Beltsville Small White
The Beltsville Small White is a modern American breed of domestic turkey.[1][2][5] It was developed from 1934 at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center of the United States Department of Agriculture in Beltsville, Maryland,[6] and was named for that town and for its physical characteristics — small size and white plumage.[7] It enjoyed a brief period of commercial success in the mid-twentieth century, but numbers then declined sharply; in the twenty-first century it is an endangered breed, and may be considered a heritage turkey breed.[2][8]
A historic photo of a Beltsville Small White breed turkey. | |
| Conservation status |
|
|---|---|
| Country of origin | United States |
| Distribution |
|
| Use | meat |
| Traits | |
| Weight | |
| Skin color | white |
| Egg color | pale buff with reddish-brown spots |
| Classification | |
| APA | American[2] |
| PCGB | Light: White [4] |
| |
History edit
Development for the Small White began in the 1930s in response to market research that said consumers wanted a turkey of small to medium size with no dark pinfeathers and more white meat.[5] In 1934, the Beltsville Research Center started a seven-year breeding and research program; led by Stanley J. Marsden and lasting until 1941. Initially, the Small White was a cross of the Bronze, White Holland, White Austrian, Black, and wild turkeys. Two years later, the Broad Breasted Bronze was introduced as well.[9] The new breed was characterized by early maturity, more breast meat, high hatchability, and an adequate size for smaller ovens and families.[5] The breed was used commercially in the 1940s and was recognized officially by the American Poultry Association in 1951.[2] Commercial production of Small Whites began in 1947 and increased to about 28 percent (or 19,000,000 of 67,693,000) of turkeys produced in 1954. However, in the following years, production slowly declined in favor of larger white strains to about 9 percent (9,000,000 of 93,370,000) of turkeys raised in 1963.[10] In 1964, light breed turkeys (presumed to be Beltsville Whites or of similar breeding) saw a slight increase to 11 percent, but in the following years, saw a continued decline.
Since the Beltsville Small white was explicitly developed for smaller households, its size could not fulfill the shift in consumer demand for larger turkeys; precisely the demand of commercial food processors and restaurants in need of larger breasted turkeys.[5] By the 1970s,[5] it had nearly disappeared, with the Broad Breasted White rising to prominence to meet consumer needs.[citation needed] Beltsville Small Whites are extremely rare today and are listed as Critical by the American Livestock Conservancy.[2] In more recent years, the variety has seen a revival of interest specifically for those interested in heritage turkey breeds, including a research flock at Iowa State University and efforts to locate and conserve remnant flocks in the United States and Canada.[2][5] However, the acquisition of Small Whites for home flocks remains rare.[5]
Characteristics edit
Small Whites have entirely white plumage, with a red to blueish-white head, black beard, horn-colored beak, and dark brown eyes. Their shanks and toes are typically pinkish white.[2] Weights range from approximately 17 to 21 lb (7.7 to 9.5 kg) for toms, and about 10 to 17 lb (4.5 to 7.7 kg) for hens. The eggs vary from mid-brown to a pale cream color; they may show some spotting.[2]
References edit
- ^ a b Breed data sheet: Beltsville Small White / United States of America (Turkey). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed February 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Beltsville Small White Turkey". The Livestock Conservancy. 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
- ^ Transboundary breed: Beltsville. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed February 2023.
- ^ "White ‐ The Poultry Club of Great Britain". www.poultryclub.org. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Changing Tastes: Rise and Fall of the Beltsville Small White Turkey". USDA ARS AgResearch Magazine. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
- ^ [s.n.] (1965). Breed history and commercial production of Beltsville Small White turkey. Beltsville, Maryland: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Husbandry Research Division.
- ^ Ekarius, Carol (2007). Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds. Storey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58017-667-5.
- ^ Emily Marsh ([n.d.]). The Beltsville Small White: A Heritage Turkey. National Agricultural Library of the United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed February 2023.
- ^ Marsden, Stanley J. (1945). The Beltsville Small White Turkey. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 1.
- ^ United States. Agricultural Research Service. Animal Husbandry Research Division (1965). Breed history and commercial production of the Beltsville small white turkey. National Agricultural Library U. S. Department of Agriculture. p. 3.