land Pennsylvania History A Journal of Mid Atlantic Studies vol 21 no 4 1954 338 50 Accessed March 26 2021 a b Wainwright Nicholas B An Indian Trade Failure The Story of the Hockley Trent and Croghan Company 1748 1752 The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography vol 72 no 4 1948 343 75 Accessed March 24 2021 a b Cherry Jason A Pittsburgh s Lost Outpost Captain Trent s Fort Charleston SC HISTORY Press 2019 ISBN 1467141623 Ambler Charles Henry George Washington and the West Historic Pittsburgh Text Collection University of Pittsburgh Retrieved 27 March 2021 Thurston George H Allegheny county s hundred years Historic Pittsburgh General Text Collection University of Pittsburgh Retrieved 27 March 2021 Kenneth P Bailey The Ohio Company of Virginia and the Westward Movement 1748 1792 A chapter in the History of the Colonial Frontier University of California at Los Angeles The Arthur H Clark Co Glendale California 1939 Mulkearn Lois Why the Treaty of Logstown 1752 The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography vol 59 no 1 1951 3 20 Accessed March 22 2021 William Trent Journal of Captain William Trent from Logstown to Pickawillany A D 1752 Cincinnati William Dodge 1871 a b c d e f The Treaty of Logg s Town 1752 Virginia Magazine of History and Biography vol 13 1906 Pp 154 174 A Treaty Held at the Town of Lancaster By the Honourable the Lieutenant Governor of the Province and the Honourable the Commissioners for the Province of Virginia and Maryland with the Indians of the Six Nations in June 1744 From Van Doren C and Boyd J P Eds 1938 Indian Treaties Printed by Benjamin Franklin 1736 1762 Philadelphia PA The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 41 79 a b c Michael N McConnell Peoples In Between The Iroquois and the Ohio Indians 1720 1768 in Daniel K Richter and James H Merrell eds Beyond the Covenant Chain The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America 1600 1800 Syracuse New York Syracuse University Press 1987 Final page of the Logstown Treaty document 1752 a b Weslager Clinton Alfred The Delaware Indians A History Rutgers University Press 1989 ISBN 0 8135 1494 0 Francis P Jennings The Delaware Interregnum Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography vol 89 no 2 April 1965 pp 174 98 a b Hunter William Albert Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier 1753 1758 Classic Reprint Fb amp c Limited 2018 Treaty of Carlisle 1 November 1753 Founders Online National Archives Original source The Papers of Benjamin Franklin vol 5 July 1 1753 through March 31 1755 ed Leonard W Labaree New Haven Yale University Press 1962 pp 84 107 Hale Edward Everett The Life of George Washington Studied Anew G P Putnam s sons 1887 John E Ferling The First of Men A Life of George Washington Oxford University Press 2010 ISBN 0199752753 McCain George Nox Lambing Andrew Arnold White John W F Allegheny County Its Early History and Subsequent Development from the Earliest Period Till 1790 Snowden amp Peterson 1888 a b c d e George Washington Journey to the French Commandant Narrative Founders Online National Archives Original source The Diaries of George Washington vol 1 11 March 1748 13 November 1765 ed Donald Jackson Charlottesville University Press of Virginia 1976 pp 130 161 William A Hunter Kaghswaghtaniunt in Dictionary of Canadian Biography vol 3 University of Toronto Universite Laval 2003 accessed March 15 2021 W J Eccles Paul Marin de La Malgue in Dictionary of Canadian Biography vol 3 University of Toronto Universite Laval 2003 accessed March 15 2021 a b Charles Augustus Hanna The Wilderness Trail Or The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path Volume 2 Putnam s sons 1911 a b c d e PAPIERS CONTRECOEUR Le Conflit Angelo Francias Sur L Ohio De 1745 a 1756 English translation of documents in the Quebec Seminary by Donald Kent 1952 Pease Theodore Calvin Illinois on the eve of the Seven Years War 1747 1755 Springfield IL The Trustees of the State Historical Library 1940 a b c Henry Wilson Temple Logstown The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine vol 1 no 1 Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania 1918 Pp 248 258 O Meara Walter Guns at the Forks University of Pittsburgh Press 2005 ISBN 0822971283 The Writings of George Washington collected and edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford New York and London G P Putnam s Sons 1889 1893 Vol I 1748 1757 Toner Joseph Meredith Washington George Journal of Colonel George Washington J Munsell s Sons 1893 Charles Stuart The Captivity of Charles Stuart 1755 57 The Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol 13 No 1 ed Beverly W Bond Jr Oxford Oxford University Press 1926 Myers James P Pennsylvania s Awakening the Kittanning Raid of 1756 Pennsylvania History 66 Summer 1999 pp 399 420 George Dallas Albert Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania Vol II Harrisburg W S Ray state printer 1916 Christian Frederick Post The Second Journal of Christian Frederick Post On a Message from the Governor of Pensilvania to the Indians on the Ohio London Printed for J Wilkie 1759 Charles McKnight The Captivity of John McCullough in Our Western Border Its Life Combats Adventures Forays Massacres Captivities Scouts Red Chiefs Pioneer Women One Hundred Years Ago Philadelphia J C McCurdy 1876 pp 204 224 James Everett Seaver Charles Delamater Vail A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison The White Woman of the Genesee American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society 1918 Parkman Francis Dumas Charles Guillaume Frederic Smith William Historical Account of Bouquet s Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in 1764 With Preface by Francis Parkman and a Translation of Dumas Biographical Sketch of General Bouquet Roger Clarke Company 1907 Journal of George Washington written during an expedition along the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers extracted from The Writings of George Washington by Jared Sparks Volume II Boston Charles Tappan 1846 pages 516 534 Patrick Riley William J Johnson Historic Hill Cemetery Does It Contain Remains of General Anthony Wayne s Cantonment at Legionville The Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology 75th Annual Meeting Clarion Pennsylvania April 23 25 2004 Carlisle Ronald C The 1793 1793 Encampment of General Anthony Wayne at Legion Ville Beaver County Pennsylvania Society for Historical Archaeology 1993 Robert W McKnight Report of Preliminary Exploration of Logstown Legionville Pennsylvania Archaeologist Volume 10 Issue 2 1940 pp 23 26 Edgar E Augustine Report of Preliminary Excavations at Logstown Pennsylvania Archaeologist Volume 12 Issue 1 1942 William J Mayer Oakes Prehistory of the Upper Ohio Valley An Introductory Archeological Study Anthropological Series No 2 Annals of the Carnegie Museum Pittsburgh PA Vol 34 No 1 1955 Ken Siebert Joe Verbka Kira Presler Ken Stockert Richard White Brooke Blades Frank Dunsmore Bryan Butina Judson Kratzer Pennsylvania Archaeological Data Synthesis The Beaver Creek Watershed Watershed B of the Ohio River Subbasin 20 State Street Bridge Replacement Project Mahoning Township Lawrence County Pennsylvania July 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Logstown amp oldid 1183842034, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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