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Chief Wahoo

February 15, 2024

Main article: Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy
This article is about the baseball team logo. For the comic strip character, see Big Chief Wahoo.

Chief Wahoo is a logo that was used by the Cleveland Indians (now Guardians), a Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise based in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1951 to 2018.

The final version of Chief Wahoo[1]

As part of the larger Native American mascot controversy, the logo drew criticism from Native Americans, social scientists, and religious and educational groups, but was popular among fans of the team. During the 2010s, it was gradually replaced by a block "C", which became the primary logo in 2013. Chief Wahoo was officially retired following the 2018 season,[2][3][4] with it also barred from future National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum plaques and merchandise sold outside of Ohio.[5][6][3]

History edit

In 1932, the front page of the Cleveland Plain Dealer featured a cartoon by Fred George Reinert that used a caricatured Native American character with a definite resemblance to the later Chief Wahoo as a stand-in for the Cleveland Indians winning an important victory. The character came to be called "The Little Indian", eventually becoming a fixture in the paper's coverage of the team, including a small front-page visual box where his head would peek out to announce the outcome of the latest game. Journalist George Condon would write in 1972, "When the baseball club decided to adopt an Indian caricature as its official symbol, it hired an artist to draw a little guy who came very close to Reinert's creation; a blood brother, unquestionably."[7]

 
The original incarnation of Chief Wahoo, used from 1946 to 1950[1]

In 1947, Cleveland Indians owner Bill Veeck hired the J.F. Novak Company, designers of patches worn by the Cleveland police and fire departments, to create a new logo for his team. Seventeen-year-old draftsman Walter Goldbach, an employee of the Novak Company, was asked to perform the job.[8][9] Tasked with creating a mascot that "would convey a spirit of pure joy and unbridled enthusiasm", he created a smiling face with yellow skin and a prominent nose.[9] Goldbach has said that he had difficulty "figuring out how to make an Indian look like a cartoon",[9][10] and that he was probably influenced by the cartoon style that was popular at the time.[11]

How the name "Chief Wahoo" came to be used to refer to the Indians' mascot is less clear. The phrase had already been used for years before its use as a reference to the logo; the popular newspaper comic strip Big Chief Wahoo ran from 1936 to 1947.[7] One questionable origin myth indicates that the names "Indians" and "Chief Wahoo" were meant to honor Louis Sockalexis, an outfielder for the Indians' predecessors, the Cleveland Spiders, and one of the first Native Americans to play in Major League Baseball.[12] The Penobscot, Sockalexis' tribe, petitioned the Cleveland Indians to discontinue the use of Chief Wahoo.[13]

Another Native American baseball player, Allie Reynolds, pitched for the Indians for five years beginning in 1942, mostly as a starter. He was later traded to the New York Yankees. On October 6, 1950, the Plain Dealer, under the title of "Chief Wahoo Whizzing", stated "Allie (Chief Wahoo) Reynolds, the copper-skinned Creek," lost to Philadelphia, but "in the clutches, though, the Chief was a standup gent—tougher than Sitting Bull."[7] In subsequent articles, Reynolds was again called "Chief Wahoo", "old Wahoo", and just plain "Wahoo".[7]

In 1952, "Chief Wahoo" was given as the name for the Indians' physical mascot for the first time when a person in a Wahoo costume showed up for a children's party at Public Hall given by "Cleveland's dentists".[7] Sportswriters eventually took to calling the unnamed character "Chief Wahoo".[9] Goldbach has said that the logo's moniker is inaccurate.[10] Quoting a child he met while talking at a school, Goldbach explained in a 2008 interview, "He's not a chief, he's a brave. He only has one feather. Chiefs have full headdresses."[10]

In 1951, the mascot was redesigned with a smaller nose and red skin instead of yellow skin.[9] This would be the most long-lived version of the logo, with only minor changes; when it was first introduced, it had black outlines before being changed to have blue outlines in 1979.[8] After its introduction, the face of the 1951 logo was incorporated into other full-body depictions of the character.

Ohio sportswriter Terry Pluto has described comics of Chief Wahoo that would run on the front page of the Cleveland Plain Dealer in the 1950s, with the character's depiction signifying the outcome of a game. Wins were illustrated by Chief Wahoo holding a lantern in one hand and extending the index finger on his other. Losses were illustrated by a "battered" Chief Wahoo, complete with black eye, missing teeth and crumpled feathers.[14]

The Chief Wahoo logo was last worn by the Indians in a loss to the Houston Astros in the ALDS on October 8, 2018. News outlets noted the irony of the logo's final appearance being on Indigenous Peoples' Day/Columbus Day.[15][16][17]

Later variations edit

 
Indians shortstop Omar Vizquel wearing a Chief Wahoo cap in 1996

By 1973, when the team was bought by Cleveland businessman Nick Mileti, they had introduced additional depictions of Chief Wahoo, some of which showed the character at bat. Mileti hired designer Leonard Benner to modify an existing at-bat design for use as a logo. Several changes were made: Wahoo's nose was made smaller, his body thinner, and he was now drawn as a right-handed batter instead of left-handed.[18] Overall, the design of Chief Wahoo remained largely similar to the previous version.[18] These modifications, however, heralded other changes to the team's use of Indian-themed imagery, such as the removal of a teepee from the outfield area.[18][19] This version is no longer used by the team.

When Cleveland Municipal Stadium installed a new computer-programmed monocolor scoreboard in 1977, newspaper articles described how it could display animated depictions of Chief Wahoo yelling "Charge!"[20] By the 1978 season, home runs were celebrated with fireworks and a scoreboard animation of Chief Wahoo dancing.[21] The complete package of commissioned animations included an arrow skewering two players to signify a double-play.[20]

During his tenure as president of the team, Peter Bavasi asked players how the uniforms should look.[14] Bavasi has described Joe Carter and Pat Tabler suggesting that Chief Wahoo be added to the hats, with Tabler predicting that it would "sell like crazy".[14] Bavasi recalls expressing concern that it would offend Native American groups, but that player Bert Blyleven reassured him, "Nah, it shouldn't. Really looks like [manager] Phil Seghi."[14] Blyleven made a similar remark to Sports Illustrated, who described the resemblance as "uncanny".[22] Tabler's prediction was ultimately borne out, with hat sales increasing significantly after the reintroduction of Chief Wahoo.[23] The revised hat design has been described as a change "in keeping with Major League Baseball's trend toward 'old-style' simulacra."[24]

Around the time Bavasi added Chief Wahoo to the team's hats in 1986, he also banned "derogatory" banners at the stadium.[25] The elimination of references to Cleveland on the uniforms, including replacing the old style hats with Chief Wahoo, led to speculation that the team might be moved to another city ("Cleveland" was omitted on road jerseys from 1972 to 1977 and from 1983 to 1988; from 1978 to 1982, the city name was on the road grays, but the team often wore navy jerseys with the team name instead of the city name for many road games).[25][26]

Move to Jacobs Field edit

In 1994, the Indians moved from the Cleveland Municipal Stadium to Jacobs Field (later renamed Progressive Field). They considered replacing Chief Wahoo in 1993,[19][27] but it was ultimately retained.[28][29] Several years later, the Associated Press reported that the debate had not hurt the team's souvenir sales, which were better than those of any other team in the league at the time.[30]

From 1962 through 1994, a 28-foot (8.5 m)-tall, neon-lit sign of Chief Wahoo at bat stood above gate D of Cleveland Municipal Stadium. When the stadium was demolished, the neon sign was donated to the Western Reserve Historical Society.[31] Working with the original blueprints,[32] and the help of $50,000 in donations, the historical society refurbished the sign, which is now displayed in the group's museum.[31] Anonymous donors have since provided funds to support maintenance work that allows the sign to remain lit.[33]

According to a senior vice president and historian at the Western Reserve Historical Society,[34] the acquisition of a neon Chief Wahoo sign was debated for several reasons. Among them was the belief that it was "hugely negative for a portion of the population". Ultimately, the historical society decided that "history is history. This sign is a point in a major American issue, which is racial caricature. Some people have a problem with it, some people don't. It's important because it not only represents the rich history of baseball in Cleveland, it gets into a really deep issue in American history." The sign is displayed with written materials that show several points of view, including "The Legacy of Racism Continues", "Chief Wahoo: Brief History of a Civic Icon", and "Enthusiasm! That's Chief Wahoo!"[31]

Battle flag over USS Cleveland edit

 
Navy Adm. James A. Winnefeld Jr. (left), vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Jim Folk (right), vice president of ballpark operations for the Cleveland Indians, discuss the Chief Wahoo battle flag at Progressive Field, 2012

For several years, the USS Cleveland flew a battle flag featuring the Chief Wahoo logo. The time and circumstances under which the flag was first flown are not known, but the flag was retired in 2006 and presented to former Cleveland pitcher and World War II veteran Bob Feller. The flag had previously flown over center field at Cleveland Stadium.[35]

Use during spring training edit

 
Chief Wahoo on a water tower in Winter Haven, Florida, 2007

In 2009, the Cleveland Indians moved their spring training operations from their Grapefruit League home in Winter Haven, Florida to their new Cactus League home in Goodyear, Arizona. During the years the team trained in the Grapefruit League, a mural of Chief Wahoo was displayed on a nearby municipal water tower, which was touched up at least once in 1993.[36] However, because of the team's impending move, the city of Winter Haven did not bother to repaint the logo when it eventually faded.[37] Due to the expense of repainting the water tower, the logo remained there long after the team last trained in Florida; it was not until 2012 that it was finally replaced with Polk State College's Logo.[38][39]

Chief Wahoo creator Walter Goldbach and his wife spent 15 winters living in Winter Haven.[8] During the spring training season, Goldbach would work with the team when they conducted tours.[8] Goldbach later retired from his career as an artist, and medical issues prevented him from drawing in the last few years of his life.[8] He died in December 2017 at the age of 88.[40]

Merchandise and promotional tie-ins edit

An early piece of Chief Wahoo merchandise depicts a squatting Native American figure holding a stone tool in one hand and a scalp in the other.[41] Produced in 1949 by Rempel Manufacturing, Inc., of Akron, Ohio, the rubber Indian figure (marketed as "Big Chief Erie")[42] was based on an original sketch by Plain Dealer cartoonist Fred G. Reinert.

For its 100th anniversary, the team gave away blankets that depicted various incarnations of Chief Wahoo.[43] In 2011, the team gave away free T-shirts with a picture of a heart, a peace sign and Chief Wahoo.[44] The West Side Leader of Akron, Ohio declared this design "a lot better than the previous freebie shirt, which featured representations of three racing hot dogs".[44]

In 2005, the team partnered with a candy maker to produce a Chief Wahoo chocolate bar.[45] In 2013, the name "Wahoo Women" was used for a ladies' night out promotion,[46] and the team also ran a "Wahoo Wednesdays" promotion with Domino's Pizza.[47]

When Major League Baseball released a line of hats fashioned to resemble team mascots, a writer for Yahoo! Sports observed that the league had "wisely passed over fashioning Chief Wahoo into a polyester conversation piece".[48] Although Chief Wahoo was the logo for the Cleveland Indians, the official team mascot is a character named Slider. Major League Baseball does in fact sell a hat shaped to resemble Slider, who himself wears a Chief Wahoo hat.[49] The Cleveland Indians have also sold Chief Wahoo bobblehead dolls.[50]

A 1999 editorial reported annual revenue of $1.5 million from sales of licensed merchandise, and $15 million from sales at official team shops.[51] An interview subject in a 2006 documentary on Chief Wahoo estimated that the logo brought in over $20 million per year.[52]

Depiction on Cleveland uniforms edit

 
Chief Wahoo appears on the sleeve of pitcher Mike Garcia's uniform, 1953

Although the club had adopted the name "Indians" during the 1915 season, there was no acknowledgment of this nickname on their uniforms until 1928. In the years between the team's 1901 formation and the 1927 season, uniforms contained variations on a stylized "C" or the word "Cleveland" (except the 1921 season,[53] when the front of the club's uniform shirts read "Worlds [sic] Champions"). The 1928 season saw modified club uniforms whose left breast bore a patch depicting the profile of a headdress-wearing American Indian.[54] In 1929, a smaller version of that same patch migrated to the home uniform sleeve, where similar incarnations of the early design remained through 1938. The online gallery of historical Cleveland uniforms does not accurately depict the evolution of the pre-Wahoo logo,[55] a cartoon depiction of a man in a warbonnet drawn in profile.[56] Patrick Hruby, writing for ESPN, described an early image featuring these uniforms as "a far cry from Chief Wahoo and other grinning caricatures".[57]

For 1939, the club wore the Baseball Centennial patch on the sleeve. Various other patches were worn for the next few years, none of them featuring Native American caricatures.[58] In 1946, the last year before Chief Wahoo's introduction, both the home and road shirts featured a City of Cleveland Sesquicentennial patch.

In 1947, home and road uniforms began featuring the first incarnation of Chief Wahoo. The new logo, a caricature drawn from a three-quarter perspective, supplanted the earlier profile drawings. A redesigned Chief Wahoo caricature appeared on the uniform shirt sleeve starting in 1951.[59] Uniform designs have varied in the years since, but the 1951 design was used in most years since then, its only notable change being the addition of blue outlines in 1979.[1] Exceptions include the 1972 uniform, which featured no Chief Wahoo logo, and the 1973–1978 uniforms, which featured a modified logo with Chief Wahoo at bat.[60][61] Chief Wahoo was featured on Cleveland hats from 1951 to 1958,[62] and returned to Cleveland's hats in 1986,[23][dead link] following an increase in the size of the logo on uniforms sleeves in 1983.[62] By 2013, Chief Wahoo was featured on every variation of the team's uniforms.[31]

On January 29, 2018, the Cleveland Indians announced they would remove the Chief Wahoo logo from their on-field baseball caps and jerseys starting with the 2019 season.[4] On March 21, 2019, the Baseball Hall of Fame announced that Chief Wahoo would no longer be featured on future Hall of Fame plaques, starting with newly inducted Jim Thome as an Indian.[6] The Chief Wahoo logo was last worn by the Indians in an 11–3 loss to the Houston Astros during the ALDS on October 8, 2018. Coincidentally, the game fell on Indigenous Peoples' Day.[17]

Alternative logos edit

In recent years, the Indians have also introduced alternative logos: a block-letter "C", a script-letter "I", and the word "Indians" written in script. In 2013, the organization officially changed the primary logo from Chief Wahoo to the recently introduced block "C". Previously, team spokesman Bob DiBiasio had described the block-C logo as alternative to Chief Wahoo: "We have added a logo, the block C, recently in addition to the Wahoo logo and the script 'Indians'. Fans of the team have alternative ways to express their support."[63] In 2002, DiBiasio described an Indians hat with the letter "I" in similar terms, as official merchandise that provides an alternative without Chief Wahoo.[64] Owner Larry Dolan had said the alternative logos are "another marketing tool" and "it's not true" that they are a means of phasing out Chief Wahoo.[65] The Encyclopedia of Sports Management and Marketing has described the new hats and team mascot Slider as "an effort to distance the franchise from the controversy".[66]

Notable uses of alternate logos edit

 
President Bill Clinton, wearing a hat with the alternate block-C logo, throws the inaugural pitch of the 1994 baseball season.

The use of these alternative logos has at times proved newsworthy. In 1994, when then-President Bill Clinton threw the first pitch at Jacobs Field, he wore a hat with the letter-C logo worn from 1978 to 1985 instead of Chief Wahoo.[67][68][69] A White House aide described the decision as one taken "in recognition of the sensitivities" involved,[67] and it spurred public debate on the issue of Native American names and images in sports.[68] One critic accused Clinton of "an apparent attempt to appease his 'politically correct' constituency".[70]

When Cleveland played Baltimore in the 2007 "Civil Rights Game" in Memphis, logos were removed from the uniforms of both teams.[71] This caused some sportswriters to assert that the office of the Major League Baseball commissioner understood "on some level, that Chief Wahoo is the wrong message".[71] The controversy was heightened by Memphis' location on the Trail of Tears.[71] The president of the Faraway Cherokees in Memphis said, "My family was on the Trail of Tears. We feel offended that they would bring a team here called the Indians. It's racist. We aren't gone."[71]

Chief Wahoo was also absent from merchandise sold at FanFest activities during the 2013 MLB All-Star Game in New York City.[72][73] The use of alternate logos on official merchandise led sportswriters to speculate that Major League Baseball was uncomfortable or cautious about using the Chief Wahoo logo.[72][73] Major League Baseball's use of an alternate logo on its website has led to similar speculation.[74]

Use during spring training edit

 
A Chief Wahoo sign in Winter Haven, Florida, 2007. At the team's new spring training grounds in Arizona, the logo is not prominently displayed.

In 2009, when the Cleveland Indians moved their spring training operations to Goodyear, Arizona, the Chief Wahoo logo was not used on the outside of the local stadium where they practiced. The Chief Wahoo logo had been prominently displayed at the team's previous spring training facilities in Winter Haven, Florida.[75] Explaining that Wahoo's absence from the city-owned Goodyear Ballpark had not been the team's decision, then-team president Paul Dolan said, "It's not our ballpark. I would expect some sensitivity was involved, but ultimately it's the city's ballpark."[76] A city spokesperson said that they were following Cleveland's marketing lead after the team used the script "I" logo on the player development complex in addition to the ballpark.[76] Dolan said there was also "some sensitivity involved" with player development complex.[76] The logo is also absent from team property and employee clothing in Arizona.[77]

Cleveland sportswriter Paul Hoynes wrote that the Chief Wahoo logo was not used in Goodyear "because of the heavy population of Native Americans in Arizona."[78] According to the 2010 census, the Arizona population is 4.6% Native American or Alaska Native, compared to 0.4% in Florida and 0.2% in Ohio.[79] Sportswriter Craig Calcaterra described the issue more bluntly, saying that "in the southwest there is a much larger Indian population than there is back in Ohio and that not putting up a big racist, comically-exaggerated red-faced logo of an Indian is simply a matter of common courtesy."[77] In 2013, Chief Wahoo was still used on the Cleveland Indians' spring training web page, where the logo was framed within the name of their host city,[80] but has since been replaced.

"Stars and stripes" logo variant edit

 
New Era Caps released this image online, then said it had done so in error and the product would not be sold.

In 2008, Major League Baseball introduced special caps with each team's cap logo woven into the "Stars and Stripes" that were worn during major American holidays. The Indians cap with Chief Wahoo emblazoned in stars and stripes was criticized by some sportswriters. In 2009, MLB redesigned the Indians "Stars and Stripes" cap with a "C" logo replacing Chief Wahoo.[81]

Similar events played out several years later. In 2013, manufacturer New Era released an image of a hat with a flag-themed Chief Wahoo to be worn by the team on the Fourth of July. According to a source at Major League Baseball, the image was mistakenly released because of a misunderstanding that all teams would be using their main logo. After news reports criticized the "short-sightedness of covering a Native American logo with stars and stripes" and said it looked "a little too much like a blackface cartoon", New Era removed the design and released an image of a flag-themed block-C logo hat that would be worn instead.[82][83][84] Some speculated that the scrapped design may actually have been intended for use.[85][86] Local alternative news magazine The Cleveland Scene called it "the most offensive Cleveland Indians hat ever".[87]

Folk art and fan art edit

Chief Wahoo has also appeared in numerous works of folk art and fan art. A 2002 decision by the US Department of Labor Employees' Compensation Appeals Board described the actions of a former letter carrier who claimed to have produced over 3,000 pieces of Chief Wahoo yard art, although she later said that claim was an exaggeration.[88] The former letter carrier also produced Chief Wahoo clocks.[88] In 2006, a likeness of Chief Wahoo took third place in a local sand sculpture competition, finishing behind sand sculpture versions of King Neptune and a man in a swimming pool.[89]

In Meadville, Pennsylvania, the adult children of a 74-year-old Cleveland Indians fan hired chainsaw artist Brian Sprague to carve a 7-foot (2.1 m)-tall maple tree stump into a full-body statue of Chief Wahoo.[90][91][92] In 2007, a newspaper in Toledo, Ohio reported that a man from the Toledo suburb of Oregon intended to have a tree trunk carved into a depiction of Chief Wahoo at bat.[50]

Elements of Chief Wahoo were incorporated into a collage that appeared in the Tribe Tract & Testimonial,[62][93] a fanzine that is now collected at the Cleveland Public Library.[94] In 2013, a Cleveland artist designed a T-shirt that combined Chief Wahoo's feather with imagery from the Cleveland Browns of the NFL and the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA.[95]

In 1987, Cleveland players Joe Carter and Cory Snyder were scheduled to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated posed in front of a stained-glass rendition of Chief Wahoo.[96] However, the stained-glass logo was not ultimately used on the cover.[97] The unused concept was described in a Los Angeles Times article that did not clearly state whether the stained-glass logo was an amateur or professional work.[96] Fan artists have incorporated Chief Wahoo's likeness into stained glass pieces.[98]

Other depictions edit

In 2011, artist Cyprien Gaillard installed Neon Indian, a 12-metre (39 ft), neon-outline Chief Wahoo replica atop the abandoned Haus der Statistik building in Berlin's Mitte district.[99] The Wall Street Journal said that the project "combines a symbol of the American Rust Belt with a souvenir of Communist town planning", and was "meant to reflect on the broader subject of urban decline."[100]

In another work, titled Indian Palace, Gaillard silkscreened the logo onto a salvaged window from East Berlin's demolished Palast der Republik.[101] The work appeared in an exhibition whose curator described the piece in terms of power, hierarchies, and values: "The window panes have arrived as 'spoils' in Frankfurt. The term 'spoil' originally referred to the hide of an animal or the enemy's armor and was later extended to apply to old fragments of architecture. The Native American grinning through the shimmering glass brings to mind the constant change in power relations, hierarchies and values."[101] In an article on Gaillard's work, Indian Country Today Media Network said it was up to the viewer to decide "whether it is a clever re-imagining of a controversial symbol or merely a callous and harmful repetition."[102]

Controversy edit

Main article: Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy

As part of the Native American mascot controversy, Chief Wahoo has drawn particular criticism. The use of "Indians" as the name of a team was also part of the controversy, and led over 115 professional organizations representing civil rights, educational, athletic, and scientific experts to publish resolutions or policies stating that any use of Native American names or symbols by non-native sports teams is a harmful form of ethnic stereotyping that promotes misunderstanding and prejudice and contributes to other problems faced by Native Americans.[103] In 2021, the team announced their rebranding as the Cleveland Guardians for the 2022 season.[104]

Opponents have been protesting and taking other actions against the name and logo since the 1970s. The team owners and management have defended their use as having no intent to offend but to honor Native Americans, upholding many fans' beliefs and continued support.[3] However, the use of Chief Wahoo was de-emphasized in favor of alternate logos beginning in the 2010s.[105][106] The logo was subsequently retired after the 2018 season, and "is no longer appropriate for on-field use", according to MLB commissioner Rob Manfred.[107] However, as to maintain their trademarks on the logo, along with the words "Tribe" and "Wahoo", and prevent their dilution, the team continued to sell limited merchandise with Chief Wahoo only at its physical team store.[108][109] Chief Wahoo was also not featured on the playing field when the Cleveland Indians hosted the 2019 All-Star Game.[110][111]

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chief Wahoo.
  • National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media poster with Chief Wahoo
  • Vernon Bellecourt obituary

February 15, 2024
chief, wahoo, main, article, cleveland, indians, name, logo, controversy, this, article, about, baseball, team, logo, comic, strip, character, logo, that, used, cleveland, indians, guardians, major, league, baseball, franchise, based, cleveland, ohio, from, 19. Main article Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy This article is about the baseball team logo For the comic strip character see Big Chief Wahoo Chief Wahoo is a logo that was used by the Cleveland Indians now Guardians a Major League Baseball MLB franchise based in Cleveland Ohio from 1951 to 2018 The final version of Chief Wahoo 1 As part of the larger Native American mascot controversy the logo drew criticism from Native Americans social scientists and religious and educational groups but was popular among fans of the team During the 2010s it was gradually replaced by a block C which became the primary logo in 2013 Chief Wahoo was officially retired following the 2018 season 2 3 4 with it also barred from future National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum plaques and merchandise sold outside of Ohio 5 6 3 Contents 1 History 2 Later variations 2 1 Move to Jacobs Field 2 2 Battle flag over USS Cleveland 2 3 Use during spring training 3 Merchandise and promotional tie ins 4 Depiction on Cleveland uniforms 5 Alternative logos 5 1 Notable uses of alternate logos 5 2 Use during spring training 5 3 Stars and stripes logo variant 6 Folk art and fan art 7 Other depictions 8 Controversy 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksHistory editIn 1932 the front page of the Cleveland Plain Dealer featured a cartoon by Fred George Reinert that used a caricatured Native American character with a definite resemblance to the later Chief Wahoo as a stand in for the Cleveland Indians winning an important victory The character came to be called The Little Indian eventually becoming a fixture in the paper s coverage of the team including a small front page visual box where his head would peek out to announce the outcome of the latest game Journalist George Condon would write in 1972 When the baseball club decided to adopt an Indian caricature as its official symbol it hired an artist to draw a little guy who came very close to Reinert s creation a blood brother unquestionably 7 nbsp The original incarnation of Chief Wahoo used from 1946 to 1950 1 In 1947 Cleveland Indians owner Bill Veeck hired the J F Novak Company designers of patches worn by the Cleveland police and fire departments to create a new logo for his team Seventeen year old draftsman Walter Goldbach an employee of the Novak Company was asked to perform the job 8 9 Tasked with creating a mascot that would convey a spirit of pure joy and unbridled enthusiasm he created a smiling face with yellow skin and a prominent nose 9 Goldbach has said that he had difficulty figuring out how to make an Indian look like a cartoon 9 10 and that he was probably influenced by the cartoon style that was popular at the time 11 How the name Chief Wahoo came to be used to refer to the Indians mascot is less clear The phrase had already been used for years before its use as a reference to the logo the popular newspaper comic strip Big Chief Wahoo ran from 1936 to 1947 7 One questionable origin myth indicates that the names Indians and Chief Wahoo were meant to honor Louis Sockalexis an outfielder for the Indians predecessors the Cleveland Spiders and one of the first Native Americans to play in Major League Baseball 12 The Penobscot Sockalexis tribe petitioned the Cleveland Indians to discontinue the use of Chief Wahoo 13 Another Native American baseball player Allie Reynolds pitched for the Indians for five years beginning in 1942 mostly as a starter He was later traded to the New York Yankees On October 6 1950 the Plain Dealer under the title of Chief Wahoo Whizzing stated Allie Chief Wahoo Reynolds the copper skinned Creek lost to Philadelphia but in the clutches though the Chief was a standup gent tougher than Sitting Bull 7 In subsequent articles Reynolds was again called Chief Wahoo old Wahoo and just plain Wahoo 7 In 1952 Chief Wahoo was given as the name for the Indians physical mascot for the first time when a person in a Wahoo costume showed up for a children s party at Public Hall given by Cleveland s dentists 7 Sportswriters eventually took to calling the unnamed character Chief Wahoo 9 Goldbach has said that the logo s moniker is inaccurate 10 Quoting a child he met while talking at a school Goldbach explained in a 2008 interview He s not a chief he s a brave He only has one feather Chiefs have full headdresses 10 In 1951 the mascot was redesigned with a smaller nose and red skin instead of yellow skin 9 This would be the most long lived version of the logo with only minor changes when it was first introduced it had black outlines before being changed to have blue outlines in 1979 8 After its introduction the face of the 1951 logo was incorporated into other full body depictions of the character Ohio sportswriter Terry Pluto has described comics of Chief Wahoo that would run on the front page of the Cleveland Plain Dealer in the 1950s with the character s depiction signifying the outcome of a game Wins were illustrated by Chief Wahoo holding a lantern in one hand and extending the index finger on his other Losses were illustrated by a battered Chief Wahoo complete with black eye missing teeth and crumpled feathers 14 The Chief Wahoo logo was last worn by the Indians in a loss to the Houston Astros in the ALDS on October 8 2018 News outlets noted the irony of the logo s final appearance being on Indigenous Peoples Day Columbus Day 15 16 17 Later variations edit nbsp Indians shortstop Omar Vizquel wearing a Chief Wahoo cap in 1996By 1973 when the team was bought by Cleveland businessman Nick Mileti they had introduced additional depictions of Chief Wahoo some of which showed the character at bat Mileti hired designer Leonard Benner to modify an existing at bat design for use as a logo Several changes were made Wahoo s nose was made smaller his body thinner and he was now drawn as a right handed batter instead of left handed 18 Overall the design of Chief Wahoo remained largely similar to the previous version 18 These modifications however heralded other changes to the team s use of Indian themed imagery such as the removal of a teepee from the outfield area 18 19 This version is no longer used by the team When Cleveland Municipal Stadium installed a new computer programmed monocolor scoreboard in 1977 newspaper articles described how it could display animated depictions of Chief Wahoo yelling Charge 20 By the 1978 season home runs were celebrated with fireworks and a scoreboard animation of Chief Wahoo dancing 21 The complete package of commissioned animations included an arrow skewering two players to signify a double play 20 During his tenure as president of the team Peter Bavasi asked players how the uniforms should look 14 Bavasi has described Joe Carter and Pat Tabler suggesting that Chief Wahoo be added to the hats with Tabler predicting that it would sell like crazy 14 Bavasi recalls expressing concern that it would offend Native American groups but that player Bert Blyleven reassured him Nah it shouldn t Really looks like manager Phil Seghi 14 Blyleven made a similar remark to Sports Illustrated who described the resemblance as uncanny 22 Tabler s prediction was ultimately borne out with hat sales increasing significantly after the reintroduction of Chief Wahoo 23 The revised hat design has been described as a change in keeping with Major League Baseball s trend toward old style simulacra 24 Around the time Bavasi added Chief Wahoo to the team s hats in 1986 he also banned derogatory banners at the stadium 25 The elimination of references to Cleveland on the uniforms including replacing the old style hats with Chief Wahoo led to speculation that the team might be moved to another city Cleveland was omitted on road jerseys from 1972 to 1977 and from 1983 to 1988 from 1978 to 1982 the city name was on the road grays but the team often wore navy jerseys with the team name instead of the city name for many road games 25 26 Move to Jacobs Field edit In 1994 the Indians moved from the Cleveland Municipal Stadium to Jacobs Field later renamed Progressive Field They considered replacing Chief Wahoo in 1993 19 27 but it was ultimately retained 28 29 Several years later the Associated Press reported that the debate had not hurt the team s souvenir sales which were better than those of any other team in the league at the time 30 From 1962 through 1994 a 28 foot 8 5 m tall neon lit sign of Chief Wahoo at bat stood above gate D of Cleveland Municipal Stadium When the stadium was demolished the neon sign was donated to the Western Reserve Historical Society 31 Working with the original blueprints 32 and the help of 50 000 in donations the historical society refurbished the sign which is now displayed in the group s museum 31 Anonymous donors have since provided funds to support maintenance work that allows the sign to remain lit 33 According to a senior vice president and historian at the Western Reserve Historical Society 34 the acquisition of a neon Chief Wahoo sign was debated for several reasons Among them was the belief that it was hugely negative for a portion of the population Ultimately the historical society decided that history is history This sign is a point in a major American issue which is racial caricature Some people have a problem with it some people don t It s important because it not only represents the rich history of baseball in Cleveland it gets into a really deep issue in American history The sign is displayed with written materials that show several points of view including The Legacy of Racism Continues Chief Wahoo Brief History of a Civic Icon and Enthusiasm That s Chief Wahoo 31 Battle flag over USS Cleveland edit nbsp Navy Adm James A Winnefeld Jr left vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Jim Folk right vice president of ballpark operations for the Cleveland Indians discuss the Chief Wahoo battle flag at Progressive Field 2012For several years the USS Cleveland flew a battle flag featuring the Chief Wahoo logo The time and circumstances under which the flag was first flown are not known but the flag was retired in 2006 and presented to former Cleveland pitcher and World War II veteran Bob Feller The flag had previously flown over center field at Cleveland Stadium 35 Use during spring training edit nbsp Chief Wahoo on a water tower in Winter Haven Florida 2007In 2009 the Cleveland Indians moved their spring training operations from their Grapefruit League home in Winter Haven Florida to their new Cactus League home in Goodyear Arizona During the years the team trained in the Grapefruit League a mural of Chief Wahoo was displayed on a nearby municipal water tower which was touched up at least once in 1993 36 However because of the team s impending move the city of Winter Haven did not bother to repaint the logo when it eventually faded 37 Due to the expense of repainting the water tower the logo remained there long after the team last trained in Florida it was not until 2012 that it was finally replaced with Polk State College s Logo 38 39 Chief Wahoo creator Walter Goldbach and his wife spent 15 winters living in Winter Haven 8 During the spring training season Goldbach would work with the team when they conducted tours 8 Goldbach later retired from his career as an artist and medical issues prevented him from drawing in the last few years of his life 8 He died in December 2017 at the age of 88 40 Merchandise and promotional tie ins editAn early piece of Chief Wahoo merchandise depicts a squatting Native American figure holding a stone tool in one hand and a scalp in the other 41 Produced in 1949 by Rempel Manufacturing Inc of Akron Ohio the rubber Indian figure marketed as Big Chief Erie 42 was based on an original sketch by Plain Dealer cartoonist Fred G Reinert For its 100th anniversary the team gave away blankets that depicted various incarnations of Chief Wahoo 43 In 2011 the team gave away free T shirts with a picture of a heart a peace sign and Chief Wahoo 44 The West Side Leader of Akron Ohio declared this design a lot better than the previous freebie shirt which featured representations of three racing hot dogs 44 In 2005 the team partnered with a candy maker to produce a Chief Wahoo chocolate bar 45 In 2013 the name Wahoo Women was used for a ladies night out promotion 46 and the team also ran a Wahoo Wednesdays promotion with Domino s Pizza 47 When Major League Baseball released a line of hats fashioned to resemble team mascots a writer for Yahoo Sports observed that the league had wisely passed over fashioning Chief Wahoo into a polyester conversation piece 48 Although Chief Wahoo was the logo for the Cleveland Indians the official team mascot is a character named Slider Major League Baseball does in fact sell a hat shaped to resemble Slider who himself wears a Chief Wahoo hat 49 The Cleveland Indians have also sold Chief Wahoo bobblehead dolls 50 A 1999 editorial reported annual revenue of 1 5 million from sales of licensed merchandise and 15 million from sales at official team shops 51 An interview subject in a 2006 documentary on Chief Wahoo estimated that the logo brought in over 20 million per year 52 Depiction on Cleveland uniforms edit nbsp Chief Wahoo appears on the sleeve of pitcher Mike Garcia s uniform 1953Although the club had adopted the name Indians during the 1915 season there was no acknowledgment of this nickname on their uniforms until 1928 In the years between the team s 1901 formation and the 1927 season uniforms contained variations on a stylized C or the word Cleveland except the 1921 season 53 when the front of the club s uniform shirts read Worlds sic Champions The 1928 season saw modified club uniforms whose left breast bore a patch depicting the profile of a headdress wearing American Indian 54 In 1929 a smaller version of that same patch migrated to the home uniform sleeve where similar incarnations of the early design remained through 1938 The online gallery of historical Cleveland uniforms does not accurately depict the evolution of the pre Wahoo logo 55 a cartoon depiction of a man in a warbonnet drawn in profile 56 Patrick Hruby writing for ESPN described an early image featuring these uniforms as a far cry from Chief Wahoo and other grinning caricatures 57 For 1939 the club wore the Baseball Centennial patch on the sleeve Various other patches were worn for the next few years none of them featuring Native American caricatures 58 In 1946 the last year before Chief Wahoo s introduction both the home and road shirts featured a City of Cleveland Sesquicentennial patch In 1947 home and road uniforms began featuring the first incarnation of Chief Wahoo The new logo a caricature drawn from a three quarter perspective supplanted the earlier profile drawings A redesigned Chief Wahoo caricature appeared on the uniform shirt sleeve starting in 1951 59 Uniform designs have varied in the years since but the 1951 design was used in most years since then its only notable change being the addition of blue outlines in 1979 1 Exceptions include the 1972 uniform which featured no Chief Wahoo logo and the 1973 1978 uniforms which featured a modified logo with Chief Wahoo at bat 60 61 Chief Wahoo was featured on Cleveland hats from 1951 to 1958 62 and returned to Cleveland s hats in 1986 23 dead link following an increase in the size of the logo on uniforms sleeves in 1983 62 By 2013 Chief Wahoo was featured on every variation of the team s uniforms 31 On January 29 2018 the Cleveland Indians announced they would remove the Chief Wahoo logo from their on field baseball caps and jerseys starting with the 2019 season 4 On March 21 2019 the Baseball Hall of Fame announced that Chief Wahoo would no longer be featured on future Hall of Fame plaques starting with newly inducted Jim Thome as an Indian 6 The Chief Wahoo logo was last worn by the Indians in an 11 3 loss to the Houston Astros during the ALDS on October 8 2018 Coincidentally the game fell on Indigenous Peoples Day 17 Alternative logos editIn recent years the Indians have also introduced alternative logos a block letter C a script letter I and the word Indians written in script In 2013 the organization officially changed the primary logo from Chief Wahoo to the recently introduced block C Previously team spokesman Bob DiBiasio had described the block C logo as alternative to Chief Wahoo We have added a logo the block C recently in addition to the Wahoo logo and the script Indians Fans of the team have alternative ways to express their support 63 In 2002 DiBiasio described an Indians hat with the letter I in similar terms as official merchandise that provides an alternative without Chief Wahoo 64 Owner Larry Dolan had said the alternative logos are another marketing tool and it s not true that they are a means of phasing out Chief Wahoo 65 The Encyclopedia of Sports Management and Marketing has described the new hats and team mascot Slider as an effort to distance the franchise from the controversy 66 Notable uses of alternate logos edit nbsp President Bill Clinton wearing a hat with the alternate block C logo throws the inaugural pitch of the 1994 baseball season The use of these alternative logos has at times proved newsworthy In 1994 when then President Bill Clinton threw the first pitch at Jacobs Field he wore a hat with the letter C logo worn from 1978 to 1985 instead of Chief Wahoo 67 68 69 A White House aide described the decision as one taken in recognition of the sensitivities involved 67 and it spurred public debate on the issue of Native American names and images in sports 68 One critic accused Clinton of an apparent attempt to appease his politically correct constituency 70 When Cleveland played Baltimore in the 2007 Civil Rights Game in Memphis logos were removed from the uniforms of both teams 71 This caused some sportswriters to assert that the office of the Major League Baseball commissioner understood on some level that Chief Wahoo is the wrong message 71 The controversy was heightened by Memphis location on the Trail of Tears 71 The president of the Faraway Cherokees in Memphis said My family was on the Trail of Tears We feel offended that they would bring a team here called the Indians It s racist We aren t gone 71 Chief Wahoo was also absent from merchandise sold at FanFest activities during the 2013 MLB All Star Game in New York City 72 73 The use of alternate logos on official merchandise led sportswriters to speculate that Major League Baseball was uncomfortable or cautious about using the Chief Wahoo logo 72 73 Major League Baseball s use of an alternate logo on its website has led to similar speculation 74 Use during spring training edit nbsp A Chief Wahoo sign in Winter Haven Florida 2007 At the team s new spring training grounds in Arizona the logo is not prominently displayed In 2009 when the Cleveland Indians moved their spring training operations to Goodyear Arizona the Chief Wahoo logo was not used on the outside of the local stadium where they practiced The Chief Wahoo logo had been prominently displayed at the team s previous spring training facilities in Winter Haven Florida 75 Explaining that Wahoo s absence from the city owned Goodyear Ballpark had not been the team s decision then team president Paul Dolan said It s not our ballpark I would expect some sensitivity was involved but ultimately it s the city s ballpark 76 A city spokesperson said that they were following Cleveland s marketing lead after the team used the script I logo on the player development complex in addition to the ballpark 76 Dolan said there was also some sensitivity involved with player development complex 76 The logo is also absent from team property and employee clothing in Arizona 77 Cleveland sportswriter Paul Hoynes wrote that the Chief Wahoo logo was not used in Goodyear because of the heavy population of Native Americans in Arizona 78 According to the 2010 census the Arizona population is 4 6 Native American or Alaska Native compared to 0 4 in Florida and 0 2 in Ohio 79 Sportswriter Craig Calcaterra described the issue more bluntly saying that in the southwest there is a much larger Indian population than there is back in Ohio and that not putting up a big racist comically exaggerated red faced logo of an Indian is simply a matter of common courtesy 77 In 2013 Chief Wahoo was still used on the Cleveland Indians spring training web page where the logo was framed within the name of their host city 80 but has since been replaced Stars and stripes logo variant edit nbsp New Era Caps released this image online then said it had done so in error and the product would not be sold In 2008 Major League Baseball introduced special caps with each team s cap logo woven into the Stars and Stripes that were worn during major American holidays The Indians cap with Chief Wahoo emblazoned in stars and stripes was criticized by some sportswriters In 2009 MLB redesigned the Indians Stars and Stripes cap with a C logo replacing Chief Wahoo 81 Similar events played out several years later In 2013 manufacturer New Era released an image of a hat with a flag themed Chief Wahoo to be worn by the team on the Fourth of July According to a source at Major League Baseball the image was mistakenly released because of a misunderstanding that all teams would be using their main logo After news reports criticized the short sightedness of covering a Native American logo with stars and stripes and said it looked a little too much like a blackface cartoon New Era removed the design and released an image of a flag themed block C logo hat that would be worn instead 82 83 84 Some speculated that the scrapped design may actually have been intended for use 85 86 Local alternative news magazine The Cleveland Scene called it the most offensive Cleveland Indians hat ever 87 Folk art and fan art editChief Wahoo has also appeared in numerous works of folk art and fan art A 2002 decision by the US Department of Labor Employees Compensation Appeals Board described the actions of a former letter carrier who claimed to have produced over 3 000 pieces of Chief Wahoo yard art although she later said that claim was an exaggeration 88 The former letter carrier also produced Chief Wahoo clocks 88 In 2006 a likeness of Chief Wahoo took third place in a local sand sculpture competition finishing behind sand sculpture versions of King Neptune and a man in a swimming pool 89 In Meadville Pennsylvania the adult children of a 74 year old Cleveland Indians fan hired chainsaw artist Brian Sprague to carve a 7 foot 2 1 m tall maple tree stump into a full body statue of Chief Wahoo 90 91 92 In 2007 a newspaper in Toledo Ohio reported that a man from the Toledo suburb of Oregon intended to have a tree trunk carved into a depiction of Chief Wahoo at bat 50 Elements of Chief Wahoo were incorporated into a collage that appeared in the Tribe Tract amp Testimonial 62 93 a fanzine that is now collected at the Cleveland Public Library 94 In 2013 a Cleveland artist designed a T shirt that combined Chief Wahoo s feather with imagery from the Cleveland Browns of the NFL and the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA 95 In 1987 Cleveland players Joe Carter and Cory Snyder were scheduled to appear on the cover of Sports Illustrated posed in front of a stained glass rendition of Chief Wahoo 96 However the stained glass logo was not ultimately used on the cover 97 The unused concept was described in a Los Angeles Times article that did not clearly state whether the stained glass logo was an amateur or professional work 96 Fan artists have incorporated Chief Wahoo s likeness into stained glass pieces 98 Other depictions editIn 2011 artist Cyprien Gaillard installed Neon Indian a 12 metre 39 ft neon outline Chief Wahoo replica atop the abandoned Haus der Statistik building in Berlin s Mitte district 99 The Wall Street Journal said that the project combines a symbol of the American Rust Belt with a souvenir of Communist town planning and was meant to reflect on the broader subject of urban decline 100 In another work titled Indian Palace Gaillard silkscreened the logo onto a salvaged window from East Berlin s demolished Palast der Republik 101 The work appeared in an exhibition whose curator described the piece in terms of power hierarchies and values The window panes have arrived as spoils in Frankfurt The term spoil originally referred to the hide of an animal or the enemy s armor and was later extended to apply to old fragments of architecture The Native American grinning through the shimmering glass brings to mind the constant change in power relations hierarchies and values 101 In an article on Gaillard s work Indian Country Today Media Network said it was up to the viewer to decide whether it is a clever re imagining of a controversial symbol or merely a callous and harmful repetition 102 Controversy editMain article Cleveland Indians name and logo controversy As part of the Native American mascot controversy Chief Wahoo has drawn particular criticism The use of Indians as the name of a team was also part of the controversy and led over 115 professional organizations representing civil rights educational athletic and scientific experts to publish resolutions or policies stating that any use of Native American names or symbols by non native sports teams is a harmful form of ethnic stereotyping that promotes misunderstanding and prejudice and contributes to other problems faced by Native Americans 103 In 2021 the team announced their rebranding as the Cleveland Guardians for the 2022 season 104 Opponents have been protesting and taking other actions against the name and logo since the 1970s The team owners and management have defended their use as having no intent to offend but to honor Native Americans upholding many fans beliefs and continued support 3 However the use of Chief Wahoo was de emphasized in favor of alternate logos beginning in the 2010s 105 106 The logo was subsequently retired after the 2018 season and is no longer appropriate for on field use according to MLB commissioner Rob Manfred 107 However as to maintain their trademarks on the logo along with the words Tribe and Wahoo and prevent their dilution the team continued to sell limited merchandise with Chief Wahoo only at its physical team store 108 109 Chief Wahoo was also not featured on the playing field when the Cleveland Indians hosted the 2019 All Star Game 110 111 See also editNative American name controversy Chief Noc A Homa Golliwog List of sports team names and mascots derived from Indigenous peoples List of ethnic sports team and mascot names all ethnicities References edit a b c Wong Stephen Grob Dave 2016 Game Worn Baseball Treasures from the Game s Greatest Heroes and Moments Smithsonian Institution ISBN 9781588345714 Retrieved December 8 2021 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Bastian Jordan January 29 2018 Indians to stop using Wahoo logo starting in 19 MLB com MLB Advanced Media Retrieved January 30 2018 a b c Waldstein David January 29 2018 Cleveland Indians Will Abandon Chief Wahoo Logo Next Year The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved January 30 2018 a b Siemaszko Corky January 29 2018 Cleveland Indians will remove Chief Wahoo logo in 2019 NBC News Retrieved March 22 2018 HALL OF FAME STATEMENT ON JIM THOME S PLAQUE LOGO BaseballHall org Press release March 21 2018 Retrieved July 25 2021 a b Thome HOF plaque won t feature Chief Wahoo ESPN com March 21 2018 a b c d e Ricca Brad June 19 2014 The Secret History of Chief Wahoo Belt Magazine Retrieved November 23 2014 a b c d e Foster Gayle April 15 2012 All hail to the chief Wahoo designer visits Emeritus The Post Medina Ohio Retrieved June 13 2013 a b c d e Pattakos Peter April 25 2012 The Curse of Chief Wahoo Are we paying the price for embracing America s last acceptable racist symbol The Cleveland Scene Archived from the original on January 20 2013 Retrieved May 17 2013 a b c Netzel Andy Goldbach Walter August 2008 Life According to Walter Goldbach Cleveland Magazine Affleck John May 28 1999 Owner to Decide Fate of Chief Wahoo APNews com Associated Press Retrieved August 16 2013 Why are the Cleveland Indians called the Indians Cleveland com January 29 2018 Louis Sockalexis Tribe Angry About Chief Wahoo Logo Obviously Does Not Honor His Legacy Cleveland Scene Archived from the original on December 24 2018 Retrieved December 24 2018 a b c d Pluto Terry 2007 The Curse of Rocky Colavito A Loving Look at a Thirty Year Slump Gray amp Company printing by Simon amp Schuster p 17 ISBN 978 1 59851 035 5 Baer Bill October 8 2018 Indians choose to wear Chief Wahoo on Indigenous Peoples Day get swept out of ALDS nbcsports com NBC Sports Retrieved October 10 2018 Hannon Elliot October 9 2018 Cleveland Indians Play Final Game With Grinning Native American Caricature Chief Wahoo Logo Slate The Slate Group Retrieved October 10 2018 a b Hart Torrey October 8 2018 Cleveland Indians use Chief Wahoo logo one last inappropriate time Yahoo Sports Yahoo Retrieved October 10 2018 a b c Fleitz David 2002 Louis Sockalexis and the Cleveland Indians Jefferson North Carolina McFarland amp Company Inc p 187 ISBN 0 7864 1383 2 a b Staurowsky Ellen J 1998 Thomas L Altherr series editor Alvin L Hall ed Searching for Sockalexis Exploring the Myth at the core of Cleveland s Indian Image in The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture 1998 McFarland pp 138 153 ISBN 9780786409549 Retrieved June 7 2013 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a editor has generic name help a b New Scoreboard Set for Cleveland Park The Victoria Advocate Associated Press Retrieved June 5 2013 Chief Wahoo cheers HR in Cleveland stadium photo caption Youngstown Vindicator April 23 1978 Retrieved June 5 2013 Wulf Steve January 28 1985 Baseball s Dutch Treat Sports Illustrated Retrieved June 10 2013 a b Fleitz David Chief Wahoo Revisited Archived from the original on March 30 2012 Retrieved June 4 2013 McGimpsey David 2000 Imagining Baseball America s Pastime and Popular Culture Bloomington Indiana Indiana University Press p 98 ISBN 0 253 33696 1 a b Schneider Russel 2004 The Cleveland Indians Encyclopedia 3rd ed Champaign Illinois Sports Publishing L L C p 370 ISBN 1 58261 840 2 Bjarkman Peter C 1991 Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball Team Histories The American League Mecklermedia Corporation p 127 ISBN 9780887363733 Russell Means and Juanita Helphrey discuss the Cleveland Indians and Chief Wahoo The Morning Exchange 1994 Archived from the original on December 13 2021 Retrieved June 8 2013 Sheeran Thomas J July 2 1993 Indians will keep logo despite objections Deseret News Retrieved June 8 2013 Chief Wahoo s Domain is Still Turbulent The New York Times Associated Press July 2 1993 Retrieved June 8 2013 McNichol Tom July 6 1997 A Major League Insult The Kingman Daily Miner Retrieved June 12 2013 a b c d Podolski Mark May 5 2013 Chief Wahoo still a divisive symbol in Cleveland sports The Morning Journal Archived from the original on June 15 2013 Retrieved May 20 2013 Podolski Mark May 6 2013 Video interview with John J Grabowski published in the article Chief Wahoo caricature controversy still hot topic for Cleveland Indians Native Americans The News Herald Retrieved June 7 2013 permanent dead link Western Reserve Historical Society Cleveland s Chief Wahoo Lights Up with a Smile Archived from the original on May 4 2013 Retrieved May 20 2013 Staff at Western Reserve Historical Society Archived from the original on October 25 2012 Retrieved May 20 2013 Sheehan Michael September 1 2006 Battle Flag of USS Cleveland retired at Jacobs Field US Navy Retrieved June 5 2013 Water tower s Wahoo mug to receive delicate face lift Lakeland Ledger November 3 1993 Retrieved June 6 2013 Spring Training 2008 The Cleveland Indians Say Good Bye To Winter Haven Fla The Chattahoogan March 22 2008 Retrieved June 6 2013 Sargent Scott March 12 2009 Indians Leave Florida but Wahoo Still Remains Waiting for Next Year Winter Haven unveils water tower city pride Polk State College April 27 2012 Retrieved June 6 2013 Walter Goldbach creator of Chief Wahoo logo dies at 88 wkyc com December 15 2017 Cleveland Indians Chief Wahoo statue plus Rempel doll Cowan Auctions Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved August 28 2013 The Mercury from Pottstown Pennsylvania on December 16 1949 Page 12 Newspapers com December 16 1949 Tanier Mike May 16 2013 The All Time Worst Mascot Fails Sports on Earth Archived from the original on May 20 2013 Retrieved May 20 2013 a b Marks Craig August 18 2011 Fired up Tribe ready to battle Tigers West Side Leader Archived from the original on September 2 2013 Retrieved September 2 2013 Chief Wahoo Chocolate Bar Debuts June 17 2005 Archived from the original on June 5 2013 Retrieved June 5 2013 Wahoo Women Cleveland Indians Major League Baseball Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved June 5 2013 Cleveland Indians Domino s partner on new Wahoo Wednesdays promotion Cleveland Indians Major League Baseball March 4 2013 Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved June 5 2013 Kaduk Kevin August 7 2012 The 18 creepiest caps for sale on MLB com Yahoo Sports Retrieved August 29 2013 Cleveland Indians Slider Mascot Cap Major League Baseball Archived from the original on July 2 2012 Retrieved August 29 2013 a b Silka Zach October 3 2007 300 bobble heads reflect Tribe pride for Cleveland fan from Oregon The Toledo Blade Retrieved August 29 2013 Chief Wahoo needs an early retirement The Lantern April 7 1999 Archived from the original on September 1 2013 Retrieved September 1 2013 Greening Bryant November 11 2006 Filmmaker screens attack on Tribe s Chief Wahoo The Athens News Archived from the original on December 29 2007 Retrieved September 1 2013 Cleveland uniforms in 1921 Exhibits baseballhalloffame org Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved June 4 2013 National Baseball Hall of Fame Dressed to the Nines Uniform Database exhibits baseballhalloffame org National Baseball Hall of Fame Dressed to the Nines Uniform Database exhibits baseballhalloffame org Bob Feller Videos of one of baseball s best ever pitchers and ambassadors December 17 2010 Hruby Patrick November 17 2009 Capturing America s sports history ESPN Archived from the original on January 11 2010 Retrieved September 13 2013 Cleveland uniforms 1901 1950 Exhibits baseballhalloffame org Retrieved June 4 2013 Okkonen Mark December 1993 Baseball Uniforms of the 20th Century Sterling Publishing Company pp 37 190 ISBN 0 8069 8491 0 Cleveland uniforms 1947 1985 Exhibits baseballhalloffame org Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved June 4 2013 A comprehensive gallery of Cleveland Indians logos can be seen here 1 a b c Nevard David Wahooism in the USA Archived from the original on May 14 2013 Retrieved June 11 2013 Sangiacomo Michael April 1 2012 Native Americans to mark Cleveland Indians 1st games with annual protest of Chief Wahoo logo The Plain Dealer Retrieved June 4 2013 Barrientos Tonya March 16 2002 A chief beef Some teams still seem insensitive to Indians Philadelphia Inquirer Archived from the original on June 18 2004 Retrieved June 4 2013 Hanson Dan 2006 Interview with Larry Dolan Great Lakes Geek pp 7 22 9 15 Retrieved June 8 2013 Linda E Swayne and Mark Dodds ed 2011 Encyclopedia of Sports Management and Marketing Volumes 1 4 Thousand Oaks California SAGE Publications Inc p 223 ISBN 978 1 4129 7382 3 Retrieved June 11 2013 a b Jehl Douglas April 5 1994 Clinton s Doubleheader Two Cities Two Sports The New York Times Retrieved June 8 2013 a b Zografos Daphne 2010 Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions Northampton Massachusetts Edward Elgar Publishing Inc pp 90 91 Kepner Tyler April 5 2010 From Taft to Obama Ceremonial First Pitches The New York Times Retrieved August 26 2013 Rhode John B Fall 1994 The Mascot Name Change Controversy A Lesson in Hypersensitivity Marquette Sports Law Review 5 1 141 160 Retrieved June 7 2013 a b c d Bondy Filip March 8 2007 Selig s uncivil wrong New York Daily News Retrieved June 8 2013 a b Allard Sam July 17 2013 There Were No Chief Wahoo Hats at All Star Game FanFest Cleveland Scene Retrieved August 7 2013 a b Neyer Rob July 16 2013 FanFest and what it might say about Chief Wahoo SB Nation Retrieved August 7 2013 Calcaterra Craig June 4 2012 The incremental marginalization of Chief Wahoo continues NBC Sports Hardball Talk Retrieved August 29 2013 Liscio Stephanie May 13 2011 Cap week Time to retire Chief Wahoo ESPN Sweet Spot Retrieved June 6 2013 a b c Cleveland Indians Chief Wahoo logo left off team s ballpark training complex in Goodyear Ariz Cleveland Plain Dealer April 12 2009 Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved September 19 2018 a b Calcaterra Tim March 8 2012 Scenes from Spring Training My annual Chief Wahoo observation NBC Sports Retrieved June 7 2013 Hoynes Paul May 18 2013 Will the AL and NL ever agree on the DH Hey Hoynsie The Plain Dealer Retrieved June 7 2013 U S Census website United States Census Bureau Retrieved June 6 2013 Cleveland Indians Spring Training Cleveland Indians Major League Baseball Archived from the original on March 7 2013 Retrieved June 7 2013 MLB pulls Chief Wahoo off Cleveland s 09 Stars and Stripes cap Yahoo May 20 2009 Retrieved May 25 2009 Gaines Cork June 4 2013 UPDATE Cleveland Indians Will Not Be Wearing Offensive Cap After All Business Insider Retrieved June 6 2013 Axisa Mike June 6 2013 MLB smartens up scraps offensive Chief Wahoo hat for Fourth of July CBS Sports Retrieved June 6 2013 ICTMN Staff June 6 2013 Cleveland Indians Chief Wahoo Fourth of July Hat Replaced Indian Country Today Media Network Retrieved June 6 2013 Calcaterra Craig June 6 2013 MLB axes the Chief Wahoo July 4th cap design NBC Sports Hardball Talk Retrieved June 6 2013 Lukas Paul June 6 2013 C No Evil Uni Watch Retrieved June 6 2013 Allard Sam June 6 2013 The Most Offensive Cleveland Indians Hat Ever The Cleveland Scene Archived from the original on June 9 2013 Retrieved June 8 2013 a b In the Matter of JANE A PASTVA and U S POSTAL SERVICE POST OFFICE Warren OH Docket No 02 1141 Submitted on the Record Issued December 11 2002 US Department of Labor December 11 2002 Retrieved August 28 2013 Dillaway Warren August 4 2006 Families unite in competition to see who can create the best sculpture The Star Beacon Retrieved August 28 2013 Briggs David September 4 2007 A stump only a Tribe fan could love Daughter s thoughtful gift turns an eyesore into a treasure Major League Baseball Archived from the original on November 1 2007 Retrieved August 28 2013 WKYC TV March 31 2008 Ugly tree stump turned into Wahoo shrine for Tribe fan WKYC News Retrieved August 28 2013 Turrisi T J August 13 2007 Indians fan gets permanent visit from mascot Meadville Tribune Retrieved August 28 2013 Nevard David Book Review Time Stops Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved August 22 2013 Worldcat listing forTribe Tract amp Testimonial Worldcat OCLC 609852351 Livingston Tom August 9 2013 Etch A Sketch artwork leads to GV Art Design retail store in Lakewood WEWS TV News Channel 5 Archived from the original on August 25 2013 Retrieved September 2 2013 a b Crowe Jerry March 22 1987 A Bright Star Is Rising Over Cleveland Cory Snyder Has Gone From College Ranks to MVP Candidate in 3 Years The Los Angeles Times Retrieved September 13 2013 Picture of SI cover www boston com 1987 Retrieved May 27 2020 Lovano John A Stained Image thumbnails Archived from the original on March 22 2011 Suttel Scott July 29 2011 Talk about a long road trip Chief Wahoo s in Berlin Crain s Cleveland Business Retrieved August 22 2013 Marcus J S July 29 2011 Contemporary Art and Economics in Berlin Wall Street Journal Retrieved August 22 2013 a b Exhibition and Karl Stroher Prize for French Artist Cyprien Gaillard Art Daily Retrieved August 26 2013 ICTMN Staff August 3 2011 Why Is this Indian Smiling in Berlin Indian Country Today Media Network Retrieved August 26 2013 Legislative efforts to eliminate native themed mascots nicknames and logos Slow but steady progress post APA resolution American Psychological Association August 2010 Retrieved January 23 2013 Lyons Matt July 23 2021 Cleveland unveils new team name logos Cleveland Guardians Covering the Corner Retrieved October 4 2021 Pluto Terry April 1 2016 Cleveland Indians owner Paul Dolan says team is keeping Chief Wahoo but not as main logo Terry Pluto The Plain Dealer Retrieved April 13 2017 Webb Craig October 8 2016 Indians mascot Chief Wahoo relegated to the bench at Progressive Field Akron Beacon Journal Retrieved April 13 2017 Bogage Jacob October 9 2018 The Cleveland Indians season is over and so is Chief Wahoo s 71 year run The Washington Post Retrieved October 9 2018 Blackburn Pete November 19 2018 Cleveland Indians fully phase out Chief Wahoo logo unveil new uniforms for 2019 CBS News Retrieved November 19 2018 Barnett David June 28 2019 Ejected From the Field Chief Wahoo s Still A Hot Seller Ideastream WCPN Retrieved July 10 2019 Lacques Gabe Opinion Chief Wahoo missing from Cleveland s All Star Game but mascot issue endures USA TODAY Pedone Nick As the All Star Game Goes on Without Chief Wahoo Local Groups Say They ll Continue Pushing for Indians to Change Name Cleveland Scene Archived from the original on January 9 2021 Retrieved September 15 2019 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chief Wahoo National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media poster with Chief Wahoo Vernon Bellecourt obituary Portal nbsp Baseball Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chief Wahoo amp oldid 1202284440, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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