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Chicago Public Schools

May 04, 2023

Chicago Public Schools (CPS), officially classified as City of Chicago School District #299 for funding and districting reasons,[5] in Chicago, Illinois, is the fourth-largest[6] school district in the United States, after New York, Los Angeles, and Miami-Dade County.

Chicago Public Schools
Address
42 West Madison Street
Chicago
, Cook County, Illinois, 60602
United States
Coordinates41°52′56″N 87°37′44″W / 41.88212740°N 87.62883500°W / 41.88212740; -87.62883500Coordinates: 41°52′56″N 87°37′44″W / 41.88212740°N 87.62883500°W / 41.88212740; -87.62883500[1]
District information
TypePublic School District
MottoFor every child, In every neighborhood.
GradesPre-K–12th
EstablishedJanuary 5, 1837; 186 years ago (1837-01-05)[2]
SuperintendentPedro Martinez
School boardChicago Board of Education
Chair of the boardMiguel del Valle
AccreditationAdvancED
Schools638 (2020–21)[3]
BudgetUS$6.92 billion (2021)[3]
NCES District ID1709930[4]
Students and staff
Students340,658 (2020–21)[3]
Teachers21,974 (2020–21)[3]
Staff39,323 (2020–21)[3]
Student–teacher ratio15.84 (2019–20)[4]
Athletic conferenceChicago Public League
Other information
Websitewww.cps.edu

For the 2020–21 school year, CPS reported overseeing 638 schools, including 476 elementary schools and 162 high schools; of which 513 were district-run, 115 were charter schools, 9 were contract schools and 1 was a SAFE school.[3] The district serves 340,658 students.[3]

Chicago Public School students attend a particular school based on their area of residence, except for charter, magnet, and selective enrollment schools. The school system reported a graduation rate of 82.5% for the 2019–20 school year.[7][8][9] Unlike most school systems, CPS calls the position of superintendent the "Chief Executive Officer", but there is no material difference in responsibilities or reporting from what is traditionally considered a superintendent. CPS reported a student–teacher ratio of 15.84 for the 2019–20 school year.[4] For the 2020–21 school year, 46.7% of CPS students were Latino and 35.8% were African-American.[3] 63.8% of the student body came from economically-disadvantaged households, and 18.6% of students were reported as English-language learners.[3] Average salaries for the 2019-20 year were $74,225 for teachers and $114,199 for administrators.[5] For the 2020–21 school year, CPS reported 39,323 staff positions, including 21,974 teachers and 516 principals.[3] In 2021, CPS reported a budget of $6.92 billion with $3.75 billion from local sources, $1.85 billion from the State of Illinois and $1.3 billion from the U.S. Federal Government.[3] Per student spending was reported at $13,694 in 2020.[5]

In recent years, Chicago Public Schools has led the nation in test score improvement, learned at a faster rate compared to 96% of all school districts in the country, and as of 2020, has an all-time high graduation rate.[10][11][12]

History

 
Children returning to class following a fire drill at a Chicago elementary school, 1973. Photo by John H. White.

As Chicago was started as a trading outpost in the 1800s, it took several years for a citywide school system with adequate funding and instructional personnel to emerge. As early as 1848, during the first term of the 12th Mayor of Chicago, James Hutchinson Woodworth, the city's need for a public school system was recognized by the city council. A higher educational standard for the system was stated by the mayor, both to reflect his philosophy as a former teacher, and to add an attribute to Chicago that would continue to attract productive citizens.[13] In 1922, the school board voted unanimously to change policy that allocated library access based on color, "[extending] the same privileges to Race children to enter all the libraries as the white children enjoy", but maintaining segregated schools and specifying that "in each branch library all employees should belong to the race which attended the particular school".[14]

In 1937, the city was hit by a polio outbreak which resulted in the Chicago Board of Health ordering schools to be closed during what was supposed to be the start of the school year. The school closure wound up lasting three weeks. Superintendent William Johnson and assistant superintendent Minnie Fallon managed to provide the instruction to the city's elementary school students by providing at-home distance education through radio broadcasts.[15][16][17] This was the first large-scale implementation of radio broadcasting for distance education.[18]

Funding

By the 1960s, schools across Chicago—and most of Illinois—were struggling to support themselves. Illinois school funding, according to scholar Tracy Steffes, was heavily reliant upon “funding by property taxes assessed in and bounded within districts of highly unequal wealth.” Wealthy districts paid less and got better schools, while poor districts got worse schools but paid even more. The problem was compounded by “soft” segregation measures such as redlining and “white flight,” which further delineated Chicago communities upon lines of both wealth and race. The introduction of the Illinois Resource Equalizer Formula in 1973 was intended to address this crisis by restructuring school financing to more evenly distribute property tax money, but many affluent white families protested the use of their taxes to pay for other (predominantly Black) communities’ education, rather than only their own district's schools. The formula was abolished in the late 1980s, and acute funding issues continue both in Chicago and across Illinois.[19]

School closures

From 2001 to 2009, CPS, under Arne Duncan's leadership, closed dozens of elementary and high schools due to classrooms being at low capacity or underperforming. Despite claims that the closures would help underperforming students, University of Chicago researchers found that most of the students who transferred as a result of the closures did not improve their performance. This is what led to the Renaissance 2010 initiative, which focused on closing public schools and opening more charter schools that were focused on one of the government structures: charter, performance, or contract.[20] During this program's time, it has closed over 80 schools and plans to open 100 charter schools. This also include five military schools, three of which have Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs.[21][22] In response to CPS's announcements in 2013 that it was considering closing nearly 200 schools,[23] many Chicago parents, students, teachers and community activists voiced their opposition through the media and at hearings around the city.[24][25][26][27][28] In addition, several Illinois lawmakers, including chairman of the Senate education committee William Delgado (D-Chicago), pushed for a moratorium on school closings in CPS, citing "the disproportion[ate] effect on minority communities, the possibility of overcrowding and safety concerns for students who will have to travel further to class."[29] On May 22, 2013, the school board voted to close 50 public schools.[30] However, the majority of the closed schools have been in poor neighborhoods with a black population, such as Bronzeville.[31] These areas are not only sites of demolished public housing, but now to closed-down schools. For every four schools that have been closed, three have been in these neighborhoods. Over 88% of the students affected by these closings have been African American.[32]

Student and teacher protests

In 2013, Mayor Rahm Emanuel of Chicago initiated the closing of 54 public schools.[33] Of the 54 public schools to be closed were 53 elementary schools and one high school.[33] Mayor Rahm Emanuel claimed the school closings were a direct result from the nearly $1 billion deficit the city was facing due to under-enrollment at the schools.[33] The schools to be closed were located on Chicago's South and West sides which provided education to mainly African-American Students.[33] The Mayors decision to close the schools was met with rage and feelings of injustice by the communities affected and the Chicago Teachers Union.[33] As a result, the CTU and other education activities responded by protesting.[34]

In May 2013, the Chicago Teachers Union were joined by students and other education activities to march against the closings of 54 public schools that year.[34] The activists planned three days of nonviolent demonstrations across the city of Chicago.[34] The CTU gathered an upwards of 900 protesters to participate in rally's, marches, and sit-ins against Mayor Rahm Emanuel's decision to close the schools.[33] Over 150 protesters participated in a sit-in in the middle of LaSalle Street, blocking traffic, and forcing the response of the Chicago Police Department.[33] Many protesters peacefully left the scene when asked to by the CPD, but many held their ground.[33] Protesters that did not agree to leave the scene were issued tickets.[33] Over 50 people were arrested throughout the entire protests, but no acts of violence were reported.[35]

CPS teacher strikes

The teachers union first strike occurred in May 1969, which lasted two days.[36] The second strike occurred in January 1971, lasting four days from January 12 through January 15. The strike resulted in an 8% teacher's salary increase and a 7% increase for school staff workers.[37] Another strike by the union occurred in January 1973, which lasted twelve days. The union was requesting that their salaries be increased and their class sizes be smaller. On September 3, 1975, The union went on strike for eleven days as a result to restore the loss of teaching and clerical jobs, overcrowding of classrooms.

1980s strikes

In February 1980, the union went on strike again for a total of ten days; asking for paydays worked during financial crisis, changes to school board's spending cuts and job cuts.[38] In 1983, CPS teachers went on a fifteen-day strike from October 3 to October 18 demanding a 10% salary increase. Superintendent Ruth B. Love offered raises between 1.6% and 4.8%, but the teachers' union rejected the proposal.[39] The strike ended with the teachers receiving a 5% raise, 2.5% bonus and a one-year pact.[40][41] Chicago Public School teachers went on a ten-day strike from November 23 to December 3, 1984, which resulted in a 4.5% raise.[42] In 1985, the teachers had a two-day walkout. CPS teachers went on a nineteen-day strike from September 8, to October 3, 1987.[43]

Recent strikes

In September 2012, CPS teachers went on a nine-day strike, walking off the job for the first time in 25 years. The work stoppage, which began during the second week of the 2012 school year, culminated with a march on City Hall.[44][45] Striking teachers voiced complaints about pay, teacher evaluations, and benefits, as well as general concerns about the neglect of the city's public school system.[46] Soon after the strike, CEO Jean-Claude Brizard stepped down from his position. On October 17, 2019, The Chicago Teachers Union began another strike that lasted 11 days.[47] The contract negotiated by the CTU and Mayor Lori Lightfoot resulted in the teachers winning smaller class sizes as well as more support staff. Furthermore, the students will have five of the eleven days added to their school year.

Demographics

 
CPS logo from 2009 until 2014
 
CPS logo from the late 1980s until 2009

For the 2018–2019 school year, CPS reports having 361,314 students including 17,668 in preschool, 24,128 in kindergarten, 213,651 in grades 1–8, and 105,867 in grades 9-12. The racial makeup of the student body is 46.7% Hispanics, 36.6% African-Americans, 10.5% white, 4.1% Asian/Pacific Islander, 1.2% Multi-Racial, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Hawaiian/Pacific Islander and 0.3% unknown.[3] Chicago Public Schools were the most racial-ethnically separated among large city school systems, according to research by The New York Times in 2012,[48] as a result of most students' attending schools close to their homes. In the 1970s the Mexican origin student population grew in CPS, although it never exceeded 10% of the total CPS student population. From 1971 to 1977 and then to 1979, the Mexican student population in the Near West Side's CPS district 19 increased from 34% to 43% and then over 47%, respectively.[49] In the 1980s, among the total CPS student population, the numbers of non-Hispanic Whites declined while Hispanics and Latinos, African-Americans, and other minorities increased. In 1982 16.3% of the CPS students were non-Hispanic white, while over 19% were of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and/or Cuban origin; that year the Hispanic and Latino population had overtaken the non-Hispanic White population.[49]

Schools

 
CPS headquarters from 1998 until 2014 in the Chicago Loop
Main article: List of schools in Chicago Public Schools

CPS is a system of primary, secondary, and disability schools confined to Chicago's city limits. This system is the second largest employer in Chicago.[50]

Most schools in the district, whether prekindergarten-8th grade, elementary, middle, or secondary, have attendance boundaries restricting student enrollment to within a given area. A school may elect to enroll students outside its attendance boundaries if there is space or if it has a magnet cluster program. Full magnet schools are open to citywide student enrollment, provided that applicants meet a level of high academic standards. Magnets offer a variety of academic programs with various focuses, such as agriculture, fine arts, international baccalaureate, Montessori, math, literature, Paideia programs, and STEM (science, technology, engineering and math). STEM Magnet Academy is the first elementary school in the state of Illinois, and among the first in the nation, to offer a STEM-focused curriculum.[citation needed] The Chicago High School for the Arts (ChiArts) is the system's only audition based performing and visual arts high school. Chicago was the largest city in the country without a public high school for the arts until the establishment of ChiArts in 2009.

Selective Enrollment

Elementary schools

 
Lenart Regional Gifted Center

The school system contains two levels of elementary-middle school programs which make selective admission only. Regional gifted centers have an area of focus (such as math and science) and require one type of assessment, akin to an IQ test. Classical schools, in contrast to regional gifted centers, take a liberal arts approach focusing on all areas. Classical school applications thus require a different type of assessment.

Secondary schools

At the secondary level, CPS operates ten selective enrollment high schools. The top five include Walter Payton College Prep, Northside College Prep, William Jones College Prep, Whitney M Young Magnet High School and Albert G Lane Technical College Prep.[51] Selective Enrollment high schools work on a point system out of 900 points:[52]

  • 450 points for the CPS High School Admissions Test (tested in vocabulary, literature, grammar, and math)
  • 450 points for 7th grade grades (A=75, B=50, C=25; D and below=0)

Competition is fierce, and many factors decide whether students are admitted or not:

  • Ranking: Students are asked to rank their top 5 high schools—the higher a school is on the list, the higher the chance a high school will choose to admit a student
  • Points from the point system mentioned above

Prior to the 2021-2022 school year, the point system included three categories, each weighted at 300 points instead of the current 450. Instead of the CPS High School Admissions Test, the district used the Selective Enrollment High School exam, and the third category was based on the students' percentile score on the NWEA MAP test.[53]

Other high school options

In addition to the selective enrollment high schools, a number of other possibilities exist for high school students. These include military academies, career academies, and charter schools. Lincoln Park High School and Von Steuben Metropolitan Science Center are neighborhood "magnet" high schools, which also offer various honors programs to students citywide. More specialized options, such as the Chicago High School for the Arts and the Chicago High School for Agricultural Sciences are also available.

Military academies

 
Chicago Military Academy at Bronzeville

In partnership with various Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs, six high schools are operated as public military academies:

Career academies

 
Dunbar Vocational Career Academy

Some high schools have been designated as "Career Academies." According to CPS, these schools have "intensified resources to prepare students for careers in business/finance, communications, construction, health, hospitality/food service, manufacturing, performing arts, and transportation. Vocational shops, science labs, broadcast journalism labs and media/computer centers help students gain 'hands on' experience."[54]

Charter schools

The Chicago district is responsible for 122 charter schools during the 2017–2018 school year.[3] A variety of organizations run these schools. Frazier Preparatory Academy, for example, is sponsored by an independent board of directors and run by education management organization Pansophic Learning.

The Noble Network of Charter Schools runs eighteen high schools. These schools receive the majority of their operating budgets from the same tax sources as CPS. Charters in Chicago receive 10-25% less public funding than traditional schools, although some studies show their student achievement and performance metrics to be the same as traditional CPS results.[55][56]

However, in October 2014, the University of Minnesota released a study that shows that Chicago charter schools perform worse than traditional schools in producing students that meet or exceed standards in reading and math. The study also showed that charter schools have lower graduation rates and "are much less likely to be racially or ethnically diverse."[57]

In 2015, the Noble Network of Charter Schools was named the best performing large public charter school system in America by the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation and was awarded $250,000 by the foundation.

Operations

The structure of Chicago Public Schools was redefined after Mayor Richard M. Daley convinced the Illinois General Assembly to place CPS under the mayor's control. Illinois school districts are generally governed by locally elected school boards, where each district board hires a superintendent, who in turn hires administrators such as principals, who then must be approved by the school board.[citation needed] In contrast, CPS is headed by a Chief Executive Officer and school board appointed by the mayor. It is currently the only school district in Illinois where the school board is appointed by a city's mayor.[58] The school board will transition to consist entirely of elected members by 2027.[59]

CPS is headquartered in the 42 West Madison building in the Chicago Loop, formerly headquartered in the 125 South Clark Street building from 1998 until November 2014.[60] The district has offices in Bridgeport, Colman, and Garfield Park.[61][62] The 20 story building, managed by MB Real Estate, and originally built as the Commercial National Bank,[63] has 570,910 square feet (53,039 m2) of space.[64]

Chief Executive Officer

Main article: Chief Executive Officer of Chicago Public Schools

CPS is headed by a chief executive officer (CEO) appointed by the mayor. The current CEO is Pedro Martinez.

The position of CEO, before it was created in 1995, was preceded by a position of "superintendent".[65] In 1995, the Government of Illinois passed the Chicago School Reform Amendatory Act, which replaced the position of superintendent with that of chief executive Officer.[65]

Chicago Board of Education

Main article: Chicago Board of Education

The school board, known as the Chicago Board of Education, is currently appointed by the mayor of Chicago. Between 2024 and 2027, the board is slated to transition to consist entirely of elected members.[66][59]

The board traces its roots back to the Board of School Inspectors, created in 1837, which was renamed Chicago Board of Education in 1857.[67][68][69][70]

The Chicago Board of Education is led by a president.[71] The current president of the Chicago Board of Education is Miguel del Valle.[71]

Local school councils

Main article: Local School Councils

In 1988, the Government of Illinois passed the Chicago School Reform Act, which created Local School Councils.[65]

Performance

The April 21, 2006 issue of the Chicago Tribune revealed a study by the Consortium on Chicago School Research that stated that 6 of every 100 CPS freshmen would earn a bachelor's degree by age 25. 3 in 100 black or Latino men would earn a bachelor's degree by age 25. The study tracked Chicago high school students who graduated in 1998 and 1999. 35% of CPS students who went to college earned their bachelor's degree within six years, below the national average of 64%.[72] Chicago has a history of high dropout rates, with around half of students failing to graduate for the past 30 years. Criticism is directed at the CPS for inflating its performance figures. Through such techniques as counting students who swap schools before dropping out as transfers but not dropouts, it publishes graduation claims as high as 71%. Nonetheless, throughout the 1990s actual rates seem to have improved slightly, as true graduation estimates rose from 48% in 1991 to 54% in 2004.[73]

In 1987, Education Secretary William J. Bennett called the Chicago Public Schools system the worst in the nation.[74] In September 2011, the University of Chicago's Consortium on Chicago School Research published a report on the school system's performance over the course of 30 years of reform.[75] While the report evaluated three decades of reform, it measured the progress of such policies by "analyzing trends in elementary and high school test scores and graduation rates over the past 20 years." The authors of the report highlighted five of their central conclusions:

  • "Graduation rates have improved dramatically, and high school test scores have risen; more students are graduating without a decline in average academic performance."
  • "Math scores have improved incrementally in the elementary/middle grades, while elementary/middle grade reading scores remained fairly flat for two decades."
  • "Racial gaps in achievement have steadily increased, with white students making slightly more progress than Latino students, and African American students falling behind all other groups."
  • "Despite progress, the vast majority of CPS students have academic achievement levels that are far below where they need to be to graduate ready for college."
  • "The publicly reported statistics used to hold schools and districts accountable for making academic progress are not accurate measures of progress."

Pension fund

The Illinois state government required Chicago Public Schools to move money from education to worker pensions. CPS is the only district in the state that the state government has done this to. CPS filed a civil lawsuit to ask the courts to require the state to rewrite its rules on how it funds schools. The lawsuit was filed in Cook County Circuit Court on February 14, 2017, and is CPS v. Governor Bruce Rauner, Illinois State Board of Education and its chairman Rev. James T. Meeks, Comptroller Susan Mendoza, and state school Superintendent Tony Smith.[76]

Crime and corruption

Further information: Political corruption in Illinois

In 2014, the Office of the Inspector General for Chicago Public schools received over 1300 complaints involving accusations of impropriety. Its subsequent 43-page report and audit noted that corruption and theft were still a major problem within CPS, detailing major theft of school funds, kickbacks to CPS employees, falsification of student transfer data, fraudulent selective enrollment applications, and ethics violations. In one particular case involving a half-dozen employees, almost $900,000 was stolen in what Inspector General Nicholas Schuler called a "major purchasing and reimbursement scheme". The schools involved were later identified as Gage Park Academy and Michele Clark Magnet High School.[77][78][79] A spokesman for CPS later issued a statement that "Chicago Public Schools is committed to working with the Office of the Inspector General to eliminate corruption, fraud and waste across the district."[77]

In April 2015, Barbara Byrd-Bennett, the CEO of Chicago Public Schools, took a leave of absence during a federal investigation of a no-bid contract to a professional development organization that she had previously worked for as a consultant. She resigned from the position in June 2015. In October a federal grand jury delivered a 23 count indictment against Bennett and alleged co-conspirators. Bennett would go on to plead guilty to a $23 million kickback scheme and was sentenced to 7 and a half years in prison. In March 2016, the Chicago Board of Education filed a $65 million lawsuit against Bennett and her co-conspirators.[80][81][82][83]

In January 2016, the Office of the Inspector General for CPS again received over 1300 fraud complaints and issued another audit for 2015 which continued to highlight issues of corruption and theft. The 2015 audit reported the shakedown of a CPS vendor, a records falsification scheme by a principal, widespread selective enrollment fraud, illegal use of taxpayer-funded resources on political campaigns, theft from taxpayer-funded accounts intended for purchasing student materials, and numerous instances of abusing tax-exempt status to purchase personal items.[84][85][86]

The Benito Juarez Community Academy shooting occurred on December 16, 2022, when two students were shot dead by an ex-student with alleged gang ties.

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Ashby, Steven K., and Robert Bruno. A Fight for the Soul of Public Education: The Story of the Chicago Teachers Strike (Cornell University Press, 2016). online
  • Beck, John M. “The Public Schools and the Chicago Newspapers: 1890-1920.” School Review 62#5 1954, pp. 288–95. online
  • Burbank, Lyman B. “Chicago Public Schools and the Depression Years of 1928-1937.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 64#4 1971, pp. 365–81. online
  • Carl, Jim. " '‘Good Politics Is Good Government': The Troubling History of Mayoral Control of the Public Schools in Twentieth‐Century Chicago." American Journal of Education 115#2, 2009, pp. 305–36. online
  • Danns, Dionne. "CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' MOVEMENT FOR QUALITY PUBLIC EDUCATION, 1966-1971" (PDF). Journal of African American History: 138–150.
  • Herrick, Mary J. The Chicago schools: a social and political history (1971) online a major scholarly study.
  • Karlin, Jewel. Chicago: backgrounds of education (1940).
  • McManis, John T. Ella Flagg Young and a half-century of the Chicago public schools (1916) online
  • Peterson, Paul E. School politics Chicago style (U of Chicago Press, 1976) online, a major scholarly study.
  • Rury, John L. “Race, Space, and the Politics of Chicago’s Public Schools: Benjamin Willis and the Tragedy of Urban Education.” History of Education Quarterly 39#2 1999, pp. 117–42. online
  • Shipps, Dorothy. “Updating Tradition: The Institutional Underpinnings of Modern Mayoral Control in Chicago’s Public Schools.” in When Mayors Take Charge: School Governance in the City, edited by Joseph P. Viteritti, (Brookings Institution Press, 2009), pp. 117–47. online
  • Torre, Marisa de la and Julia Gwynne. "." University of Chicago Consortium on School Research. October 2009. Information page.

Online reports and studies

  • online

Primary sources

  • Bickford, Charles W. “Visiting Chicago Schools.—(I).” The Journal of Education, vol. 55, no. 21, 1902, pp. 327–28. online, a six-part series
    • “Visiting Chicago Schools.—(II).” The Journal of Education, vol. 55, no. 22, 1902, p. 344. online
  • Chicago Tribune. Chicago schools: 'worst in America': an examination of the public schools that fail Chicago (1988) online
  • Clark, Hannah Belle. The public schools of Chicago, a sociological study (1897) online
  • Counts, George S. School and Society in Chicago (1928) online
  • "Free Public Schools of Chicago" Eclectic Journal of Education and Literary Review (January 15, 1851). 2#20 online
  • Havighurst, Robert J. The public schools of Chicago: a survey for the Board of Education of the City of Chicago (1964).
  • Henry, Nelson B. “Financial Support and Administration of the Chicago Public Schools.” The Elementary School Journal 32#7 1932, pp. 495–503. online
  • Strayer, George D. et al. Report of the Survey of the Schools of Chicago, Illinois (5 vols, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1932)
  • Thompson, George J., et al. “Chicago Schools in the Eyes of the Committee of the Federation of Labor.” The Journal of Education, vol. 55, no. 15, 1902, pp. 231–43. online
  • White, Robert. “The Extra-Curriculum in the Public High Schools of Chicago.” The School Review 34#2 1937, pp. 112–22. online

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Public Schools.
  • Official website  
  • 2016-2017 Chicago Public Schools (CPS) Analysis
  • Chicago Public Schools at the Wayback Machine (archive index)

May 04, 2023
chicago, public, schools, officially, classified, city, chicago, school, district, funding, districting, reasons, chicago, illinois, fourth, largest, school, district, united, states, after, york, angeles, miami, dade, county, address42, west, madison, street,. Chicago Public Schools CPS officially classified as City of Chicago School District 299 for funding and districting reasons 5 in Chicago Illinois is the fourth largest 6 school district in the United States after New York Los Angeles and Miami Dade County Chicago Public SchoolsAddress42 West Madison Street Chicago Cook County Illinois 60602 United StatesCoordinates41 52 56 N 87 37 44 W 41 88212740 N 87 62883500 W 41 88212740 87 62883500 Coordinates 41 52 56 N 87 37 44 W 41 88212740 N 87 62883500 W 41 88212740 87 62883500 1 District informationTypePublic School DistrictMottoFor every child In every neighborhood GradesPre K 12thEstablishedJanuary 5 1837 186 years ago 1837 01 05 2 SuperintendentPedro MartinezSchool boardChicago Board of EducationChair of the boardMiguel del ValleAccreditationAdvancEDSchools638 2020 21 3 BudgetUS 6 92 billion 2021 3 NCES District ID1709930 4 Students and staffStudents340 658 2020 21 3 Teachers21 974 2020 21 3 Staff39 323 2020 21 3 Student teacher ratio15 84 2019 20 4 Athletic conferenceChicago Public LeagueOther informationWebsitewww wbr cps wbr eduFor the 2020 21 school year CPS reported overseeing 638 schools including 476 elementary schools and 162 high schools of which 513 were district run 115 were charter schools 9 were contract schools and 1 was a SAFE school 3 The district serves 340 658 students 3 Chicago Public School students attend a particular school based on their area of residence except for charter magnet and selective enrollment schools The school system reported a graduation rate of 82 5 for the 2019 20 school year 7 8 9 Unlike most school systems CPS calls the position of superintendent the Chief Executive Officer but there is no material difference in responsibilities or reporting from what is traditionally considered a superintendent CPS reported a student teacher ratio of 15 84 for the 2019 20 school year 4 For the 2020 21 school year 46 7 of CPS students were Latino and 35 8 were African American 3 63 8 of the student body came from economically disadvantaged households and 18 6 of students were reported as English language learners 3 Average salaries for the 2019 20 year were 74 225 for teachers and 114 199 for administrators 5 For the 2020 21 school year CPS reported 39 323 staff positions including 21 974 teachers and 516 principals 3 In 2021 CPS reported a budget of 6 92 billion with 3 75 billion from local sources 1 85 billion from the State of Illinois and 1 3 billion from the U S Federal Government 3 Per student spending was reported at 13 694 in 2020 5 In recent years Chicago Public Schools has led the nation in test score improvement learned at a faster rate compared to 96 of all school districts in the country and as of 2020 has an all time high graduation rate 10 11 12 Contents 1 History 1 1 Funding 1 2 School closures 1 3 Student and teacher protests 2 CPS teacher strikes 2 1 1980s strikes 2 2 Recent strikes 3 Demographics 4 Schools 5 Selective Enrollment 5 1 Elementary schools 5 2 Secondary schools 6 Other high school options 6 1 Military academies 6 2 Career academies 7 Charter schools 8 Operations 8 1 Chief Executive Officer 8 2 Chicago Board of Education 8 3 Local school councils 9 Performance 10 Pension fund 11 Crime and corruption 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14 1 Online reports and studies 14 2 Primary sources 15 External linksHistory Edit Children returning to class following a fire drill at a Chicago elementary school 1973 Photo by John H White As Chicago was started as a trading outpost in the 1800s it took several years for a citywide school system with adequate funding and instructional personnel to emerge As early as 1848 during the first term of the 12th Mayor of Chicago James Hutchinson Woodworth the city s need for a public school system was recognized by the city council A higher educational standard for the system was stated by the mayor both to reflect his philosophy as a former teacher and to add an attribute to Chicago that would continue to attract productive citizens 13 In 1922 the school board voted unanimously to change policy that allocated library access based on color extending the same privileges to Race children to enter all the libraries as the white children enjoy but maintaining segregated schools and specifying that in each branch library all employees should belong to the race which attended the particular school 14 In 1937 the city was hit by a polio outbreak which resulted in the Chicago Board of Health ordering schools to be closed during what was supposed to be the start of the school year The school closure wound up lasting three weeks Superintendent William Johnson and assistant superintendent Minnie Fallon managed to provide the instruction to the city s elementary school students by providing at home distance education through radio broadcasts 15 16 17 This was the first large scale implementation of radio broadcasting for distance education 18 Funding Edit By the 1960s schools across Chicago and most of Illinois were struggling to support themselves Illinois school funding according to scholar Tracy Steffes was heavily reliant upon funding by property taxes assessed in and bounded within districts of highly unequal wealth Wealthy districts paid less and got better schools while poor districts got worse schools but paid even more The problem was compounded by soft segregation measures such as redlining and white flight which further delineated Chicago communities upon lines of both wealth and race The introduction of the Illinois Resource Equalizer Formula in 1973 was intended to address this crisis by restructuring school financing to more evenly distribute property tax money but many affluent white families protested the use of their taxes to pay for other predominantly Black communities education rather than only their own district s schools The formula was abolished in the late 1980s and acute funding issues continue both in Chicago and across Illinois 19 School closures Edit From 2001 to 2009 CPS under Arne Duncan s leadership closed dozens of elementary and high schools due to classrooms being at low capacity or underperforming Despite claims that the closures would help underperforming students University of Chicago researchers found that most of the students who transferred as a result of the closures did not improve their performance This is what led to the Renaissance 2010 initiative which focused on closing public schools and opening more charter schools that were focused on one of the government structures charter performance or contract 20 During this program s time it has closed over 80 schools and plans to open 100 charter schools This also include five military schools three of which have Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps programs 21 22 In response to CPS s announcements in 2013 that it was considering closing nearly 200 schools 23 many Chicago parents students teachers and community activists voiced their opposition through the media and at hearings around the city 24 25 26 27 28 In addition several Illinois lawmakers including chairman of the Senate education committee William Delgado D Chicago pushed for a moratorium on school closings in CPS citing the disproportion ate effect on minority communities the possibility of overcrowding and safety concerns for students who will have to travel further to class 29 On May 22 2013 the school board voted to close 50 public schools 30 However the majority of the closed schools have been in poor neighborhoods with a black population such as Bronzeville 31 These areas are not only sites of demolished public housing but now to closed down schools For every four schools that have been closed three have been in these neighborhoods Over 88 of the students affected by these closings have been African American 32 Student and teacher protests Edit In 2013 Mayor Rahm Emanuel of Chicago initiated the closing of 54 public schools 33 Of the 54 public schools to be closed were 53 elementary schools and one high school 33 Mayor Rahm Emanuel claimed the school closings were a direct result from the nearly 1 billion deficit the city was facing due to under enrollment at the schools 33 The schools to be closed were located on Chicago s South and West sides which provided education to mainly African American Students 33 The Mayors decision to close the schools was met with rage and feelings of injustice by the communities affected and the Chicago Teachers Union 33 As a result the CTU and other education activities responded by protesting 34 In May 2013 the Chicago Teachers Union were joined by students and other education activities to march against the closings of 54 public schools that year 34 The activists planned three days of nonviolent demonstrations across the city of Chicago 34 The CTU gathered an upwards of 900 protesters to participate in rally s marches and sit ins against Mayor Rahm Emanuel s decision to close the schools 33 Over 150 protesters participated in a sit in in the middle of LaSalle Street blocking traffic and forcing the response of the Chicago Police Department 33 Many protesters peacefully left the scene when asked to by the CPD but many held their ground 33 Protesters that did not agree to leave the scene were issued tickets 33 Over 50 people were arrested throughout the entire protests but no acts of violence were reported 35 CPS teacher strikes EditThe teachers union first strike occurred in May 1969 which lasted two days 36 The second strike occurred in January 1971 lasting four days from January 12 through January 15 The strike resulted in an 8 teacher s salary increase and a 7 increase for school staff workers 37 Another strike by the union occurred in January 1973 which lasted twelve days The union was requesting that their salaries be increased and their class sizes be smaller On September 3 1975 The union went on strike for eleven days as a result to restore the loss of teaching and clerical jobs overcrowding of classrooms 1980s strikes Edit In February 1980 the union went on strike again for a total of ten days asking for paydays worked during financial crisis changes to school board s spending cuts and job cuts 38 In 1983 CPS teachers went on a fifteen day strike from October 3 to October 18 demanding a 10 salary increase Superintendent Ruth B Love offered raises between 1 6 and 4 8 but the teachers union rejected the proposal 39 The strike ended with the teachers receiving a 5 raise 2 5 bonus and a one year pact 40 41 Chicago Public School teachers went on a ten day strike from November 23 to December 3 1984 which resulted in a 4 5 raise 42 In 1985 the teachers had a two day walkout CPS teachers went on a nineteen day strike from September 8 to October 3 1987 43 Recent strikes Edit In September 2012 CPS teachers went on a nine day strike walking off the job for the first time in 25 years The work stoppage which began during the second week of the 2012 school year culminated with a march on City Hall 44 45 Striking teachers voiced complaints about pay teacher evaluations and benefits as well as general concerns about the neglect of the city s public school system 46 Soon after the strike CEO Jean Claude Brizard stepped down from his position On October 17 2019 The Chicago Teachers Union began another strike that lasted 11 days 47 The contract negotiated by the CTU and Mayor Lori Lightfoot resulted in the teachers winning smaller class sizes as well as more support staff Furthermore the students will have five of the eleven days added to their school year Demographics Edit CPS logo from 2009 until 2014 CPS logo from the late 1980s until 2009 For the 2018 2019 school year CPS reports having 361 314 students including 17 668 in preschool 24 128 in kindergarten 213 651 in grades 1 8 and 105 867 in grades 9 12 The racial makeup of the student body is 46 7 Hispanics 36 6 African Americans 10 5 white 4 1 Asian Pacific Islander 1 2 Multi Racial 0 3 Native American 0 2 Hawaiian Pacific Islander and 0 3 unknown 3 Chicago Public Schools were the most racial ethnically separated among large city school systems according to research by The New York Times in 2012 48 as a result of most students attending schools close to their homes In the 1970s the Mexican origin student population grew in CPS although it never exceeded 10 of the total CPS student population From 1971 to 1977 and then to 1979 the Mexican student population in the Near West Side s CPS district 19 increased from 34 to 43 and then over 47 respectively 49 In the 1980s among the total CPS student population the numbers of non Hispanic Whites declined while Hispanics and Latinos African Americans and other minorities increased In 1982 16 3 of the CPS students were non Hispanic white while over 19 were of Mexican Puerto Rican and or Cuban origin that year the Hispanic and Latino population had overtaken the non Hispanic White population 49 Schools Edit CPS headquarters from 1998 until 2014 in the Chicago Loop Lindblom Math amp Science Academy Roberto Clemente Community Academy Lincoln Park High School Main article List of schools in Chicago Public Schools CPS is a system of primary secondary and disability schools confined to Chicago s city limits This system is the second largest employer in Chicago 50 Most schools in the district whether prekindergarten 8th grade elementary middle or secondary have attendance boundaries restricting student enrollment to within a given area A school may elect to enroll students outside its attendance boundaries if there is space or if it has a magnet cluster program Full magnet schools are open to citywide student enrollment provided that applicants meet a level of high academic standards Magnets offer a variety of academic programs with various focuses such as agriculture fine arts international baccalaureate Montessori math literature Paideia programs and STEM science technology engineering and math STEM Magnet Academy is the first elementary school in the state of Illinois and among the first in the nation to offer a STEM focused curriculum citation needed The Chicago High School for the Arts ChiArts is the system s only audition based performing and visual arts high school Chicago was the largest city in the country without a public high school for the arts until the establishment of ChiArts in 2009 Selective Enrollment EditElementary schools Edit Lenart Regional Gifted Center The school system contains two levels of elementary middle school programs which make selective admission only Regional gifted centers have an area of focus such as math and science and require one type of assessment akin to an IQ test Classical schools in contrast to regional gifted centers take a liberal arts approach focusing on all areas Classical school applications thus require a different type of assessment Secondary schools Edit At the secondary level CPS operates ten selective enrollment high schools The top five include Walter Payton College Prep Northside College Prep William Jones College Prep Whitney M Young Magnet High School and Albert G Lane Technical College Prep 51 Selective Enrollment high schools work on a point system out of 900 points 52 450 points for the CPS High School Admissions Test tested in vocabulary literature grammar and math 450 points for 7th grade grades A 75 B 50 C 25 D and below 0 Competition is fierce and many factors decide whether students are admitted or not Ranking Students are asked to rank their top 5 high schools the higher a school is on the list the higher the chance a high school will choose to admit a student Points from the point system mentioned abovePrior to the 2021 2022 school year the point system included three categories each weighted at 300 points instead of the current 450 Instead of the CPS High School Admissions Test the district used the Selective Enrollment High School exam and the third category was based on the students percentile score on the NWEA MAP test 53 Other high school options EditIn addition to the selective enrollment high schools a number of other possibilities exist for high school students These include military academies career academies and charter schools Lincoln Park High School and Von Steuben Metropolitan Science Center are neighborhood magnet high schools which also offer various honors programs to students citywide More specialized options such as the Chicago High School for the Arts and the Chicago High School for Agricultural Sciences are also available Military academies Edit Chicago Military Academy at Bronzeville In partnership with various Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps programs six high schools are operated as public military academies Air Force Academy High School Carver Military Academy Chicago Military Academy at Bronzeville Marine Leadership Academy at Ames Phoenix Military Academy Rickover Naval Academy selective enrollment Career academies Edit Dunbar Vocational Career Academy Some high schools have been designated as Career Academies According to CPS these schools have intensified resources to prepare students for careers in business finance communications construction health hospitality food service manufacturing performing arts and transportation Vocational shops science labs broadcast journalism labs and media computer centers help students gain hands on experience 54 Austin Business and Entrepreneurship Academy Chicago Vocational Career Academy Dunbar Vocational Career Academy Prosser Career Academy Simeon Career AcademyCharter schools EditThe Chicago district is responsible for 122 charter schools during the 2017 2018 school year 3 A variety of organizations run these schools Frazier Preparatory Academy for example is sponsored by an independent board of directors and run by education management organization Pansophic Learning The Noble Network of Charter Schools runs eighteen high schools These schools receive the majority of their operating budgets from the same tax sources as CPS Charters in Chicago receive 10 25 less public funding than traditional schools although some studies show their student achievement and performance metrics to be the same as traditional CPS results 55 56 However in October 2014 the University of Minnesota released a study that shows that Chicago charter schools perform worse than traditional schools in producing students that meet or exceed standards in reading and math The study also showed that charter schools have lower graduation rates and are much less likely to be racially or ethnically diverse 57 In 2015 the Noble Network of Charter Schools was named the best performing large public charter school system in America by the Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation and was awarded 250 000 by the foundation Operations EditThe structure of Chicago Public Schools was redefined after Mayor Richard M Daley convinced the Illinois General Assembly to place CPS under the mayor s control Illinois school districts are generally governed by locally elected school boards where each district board hires a superintendent who in turn hires administrators such as principals who then must be approved by the school board citation needed In contrast CPS is headed by a Chief Executive Officer and school board appointed by the mayor It is currently the only school district in Illinois where the school board is appointed by a city s mayor 58 The school board will transition to consist entirely of elected members by 2027 59 CPS is headquartered in the 42 West Madison building in the Chicago Loop formerly headquartered in the 125 South Clark Street building from 1998 until November 2014 60 The district has offices in Bridgeport Colman and Garfield Park 61 62 The 20 story building managed by MB Real Estate and originally built as the Commercial National Bank 63 has 570 910 square feet 53 039 m2 of space 64 Chief Executive Officer Edit Main article Chief Executive Officer of Chicago Public Schools CPS is headed by a chief executive officer CEO appointed by the mayor The current CEO is Pedro Martinez The position of CEO before it was created in 1995 was preceded by a position of superintendent 65 In 1995 the Government of Illinois passed the Chicago School Reform Amendatory Act which replaced the position of superintendent with that of chief executive Officer 65 Chicago Board of Education Edit Main article Chicago Board of Education The school board known as the Chicago Board of Education is currently appointed by the mayor of Chicago Between 2024 and 2027 the board is slated to transition to consist entirely of elected members 66 59 The board traces its roots back to the Board of School Inspectors created in 1837 which was renamed Chicago Board of Education in 1857 67 68 69 70 The Chicago Board of Education is led by a president 71 The current president of the Chicago Board of Education is Miguel del Valle 71 Local school councils Edit Main article Local School Councils In 1988 the Government of Illinois passed the Chicago School Reform Act which created Local School Councils 65 Performance EditThe April 21 2006 issue of the Chicago Tribune revealed a study by the Consortium on Chicago School Research that stated that 6 of every 100 CPS freshmen would earn a bachelor s degree by age 25 3 in 100 black or Latino men would earn a bachelor s degree by age 25 The study tracked Chicago high school students who graduated in 1998 and 1999 35 of CPS students who went to college earned their bachelor s degree within six years below the national average of 64 72 Chicago has a history of high dropout rates with around half of students failing to graduate for the past 30 years Criticism is directed at the CPS for inflating its performance figures Through such techniques as counting students who swap schools before dropping out as transfers but not dropouts it publishes graduation claims as high as 71 Nonetheless throughout the 1990s actual rates seem to have improved slightly as true graduation estimates rose from 48 in 1991 to 54 in 2004 73 In 1987 Education Secretary William J Bennett called the Chicago Public Schools system the worst in the nation 74 In September 2011 the University of Chicago s Consortium on Chicago School Research published a report on the school system s performance over the course of 30 years of reform 75 While the report evaluated three decades of reform it measured the progress of such policies by analyzing trends in elementary and high school test scores and graduation rates over the past 20 years The authors of the report highlighted five of their central conclusions Graduation rates have improved dramatically and high school test scores have risen more students are graduating without a decline in average academic performance Math scores have improved incrementally in the elementary middle grades while elementary middle grade reading scores remained fairly flat for two decades Racial gaps in achievement have steadily increased with white students making slightly more progress than Latino students and African American students falling behind all other groups Despite progress the vast majority of CPS students have academic achievement levels that are far below where they need to be to graduate ready for college The publicly reported statistics used to hold schools and districts accountable for making academic progress are not accurate measures of progress Pension fund EditThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2020 The Illinois state government required Chicago Public Schools to move money from education to worker pensions CPS is the only district in the state that the state government has done this to CPS filed a civil lawsuit to ask the courts to require the state to rewrite its rules on how it funds schools The lawsuit was filed in Cook County Circuit Court on February 14 2017 and is CPS v Governor Bruce Rauner Illinois State Board of Education and its chairman Rev James T Meeks Comptroller Susan Mendoza and state school Superintendent Tony Smith 76 Crime and corruption EditFurther information Political corruption in Illinois In 2014 the Office of the Inspector General for Chicago Public schools received over 1300 complaints involving accusations of impropriety Its subsequent 43 page report and audit noted that corruption and theft were still a major problem within CPS detailing major theft of school funds kickbacks to CPS employees falsification of student transfer data fraudulent selective enrollment applications and ethics violations In one particular case involving a half dozen employees almost 900 000 was stolen in what Inspector General Nicholas Schuler called a major purchasing and reimbursement scheme The schools involved were later identified as Gage Park Academy and Michele Clark Magnet High School 77 78 79 A spokesman for CPS later issued a statement that Chicago Public Schools is committed to working with the Office of the Inspector General to eliminate corruption fraud and waste across the district 77 In April 2015 Barbara Byrd Bennett the CEO of Chicago Public Schools took a leave of absence during a federal investigation of a no bid contract to a professional development organization that she had previously worked for as a consultant She resigned from the position in June 2015 In October a federal grand jury delivered a 23 count indictment against Bennett and alleged co conspirators Bennett would go on to plead guilty to a 23 million kickback scheme and was sentenced to 7 and a half years in prison In March 2016 the Chicago Board of Education filed a 65 million lawsuit against Bennett and her co conspirators 80 81 82 83 In January 2016 the Office of the Inspector General for CPS again received over 1300 fraud complaints and issued another audit for 2015 which continued to highlight issues of corruption and theft The 2015 audit reported the shakedown of a CPS vendor a records falsification scheme by a principal widespread selective enrollment fraud illegal use of taxpayer funded resources on political campaigns theft from taxpayer funded accounts intended for purchasing student materials and numerous instances of abusing tax exempt status to purchase personal items 84 85 86 The Benito Juarez Community Academy shooting occurred on December 16 2022 when two students were shot dead by an ex student with alleged gang ties See also Edit Chicago portal Illinois portal Schools portalList of schools in Chicago Public Schools Chicago Manufacturing Renaissance Council Chicago Public High School League Chicago Teacher Education Pipeline Communities In Schools of Chicago Middle School Cadet Corps Renaissance 2010References Edit Google 15 May 2021 Chicago Public Schools Map Google Maps Google Retrieved 15 May 2021 Schools and Education Encyclopedia chicagohistory org Retrieved 2013 03 22 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stats and Facts Chicago Public Schools September 2020 Retrieved 15 May 2021 a b c Search for Public School Districts District Detail for City of Chicago SD 299 National Center for Education Statistics Institute of Education Sciences Retrieved 15 May 2020 a b c CITY OF CHICAGO SD 299 District Snapshot Illinois State Board of Education Retrieved 15 May 2021 CPS drops to fourth largest school district in nation Chicago Sun Times 2022 09 28 Retrieved 2023 03 23 Another Year of Positive Growth 2020 Academic Report Card Chicago Schools Blog 2020 09 22 Retrieved 2020 09 22 Annual CPS Academic Report Card Highlights Record Breaking Student Accomplishments During the 2019 20 School Year Chicago Public Schools www cps edu Retrieved 2020 09 22 Esposito Stefano 2020 09 04 CPS graduation rate hits record high dropout rate at record low for 2019 20 Chicago Sun Times Retrieved 2020 09 22 Camera Lauren 18 April 2018 The Secret to Chicago s School Success U S News amp World Report Retrieved 20 March 2019 New Analysis by Leading Education Expert CPS Students Are Learning and Growing Faster Than 96 of Students in the United States Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis Retrieved 20 March 2019 Esposito Stefano 2020 09 04 CPS graduation rate hits record high dropout rate at record low for 2019 20 Chicago Sun Times Retrieved 2020 09 22 Mayor Woodworth s Inaugural Addresses No Jim Crow in District Libraries Chicago Defender 11 February 1922 p 3 White p 126 Strauss Valerie Hines Michael Perspective In Chicago schools closed during a 1937 polio epidemic and kids learned from home over the radio Washington Post Retrieved 16 August 2021 Delay Opening on Orders of Health Board Chicago Tribune 9 1 1937 www newspapers com Chicago Tribune 1 September 1937 Retrieved 16 August 2021 Foss Katherine A 5 October 2020 Remote learning isn t new Radio instruction in the 1937 polio epidemic The Conversation Retrieved 16 August 2021 Steffes Tracy L February 2020 Assessment Matters The Rise and Fall of the Illinois Resource Equalizer Formula History of Education Quarterly 60 1 24 57 doi 10 1017 heq 2020 7 S2CID 216496825 Banchero Stephanie January 17 2010 Daley school plan fails to make grade The Chicago Tribune Retrieved 29 April 2015 Sam Dillon Report Questions Duncan s Policy of Closing Failing Schools The New York Times October 28 2009 https www nytimes com 2009 10 29 education 29schools html A Look at Arne Duncan s VIP List of Requests at Chicago Schools and the Effects of his Expansion of Charter Schools in Chicago Democracy Now March 26 2010 http www democracynow org 2010 3 26 a look at arne duncans vip 193 Chicago elementary schools not safe from closing Chicago Sun Times 19 January 2013 Retrieved 16 March 2013 Call for action against CPS school closings Archived from the original on 2013 03 27 Retrieved 2019 11 06 Bellware Kim 29 January 2013 CPS School Closing Hearing Tensions Boil Over In Heated Meeting Later Called A Disaster Huffington Post Retrieved 16 March 2013 CPS School Closings Hearing Heats Up Ahead Of Release Of Preliminary Closure List Huffington Post 13 February 2013 Retrieved 16 March 2013 Parents teachers tout rising test scores to save Armstrong 12 March 2013 Why close Lewis when CPS is spending millions on renovations advocates say 12 March 2013 Street Clout 11 March 2013 Lawmakers threaten to push CPS closings moratorium Chicago Tribune Retrieved 16 March 2013 School Board Votes to Close 49 Elementary Schools 1 High School NBC Chicago Retrieved 22 May 2013 Johnson Brandon 2014 06 17 School Deserts Hit Chicago s Black Neighborhoods Labor Notes Labor Notes Retrieved 29 April 2015 Caref Carol Rothschild Sarah Hilgendorf Kurt Jankov Pavlyn Russell Kevin 30 November 2012 Black and White of Education in Chicago s Public Schools ctunet Chicago s Teacher Union Retrieved 15 May 2020 a b c d e f g h i Bleskachek Mckinley October 13 2013 Chicago students teachers protest school closings 2013 Global Nonviolent Action Database Swarthmore College Retrieved 2017 09 30 a b c Strauss Valerie 2013 05 17 Three days of marches in Chicago to protest school closings The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 2017 09 30 In Chicago Dozens Arrested As They Protest School Closures NPR org Retrieved 2017 09 30 Chicago Tribune Archive May 22 1969 Retrieved 23 September 2016 1971 CTU strike Substance News Retrieved 23 September 2016 Tribune Chicago Chicago teacher strikes When how long and the reasons why Chicago Tribune Retrieved 23 September 2016 AS TALKS LAG CHICAGO TEACHERS CALL FOR A STRIKE The New York Times 3 October 1983 Retrieved 20 January 2016 Chicago Sun Times Chicago News Politics Things To Do Sports Chicago Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 Retrieved 20 January 2016 Chicago teachers strikes of 1983 1984 1987 show that students suffer tribunedigital chicagotribune Retrieved 20 January 2016 CHICAGO TEACHERS ON STRIKE AS NEGOTIATIONS GO ON The New York Times 4 December 1984 Retrieved 20 January 2016 Reform Before the Storm A Timeline of the Chicago Public Schools Chicago magazine Retrieved 20 January 2016 Chicago teachers union rally Photos Time Out Chicago Kids 2012 09 10 Retrieved 2013 03 22 Chicago teachers vote to suspend strike CNN 18 September 2012 Retrieved 18 September 2012 Pearsen Michael 11 September 2012 Chicago teachers strike students and parents scramble CNN Retrieved 10 September 2012 Chicago teachers strike ends after 11 days CPS will have 5 make up days of school USA Today Ford Fessenden A Portrait of Segregation in New York City s Schools The New York Times May 11 2012 https www nytimes com interactive 2012 05 11 nyregion segregation in new york city public schools html ref education a b Alvarez Rene Luis A Community that Would Not Take No for an Answer Mexican Americans the Chicago Public Schools and the Founding of Benito Juarez High School Journal of Illinois History 2014 17 1 pp 78 98 CITED p 87 Chicago s largest employers ChicagoBusiness Crain Communications Inc 2011 Archived from the original on 2012 11 29 Retrieved 2012 09 13 Chicago Public Schools Office of Academic Enhancement Selective Enrollment High Schools Available online at http cpsmagnet org apps pages index jsp uREC ID 72696 amp type d amp rn 5261203 Cited September 21 2009 Scoring Rubric Selective Enrollment High Schools Chicago Public Schools Available online at https t e2ma net webview d9ktzn 5b71b5a905c8892350589728f1bf21cf Cited April 2 2023 Chicago Public Schools Career Academies Available online at http www cps edu Schools High schools Pages Careeracademy aspx Cited September 28 2009 Chartering The First Biennial Report of the Illinois State Charter School Commission PDF March 2014 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 05 06 Retrieved 15 May 2021 CREDO report Stanford U Chicago Tribune 13 October 2014 Study Chicago charter schools lag traditional ones chicagotribune com Retrieved 20 January 2016 Masterson Matt 29 July 2021 Elected School Board Officially Coming to Chicago After Pritzker Signs Bill WTTW News Retrieved 31 July 2021 a b Bauer Kelly 30 July 2021 Chicago Is Getting An Elected School Board As Pritzker Signs Bill Lightfoot Had Fought Block Club Chicago Retrieved 31 July 2021 Chicago Public Schools sold its headquarters at 125 S Clark for 28 million Chicago 21 October 2014 Archived from the original on 10 January 2016 Retrieved 20 January 2016 http www cps edu About CPS Departments Pages Departments aspx Departments Archive Chicago Public Schools Retrieved on August 19 2015 Chicago Public Schools 42 W Madison St Chicago IL 60602 Board meeting schedule Chicago Public Schools Retrieved on November 7 2009 CPS Central Administration Building 125 S Clark Street 5th Floor Chicago IL 60603 1910 photograph of the Adams Street entrance during the 1910 Triennial Conclave of the Knights Templar Grand Encampment 125 South Clark Street MB Real Estate Retrieved on November 7 2009 dead link a b c History of Chicago Public Schools Chicago Reporter Retrieved 11 March 2020 Tareen Sophia 30 July 2021 Gov Pritzker signs elected Chicago school board measure ABC7 Chicago Retrieved 31 July 2021 Tarvardian Arthur Norman 1992 Battle Over the Chicago Schools The Superintendency of William Mcandrew Loyola University Chicago pp 1 13 16 18 20 22 23 30 31 40 50 51 220 Retrieved 11 March 2020 History of Chicago Illinois v 2 Chicago and New York City Munsell amp co p 89 James Michael The Chicago Board of Education Desegregation Policies and Practices 1975 1985 A Historical Examination of the Administrations of Superintendents Dr Joseph P Hannon and Dr Ruth Love Loyola University Chicago Retrieved 11 March 2020 Moses John Kirkland Joseph 1895 History of Chicago Illinois Volume 2 Munsell amp Company pp 105 109 a b Thometz Kristen 3 June 2019 Mayor Lightfoot Appoints New Chicago School Board WTTW News Retrieved 11 March 2020 Topic Galleries chicagotribune com Retrieved 2013 03 22 permanent dead link Consortium on Chicago School Research finds graduation rates lower than typically reported Consortium on Chicago School Research University of Chicago 2005 Retrieved 2008 12 06 Schools in Chicago Are Called the Worst By Education Chief The New York Times 8 November 1987 Retrieved 20 January 2016 Trends in Chicago s Schools Across Three Eras of Reform Retrieved 26 August 2019 Bilyk Scott Holland amp Jonathan 2017 02 15 CPS lawsuit IL pension funding rules lower relative funding discriminatory ed funding imbalance Cook County Record Retrieved 2018 04 20 a b Theft Still an Issue for Chicago Public Schools Report Retrieved 23 September 2016 Tribune Chicago PDF Read the CPS Inspector General report Chicago Tribune Retrieved 23 September 2016 Tribune Chicago CPS inspector general Employee orchestrated 870K billing fraud Chicago Tribune Retrieved 23 September 2016 Tribune Chicago CPS chief Barbara Byrd Bennett on leave amid federal probe Chicago Tribune Retrieved 23 September 2016 Tribune Chicago CPS chief Barbara Byrd Bennett resigns amid federal criminal investigation Chicago Tribune Retrieved 23 September 2016 Tribune Chicago Ex CPS chief Barbara Byrd Bennett pleads guilty tearfully apologizes to students Chicago Tribune Retrieved 23 September 2016 Tribune Chicago Chicago school board seeks 65 million in lawsuit against ex CEO Chicago Tribune Retrieved 23 September 2016 2015 Annual Report Tribune Chicago Fraud theft and Three Stooges DVD part of CPS annual watchdog report Chicago Tribune Retrieved 23 September 2016 Schulte Sarah 4 January 2016 CPS doing too little to stop residency fraud report says Retrieved 23 September 2016 Further reading EditAshby Steven K and Robert Bruno A Fight for the Soul of Public Education The Story of the Chicago Teachers Strike Cornell University Press 2016 online Beck John M The Public Schools and the Chicago Newspapers 1890 1920 School Review 62 5 1954 pp 288 95 online Burbank Lyman B Chicago Public Schools and the Depression Years of 1928 1937 Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 64 4 1971 pp 365 81 online Carl Jim Good Politics Is Good Government The Troubling History of Mayoral Control of the Public Schools in Twentieth Century Chicago American Journal of Education 115 2 2009 pp 305 36 online Danns Dionne CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS MOVEMENT FOR QUALITY PUBLIC EDUCATION 1966 1971 PDF Journal of African American History 138 150 Herrick Mary J The Chicago schools a social and political history 1971 online a major scholarly study Karlin Jewel Chicago backgrounds of education 1940 McManis John T Ella Flagg Young and a half century of the Chicago public schools 1916 online Peterson Paul E School politics Chicago style U of Chicago Press 1976 online a major scholarly study Rury John L Race Space and the Politics of Chicago s Public Schools Benjamin Willis and the Tragedy of Urban Education History of Education Quarterly 39 2 1999 pp 117 42 onlineShipps Dorothy Updating Tradition The Institutional Underpinnings of Modern Mayoral Control in Chicago s Public Schools in When Mayors Take Charge School Governance in the City edited by Joseph P Viteritti Brookings Institution Press 2009 pp 117 47 onlineTorre Marisa de la and Julia Gwynne When Schools Close Effects on Displaced Students in Chicago Public Schools University of Chicago Consortium on School Research October 2009 Information page Online reports and studies Edit onlinePrimary sources Edit Bickford Charles W Visiting Chicago Schools I The Journal of Education vol 55 no 21 1902 pp 327 28 online a six part series Visiting Chicago Schools II The Journal of Education vol 55 no 22 1902 p 344 onlineChicago Tribune Chicago schools worst in America an examination of the public schools that fail Chicago 1988 onlineClark Hannah Belle The public schools of Chicago a sociological study 1897 online Counts George S School and Society in Chicago 1928 online Free Public Schools of Chicago Eclectic Journal of Education and Literary Review January 15 1851 2 20 online Havighurst Robert J The public schools of Chicago a survey for the Board of Education of the City of Chicago 1964 Henry Nelson B Financial Support and Administration of the Chicago Public Schools The Elementary School Journal 32 7 1932 pp 495 503 online Strayer George D et al Report of the Survey of the Schools of Chicago Illinois 5 vols Teachers College Columbia University 1932 Thompson George J et al Chicago Schools in the Eyes of the Committee of the Federation of Labor The Journal of Education vol 55 no 15 1902 pp 231 43 online White Robert The Extra Curriculum in the Public High Schools of Chicago The School Review 34 2 1937 pp 112 22 onlineExternal links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicago Public Schools Official website 2016 2017 Chicago Public Schools CPS Analysis Chicago Public Schools at the Wayback Machine archive index Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chicago Public Schools amp oldid 1151570847, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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