King quail
The king quail (Synoicus chinensis), also known as the blue-breasted quail, Asian blue quail, Chinese painted quail, or Chung-Chi, is a species of Old World quail in the family Phasianidae. This species is the smallest "true quail", ranging in the wild from southern China, South and Southeast Asia to Oceania, south to southeastern Australia, with 9 different subspecies. A failed attempt was made to introduce this species to New Zealand by the Otago Acclimatisation Society in the late 1890s. It is quite common in aviculture worldwide, where it is sometimes misleadingly known as the "button quail", which is the name of an only very distantly related family of birds, the buttonquails.
| King quail | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Family: | Phasianidae |
| Genus: | Synoicus |
| Species: | S. chinensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Synoicus chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Description edit
Male king quail occur in many colors, including blue, brown, silver, maroon, dark brown, and almost black. They have orange feet that are hard and able to withstand a continuous life on the ground like many other game birds. Females are similar to the males, but do not occur in shades of blue. They can live up to 13 years in captivity but typically only 3–6 years.[citation needed] In the wild. they may live only 1.5 years. The eggs of king quail are a light, creamy-brown colour and slightly pointed at the "top", roughly ovular in shape.
Taxonomy edit
Six subspecies are recognized:[2]
- S. c. chinensis (Linnaeus, 1766): Found from India and Sri Lanka to Malaya, Indochina, southeastern China, and Taiwan
- S. c. trinkutensis Richmond, 1902: Nicobar blue-breasted quail, found on the Nicobar Islands
- S. c. lineatus (Scopoli, 1786): Found in the Philippines, Borneo, Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi and Sula Islands
- S. c. lepidus (Hartlaub, 1879): Found in New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago
- S. c. victoriae (Mathews, 1912): Found in eastern Australia
- S. c. colletti (Mathews, 1912): Found in northern Australia
The species has had a complex taxonomic history, being classified into the genus Coturnix, then Synoicus, then Excalfactoria. Phylogenetic evidence supports it belonging in an expanded Synoicus that, alongside the blue quail (S. adansonii) also includes the Snow Mountain quail (S. monorthonyx) and brown quail (S. ypsilophorus).[3][4]
The subspecies S. c. victoriae was formerly named C. s. australis (Gould, 1865), but the reclassification of the species into Synoicus caused this designation to be preoccupied by the Australian subspecies of the brown quail (S. y. australis), leading to the epithet being changed to victoriae (Mathews, 1912).[2]
Reproduction edit
The males fight for the right to mate with the females. The winner then breeds every female. Females can then develop and lay an egg within one to two days of being bred. They either build a nest first or lay eggs on the ground. Females usually only go broody when they have collected an ideal clutch size. Clutch size varies from five to 13 eggs. Before incubation starts, all the eggs composing the clutch will have been laid. In captivity, the ideal number of eggs in a clutch is six to eight. The chicks hatch after about 16 days.
Conservation status edit
Australia edit
King quail are not listed as threatened on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
State of Victoria, Australia edit
This species is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988).[5] Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has not been prepared.[6]
On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, this species is listed as endangered.[7]
Aviculture edit
This quail has been very popular to keep and breed for many years; numerous mutations have been developed. They are quite hardy once they have adjusted to their surroundings and keep the bottom of an aviary spotless. A great advantage of these quail is that they live exclusively on the ground, and do not interfere with other birds.[8] The cost of purchasing and maintaining them is very little. They have been known to become hand-tame.
They may be housed in pairs to quartets in a planted aviary, kept singly in bird cages, or in colonies in large flights. Males may compete, as may females. Suspension cages do not work well for this species of quail because of their smaller feet; a much finer size of floor wire should be employed.[9]
Females lay an egg a day if kept on the proper diet. Nesting sites can be as spartan as a quiet corner or a depression in the ground against a wall. Preferably, a clump of long grass, tea tree branches, or pile of loose herbage should be provided. Often, a hen lays eggs on the aviary floor without the use of a nest. This is a sign that the birds are not content with the existing facilities and the provision of a sheltered nest site may result in a nest being built. The cock usually selects the nest site.[10] The nest is a simple scrape in the ground, lined with grasses, and is built by the hen with some assistance from the cock. The eggs measuring 25 x 19mm are variable in colour from the palest of browns to dark olive and peppered with fine black spots. Clutch size varies from four to 13, but occasionally a hen can be found incubating upwards of 20 eggs. It is usually a combined clutch from a number of hens, and due to the difficulties of turning and covering a clutch of that size, hatching rate is often poor. Removing some of the eggs and artificially incubating or fostering them may be beneficial.[10]
The species usually breeds year-round; incubation times are from 18 to 23 days before chicks hatch. The hen cares for the chicks until around 4 weeks of age, when they should be separated from parent birds into a separate aviary.
Hybrids and mutations edit
Hybrids of king quail and brown quail are known.
Silvers and cinnamon are the most common colour varieties. Pied, albino, and charcoals are becoming more common. Mutations can be combined.
Occasionally, cock-feathered hens appear; this is not a mutation as such, but one of a few conditions that affect normal hormonal balances. It is most often seen when a hen has an ovarian cyst or growth. They usually stop laying eggs, but can live for a number of years happily just looking like a male. In one case, a silver hen was kept for many years by herself, moulted into cock plumage, and laid only extremely pale, green-shelled eggs for a few seasons before passing of old age.[9][unreliable source?]
Diet edit
In the wild, the diet of king quail consists of small bugs, seeds, and various grasses that are available at the time. In aviculture, all birds should be fed a variety of seeds and a healthy range of fruit and vegetables. During breeding, hens should be fed calcium-rich food sources such as shell grit to prevent egg binding. Newly hatched chicks should be fed high-protein chick crumb mixed with a little water. Other sources of protein include mealworms and various insects.
References edit
- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Synoicus chinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22678979A92797212. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678979A92797212.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Pheasants, partridges, francolins – IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
- ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Mary, Colette M. St; Braun, Edward L. (2011-05-02). "A Macroevolutionary Perspective on Multiple Sexual Traits in the Phasianidae (Galliformes)". International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2011: 423938. doi:10.4061/2011/423938. PMC 3119463. PMID 21716735.
- ^ Seabrook-Davison, Mark; Huynen, Leon; Lambert, David M.; Brunton, Dianne H. (2009-07-28). "Ancient DNA Resolves Identity and Phylogeny of New Zealand's Extinct and Living Quail (Coturnix sp.)". PLOS ONE. 4 (7): e6400. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6400S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006400. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2712072. PMID 19636374.
- ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria 2005-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria 2006-09-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria – 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.
- ^ Don Harper, Pet Birds for the Home & Garden; Salamander Press
- ^ a b JJ Holland, Observations of Quail, 2013
- ^ a b A Guide to Pigeons, Doves & Quail, 1995. Danny Brown B.Sc. (Hons)
External links edit
- BirdLife Species Factsheet