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Gamebird hybrids

January 01, 1970

Gamebird hybrids are the result of crossing species of game birds, including ducks, with each other and with domestic poultry. These hybrid species may sometimes occur naturally in the wild or more commonly through the deliberate or inadvertent intervention of humans.

Charles Darwin described hybrids of game birds and domestic fowl in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication:

Mr. Hewitt, who has had great experience in crossing tame cock-pheasants with fowls belonging to five breeds, gives as the character of all 'extraordinary wildness' (13/42. 'The Poultry Book' by Tegetmeier 1866 pages 165, 167.); but I have myself seen one exception to this rule. Mr. S. J. Salter (13/43. 'Natural History Review' 1863 April page 277.) who raised a large number of hybrids from a bantam-hen by Gallus sonneratii, states that 'all were exceedingly wild.' [...] utterly sterile male hybrids from the pheasant and the fowl act in the same manner, "their delight being to watch when the hens leave their nests, and to take on themselves the office of a sitter." (13/57. 'Cottage Gardener' 1860 page 379.) [...] Mr. Hewitt gives it as a general rule with fowls, that crossing the breed increases their size. He makes this remark after stating that hybrids from the pheasant and fowl are considerably larger than either progenitor: so again, hybrids from the male golden pheasant and female common pheasant "are of far larger size than either parent-bird.' (17/39. Ibid 1866 page 167; and 'Poultry Chronicle' volume 3 1855 page 15.)"

Pheasant and grouse hybrids edit

 
Hybrid of Lady Amherst's pheasant × golden pheasant, Rothschild Museum, Tring
 
Hybrid pheasant (left) and hybrid of black grouse × hazel grouse (right), Rothschild Museum, Tring

Hybrids have been obtained between the "ornamental" species of pheasants e.g. Lady Amherst's, silver and Reeves's pheasants.

Natural pheasant and grouse hybrids have been reported:

Chicken hybrids edit

 
Domestic fowl × guineafowl hybrid (left) and guinea fowl × peafowl hybrid (right), Rothschild Museum, Tring

Charles Darwin mentioned crosses between domestic fowl and pheasants in Origin of Species

[...] from observations communicated to me by Mr. Hewitt, who has had great experience in hybridising pheasants and fowls

and later in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (top of this page), where he mentioned effeminate behaviour in the male hybrids.

In her book Bird Hybrids, A. P. Gray lists numerous crosses between chickens (Gallus gallus) and other types of fowl.[5] Domestic fowl can be crossed, and produce fertile offspring, with silver pheasants, red junglefowl and green junglefowl. They have also produced hybrids with peafowl, chachalacas, capercaillie, grouse, quail, curassows, pheasants and guans.

Domestic fowl have been crossed with guineafowl[6] and also with common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Domestic fowl/pheasant hybrids have also occurred naturally.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Domestic chickens and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) have been hybridised using artificial insemination.[13][14]

 
Two hybrids between chickens and the common pheasant, Rothschild Museum, Tring

The peafowl (Pavo cristatus) from Asia and the common guineafowl (Numida meleagris) from Africa have been crossed.[6][9][15]

Chicken and turkey hybrids edit

There have been attempted crosses between domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and chickens.[16] According to Gray,[5] no hybrids hatched in twelve studies. Other reports found only a few fertile eggs were produced and very few resulted in advance embryos.[17][18][19] According to Olsen,[20] 23 hybrids were obtained from 302 embryos which resulted from 2,132 eggs. Dark Cornish cockerels and Rhode Island Red cockerels successfully fertilised turkey eggs. Harada & Buss[21] reported hybridisation experiments between Beltsville Small White Turkeys and two strains of chickens. When male chickens inseminated female turkeys, both male and female embryos form, but the males are much less viable and usually die in the early stages of development. When male turkeys inseminated female chickens, no hybrids resulted; however, the unfertilised chicken eggs began to divide. According to Olsen,[20] turkey-chicken crosses produced all males.

A supposed turkey × pheasant hybrid was reported by Edwards in 1761.[22]

A hybrid between a turkey and Ocellated turkey was reported in 1956.[23]

Duck hybrids edit

 
Hybrid of mallard duck × Muscovy duck

Charles Darwin also described duck hybrids in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication:

Hybrids are often raised between the common and musk duck, and I have been assured by three persons, who have kept these crossed birds, that they were not wild; but Mr. Garnett (13/45. As stated by Mr. Orton in his 'Physiology of Breeding' page 12.) observed that his hybrids were wild, and exhibited 'migratory propensities' of which there is not a vestige in the common or musk duck.

Hybrids between mallard ducks and Aylesbury ducks (a white domestic breed derived from the mallard) are frequently seen in British parks where the two types are present. The hybrids often resemble a dark coloured mallard with a white breast. Mallard ducks also hybridise with the Muscovy duck producing pied offspring.

Hybrids between the ruddy duck and white-headed duck are undesirable in parts of Europe[24][25] where the introduced ruddy duck has bred with native white-headed ducks. The increasing number of ruddy ducks and hybrids threatens the existence of the white-headed ducks, resulting in shooting campaigns to remove the introduced species. This is controversial as some believe that nature should be allowed to take its course, even though this favours the more successful introduced species.

Duck-chicken chimera was prepared by transferring donor germ cells into embryo cavity of zygote. The transfer of dermal cells into recipient embryos to produce chimerism provides a basis for studying the barriers to fertilization in interspecific reproductive chimerism. This will help protect endangered birds, contribute to a better understanding of poultry physiology and embryonic development, and provide technical methods for poultry transgenic.[26]

Hybrid ducks of the genus Aythya include birds that are a mixture of tufted duck, greater scaup, pochard, ferruginous duck and ring-necked duck.

List of duck hybrids:

See also Mariana mallard.

Goose hybrids edit

 
A hybrid between a domestic goose and a Canada goose.

Goose hybrids include Canada goose × greylag goose, Canada goose × domesticated geese, emperor goose × Canada goose, red-breasted goose × Canada goose, Canada goose × white-fronted goose and barnacle goose × Canada goose.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Handbk Brit. Birds, 5: 210
  2. ^ Anthony, 1899. Auk, 16: 180
  3. ^ 1918. Wilson Bulletin, 30: 1-2, plate
  4. ^ Taverner, 1932. Annual Report, 1930, National Museum of Canada, p. 89 with plate
  5. ^ a b Gray Annie. P, 1958. Bird hybrids. Commonwealth Agri. Bureau, Farnham Royal, Bucks, England. Robt. Cunningham and Sons, Alva, Scotland. 1-390.
  6. ^ a b Ghigi A. 1936. "Galline di faraone e tacchini" Milano (Ulrico Hoepli)
  7. ^ Wheeler, H. J. 1910. A pheasant-bantam hybrid. Amer. Breeders Mag. 1: 266-268.
  8. ^ Cutler, D. W. 1918. On the sterility of hybrids between the pheasants and the Gold Campine fowl. J. Genetios 7: 155-165.
  9. ^ a b Serebrovsky, A. S. 1929. Observations on interspecific hybrids of the fowl. J. Genetics 21: 327-340.
  10. ^ Yamashina, Y. (1942). "On the hybrid between the domestic fowl, Gallas gallus var. domesticus and the common pheasant, Phasianus colchicus". Japanese Journal of Genetics. 18 (5): 231–253. doi:10.1266/jjg.18.231.
  11. ^ Shaklee, W. E.; C. W. Knox (1954). "Hybridization of the pheasant and fowl". Journal of Heredity. 45 (4): 183–190. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106471.
  12. ^ Asmundson & Lorenz, 1957
  13. ^ Mitsumoto, K.; S. Nishida (1958). "Trials of production of the hybrid between quails and chickens". Ap. Zootech. Sci. 29: 10.
  14. ^ Wilcox, F. H.; C. Elmer Clark (1961). "Chicken-quail hybrids". Journal of Heredity. 52 (4): 167–170. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107057.
  15. ^ Poll, H. 1910. "Uber Volgelmischlinge" Ber. V, intern. Ornithologenkongress.
  16. ^ Warren, D.C.; H. M. Scott (1935). "An attempt to produce turkey-chicken hybrids". Journal of Heredity. 26 (3): 105–107. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104040.
  17. ^ Asmundson, V. S.; F. W. Lorenz (1957). "Hybrids of ring-necked pheasants, turkeys and domesticated fowl". Poultry Science. 36 (6): 1323–1334. doi:10.3382/ps.0361323.
  18. ^ Ogorodii U. 1935. Hybridization of unrelated birds in Askania-Nova. Bull. All Union Academy Agri. Sciences (Lenin) 1:25
  19. ^ Quinn, J. P.; Burrows, W. H.; Byerly, T. C. (1937). "Turkey-chicken hybrids". Journal of Heredity. 28 (5): 169–173. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104352.
  20. ^ a b Olsen, M. W. (1960). "Turkey-chicken hybrids". Journal of Heredity. 51 (2): 69–73. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106955.
  21. ^ Harada, K.; Buss, E. G. (1981). "Turkey-Chicken Hybrids: A Cytological Study of Early Development". Journal of Heredity. 72 (4): 264–266. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109493. PMID 7288138.
  22. ^ Edwards, G. 1761. An account of a bird supposed to be bred between a turkey and pheasant. Trans. Roy. Soc., London 51- pt. 2, B: 415-417
  23. ^ Lorenz, F. W.; Asmundson, V. S.; Wilson, N. E. (1956). "TURKEY HYBRIDS". Journal of Heredity. 47 (3): 143–146. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106625. ISSN 1465-7333.
  24. ^ . Archived from the original on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  25. ^ . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  26. ^ Gao, Junshuang; Sha, Jin; Yuan, Fang; Zhang, Wenxin; Rui, Lei; Tang, Xiaoyan; Han, Haitang; Shao, Yujing; Liu, Haiwen; Yan, Li; Li, Zandong (July 2011). "Interspecific Duck–Chicken Chimeras". Avian Biology Research. 4 (2): 70–73. doi:10.3184/175815511X13085661914101. ISSN 1758-1559. S2CID 87967781.
  • Darwin, Charles. The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication.
  • Darwin, Charles. Origin of Species.

External links edit

  • Bird Hybrids Database
This article uses content from Hybrid Fowl licensed under the GFDL.

January 01, 1970
gamebird, hybrids, result, crossing, species, game, birds, including, ducks, with, each, other, with, domestic, poultry, these, hybrid, species, sometimes, occur, naturally, wild, more, commonly, through, deliberate, inadvertent, intervention, humans, charles,. Gamebird hybrids are the result of crossing species of game birds including ducks with each other and with domestic poultry These hybrid species may sometimes occur naturally in the wild or more commonly through the deliberate or inadvertent intervention of humans Charles Darwin described hybrids of game birds and domestic fowl in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Mr Hewitt who has had great experience in crossing tame cock pheasants with fowls belonging to five breeds gives as the character of all extraordinary wildness 13 42 The Poultry Book by Tegetmeier 1866 pages 165 167 but I have myself seen one exception to this rule Mr S J Salter 13 43 Natural History Review 1863 April page 277 who raised a large number of hybrids from a bantam hen by Gallus sonneratii states that all were exceedingly wild utterly sterile male hybrids from the pheasant and the fowl act in the same manner their delight being to watch when the hens leave their nests and to take on themselves the office of a sitter 13 57 Cottage Gardener 1860 page 379 Mr Hewitt gives it as a general rule with fowls that crossing the breed increases their size He makes this remark after stating that hybrids from the pheasant and fowl are considerably larger than either progenitor so again hybrids from the male golden pheasant and female common pheasant are of far larger size than either parent bird 17 39 Ibid 1866 page 167 and Poultry Chronicle volume 3 1855 page 15 Contents 1 Pheasant and grouse hybrids 2 Chicken hybrids 3 Chicken and turkey hybrids 4 Duck hybrids 5 Goose hybrids 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksPheasant and grouse hybrids edit nbsp Hybrid of Lady Amherst s pheasant golden pheasant Rothschild Museum Tring nbsp Hybrid pheasant left and hybrid of black grouse hazel grouse right Rothschild Museum Tring Hybrids have been obtained between the ornamental species of pheasants e g Lady Amherst s silver and Reeves s pheasants Natural pheasant and grouse hybrids have been reported Capercaillie or wood grouse Tetrao urogallus and black grouse Tetrao tetrix in the UK 1 Dusky or blue grouse Dendragapus obscurus and common pheasant Phasianus colchicus near Portland Oregon United States 2 Sharp tailed grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus and prairie chicken Tympanuchus cupido 3 Willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus and spruce grouse Falcipennis canadensis 4 Chicken hybrids edit nbsp Domestic fowl guineafowl hybrid left and guinea fowl peafowl hybrid right Rothschild Museum TringCharles Darwin mentioned crosses between domestic fowl and pheasants in Origin of Species from observations communicated to me by Mr Hewitt who has had great experience in hybridising pheasants and fowlsand later in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication top of this page where he mentioned effeminate behaviour in the male hybrids In her book Bird Hybrids A P Gray lists numerous crosses between chickens Gallus gallus and other types of fowl 5 Domestic fowl can be crossed and produce fertile offspring with silver pheasants red junglefowl and green junglefowl They have also produced hybrids with peafowl chachalacas capercaillie grouse quail curassows pheasants and guans Domestic fowl have been crossed with guineafowl 6 and also with common pheasant Phasianus colchicus Domestic fowl pheasant hybrids have also occurred naturally 7 8 9 10 11 12 Domestic chickens and Japanese quail Coturnix japonica have been hybridised using artificial insemination 13 14 nbsp Two hybrids between chickens and the common pheasant Rothschild Museum Tring The peafowl Pavo cristatus from Asia and the common guineafowl Numida meleagris from Africa have been crossed 6 9 15 Chicken and turkey hybrids editThere have been attempted crosses between domestic turkeys Meleagris gallopavo and chickens 16 According to Gray 5 no hybrids hatched in twelve studies Other reports found only a few fertile eggs were produced and very few resulted in advance embryos 17 18 19 According to Olsen 20 23 hybrids were obtained from 302 embryos which resulted from 2 132 eggs Dark Cornish cockerels and Rhode Island Red cockerels successfully fertilised turkey eggs Harada amp Buss 21 reported hybridisation experiments between Beltsville Small White Turkeys and two strains of chickens When male chickens inseminated female turkeys both male and female embryos form but the males are much less viable and usually die in the early stages of development When male turkeys inseminated female chickens no hybrids resulted however the unfertilised chicken eggs began to divide According to Olsen 20 turkey chicken crosses produced all males A supposed turkey pheasant hybrid was reported by Edwards in 1761 22 A hybrid between a turkey and Ocellated turkey was reported in 1956 23 Duck hybrids edit nbsp Hybrid of mallard duck Muscovy duck Charles Darwin also described duck hybrids in The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Hybrids are often raised between the common and musk duck and I have been assured by three persons who have kept these crossed birds that they were not wild but Mr Garnett 13 45 As stated by Mr Orton in his Physiology of Breeding page 12 observed that his hybrids were wild and exhibited migratory propensities of which there is not a vestige in the common or musk duck Hybrids between mallard ducks and Aylesbury ducks a white domestic breed derived from the mallard are frequently seen in British parks where the two types are present The hybrids often resemble a dark coloured mallard with a white breast Mallard ducks also hybridise with the Muscovy duck producing pied offspring Hybrids between the ruddy duck and white headed duck are undesirable in parts of Europe 24 25 where the introduced ruddy duck has bred with native white headed ducks The increasing number of ruddy ducks and hybrids threatens the existence of the white headed ducks resulting in shooting campaigns to remove the introduced species This is controversial as some believe that nature should be allowed to take its course even though this favours the more successful introduced species Duck chicken chimera was prepared by transferring donor germ cells into embryo cavity of zygote The transfer of dermal cells into recipient embryos to produce chimerism provides a basis for studying the barriers to fertilization in interspecific reproductive chimerism This will help protect endangered birds contribute to a better understanding of poultry physiology and embryonic development and provide technical methods for poultry transgenic 26 Hybrid ducks of the genus Aythya include birds that are a mixture of tufted duck greater scaup pochard ferruginous duck and ring necked duck List of duck hybrids Northern pintail mallard Ruddy duck white headed duck Ruddy shelduck shelduck White faced whistling duck plumed whistling duck Baikal teal northern pintail Hooded merganser smew Eurasian wigeon American wigeon Mallard grey duck a subspecies of the Pacific black duck See also Mariana mallard Goose hybrids edit nbsp A hybrid between a domestic goose and a Canada goose Goose hybrids include Canada goose greylag goose Canada goose domesticated geese emperor goose Canada goose red breasted goose Canada goose Canada goose white fronted goose and barnacle goose Canada goose See also editBird hybrid Haldane s ruleReferences edit Handbk Brit Birds 5 210 Anthony 1899 Auk 16 180 1918 Wilson Bulletin 30 1 2 plate Taverner 1932 Annual Report 1930 National Museum of Canada p 89 with plate a b Gray Annie P 1958 Bird hybrids Commonwealth Agri Bureau Farnham Royal Bucks England Robt Cunningham and Sons Alva Scotland 1 390 a b Ghigi A 1936 Galline di faraone e tacchini Milano Ulrico Hoepli Wheeler H J 1910 A pheasant bantam hybrid Amer Breeders Mag 1 266 268 Cutler D W 1918 On the sterility of hybrids between the pheasants and the Gold Campine fowl J Genetios 7 155 165 a b Serebrovsky A S 1929 Observations on interspecific hybrids of the fowl J Genetics 21 327 340 Yamashina Y 1942 On the hybrid between the domestic fowl Gallas gallus var domesticus and the common pheasant Phasianus colchicus Japanese Journal of Genetics 18 5 231 253 doi 10 1266 jjg 18 231 Shaklee W E C W Knox 1954 Hybridization of the pheasant and fowl Journal of Heredity 45 4 183 190 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a106471 Asmundson amp Lorenz 1957 Mitsumoto K S Nishida 1958 Trials of production of the hybrid between quails and chickens Ap Zootech Sci 29 10 Wilcox F H C Elmer Clark 1961 Chicken quail hybrids Journal of Heredity 52 4 167 170 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a107057 Poll H 1910 Uber Volgelmischlinge Ber V intern Ornithologenkongress Warren D C H M Scott 1935 An attempt to produce turkey chicken hybrids Journal of Heredity 26 3 105 107 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a104040 Asmundson V S F W Lorenz 1957 Hybrids of ring necked pheasants turkeys and domesticated fowl Poultry Science 36 6 1323 1334 doi 10 3382 ps 0361323 Ogorodii U 1935 Hybridization of unrelated birds in Askania Nova Bull All Union Academy Agri Sciences Lenin 1 25 Quinn J P Burrows W H Byerly T C 1937 Turkey chicken hybrids Journal of Heredity 28 5 169 173 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a104352 a b Olsen M W 1960 Turkey chicken hybrids Journal of Heredity 51 2 69 73 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a106955 Harada K Buss E G 1981 Turkey Chicken Hybrids A Cytological Study of Early Development Journal of Heredity 72 4 264 266 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a109493 PMID 7288138 Edwards G 1761 An account of a bird supposed to be bred between a turkey and pheasant Trans Roy Soc London 51 pt 2 B 415 417 Lorenz F W Asmundson V S Wilson N E 1956 TURKEY HYBRIDS Journal of Heredity 47 3 143 146 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a106625 ISSN 1465 7333 WWT Threatened Species Department Archived from the original on 25 September 2006 Retrieved 21 December 2006 Problem the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 Retrieved 21 December 2006 Gao Junshuang Sha Jin Yuan Fang Zhang Wenxin Rui Lei Tang Xiaoyan Han Haitang Shao Yujing Liu Haiwen Yan Li Li Zandong July 2011 Interspecific Duck Chicken Chimeras Avian Biology Research 4 2 70 73 doi 10 3184 175815511X13085661914101 ISSN 1758 1559 S2CID 87967781 Darwin Charles The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Darwin Charles Origin of Species External links editBird Hybrids Database Hybrid Stifftails in Spain Ruddy ducks a conservation problem This article uses content from Hybrid Fowl licensed under the GFDL Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gamebird hybrids amp oldid 1213112955 Chicken hybrids, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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