Chad–United States relations
Chad–United States relations are the international relations between Chad and the United States.
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According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 81% of Chadians approve of U.S. leadership, with 18% disapproving and 1% uncertain, the fourth-highest rating for any surveyed country in Africa.[1]
Diplomatic missions edit
The American embassy in N'Djamena, established at Chadian independence in 1960, was closed from the onset of the heavy fighting in the city in 1980 until the withdrawal of the Libyan forces at the end of 1981.[2] It was reopened in January 1982.[2] The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. Information Service (USIS) offices resumed activities in Chad in September 1983.[2]
The Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C. is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Chad to the United States. It is located at 2401 Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Embassy Row neighborhood. From 1969 until 2002, the building served as the Embassy of Malaysia. In 2008, the building was purchased by the government of Chad. After a four-month renovation in 2009, Embassy of Chad employees moved from their 2002 R Street, NW building,[3] into the new facility.
The ambassador of Chad in the United States is Mahamat Nasser Hassane.[4]
History edit
Chad and the United States established diplomatic relations on August 11, 1960.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the United States and Chad had maintained fairly low-level economic ties, including investment guarantees and project aid, such as Peace Corps involvement.[5] Drought in the early 1970s brought United States food and agriculture aid to remote areas, including grain supplies, animal health services, and technical assistance.[5] Other economic agreements included road building in the Lake Chad area and rural community development.[5]
In a declassified record of a 1973 conversation between U.S. President Richard Nixon, Secretary of State James R. Schlesinger, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, Nixon referenced the Prime Minister of Chad when explaining how he perceived the relationship between strength and importance: "But without adequate strength, our stance in the world wouldn't matter. The Prime Minister of Chad doesn't matter; we treat them nice, but none of them matter."[6]
Although Chad was part of France's sphere of influence, it also provided a low level of military assistance until 1977.[5] President Félix Malloum's 1978 request for increased military aid to fight the FROLINAT insurgency coincided with a marked increase in Soviet activity in Africa, especially in Ethiopia, and increased Soviet arms shipments to Libya.[5] United States relations with African states were redefined in accordance with the new strategic value assigned to African allies, and United States foreign policy shifted accordingly.[5] Thus, in the 1980s United States interest and involvement in Chad increased.[5]
Reagan administration edit
Chad became a focus of American policy regarding North Africa when Secretary of State Alexander Haig sought new ways to undermine the Muammar Gaddafi regime, which was destabilizing much of the region from its base in neighboring Libya. A plan was developed to attack Libya's southern front through Chad at a time when much of the northern half of Chad was occupied by Libyan troops. The Central intelligence Agency provided arms for the anti-Qaddafi faction led by Hissène Habré. The plan was successful, Qaddafi withdrew his troops.[citation needed] Habré seized control of the government of Chad in 1982, and received enthusiastic military and financial support from Washington.[5] However, by 1988 American advisers had begun to stress the need to reconcile warring factions and pacify rebel groups within Chad.[5] United States support to Chad included several economic and military aid agreements, including training programs to improve the effectiveness of Habré's administration and to bolster public confidence in the government and intelligence-sharing to assist in countering Libyan forces in 1987.[5][7]
The United States enjoyed cordial relations with the government of Idriss Déby.[2] Chad has proved a valuable partner in the global war on terror, and in providing shelter to 200,000 refugees of Sudan's Darfur crisis along its eastern border.[2][8]
Foreign aid edit
Before permanently closing its Chad mission in 1995 because of declining funds and security concerns, USAID's development program in Chad concentrated on the agricultural, health, and infrastructure sectors.[2] It also included projects in road repair and maintenance, maternal and child health, famine early warning systems, and agricultural marketing.[2] A number of American voluntary agencies (notably Africare and VITA) continue to operate in Chad.[2] Peace Corps has traditionally had a large presence in Chad, with volunteers arriving during the postwar period in September 1987, then withdrawing in 1998.[2] Peace Corps operations resumed in September 2003, with a group of 20 new volunteers.[2] The second class of 17 volunteers arrived in September 2004.[2] Both groups focused on teaching English; expansion into other areas was planned for 2005.[2] Currently the Peace Corps presence in Chad is inactive.[2]
In April 2007, Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte visited Chad in light of the War in Darfur.[9]
Chad is a participant in the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative and cooperates with the United States military in fighting al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (and affiliated) insurgents.
Travel ban edit
On September 24, 2017, US President Donald Trump announced a travel ban that restricted the travel of the citizens of Chad to the United States, citing the risk of terrorism.[10][11] Regional experts including J. Peter Pham of the Atlantic Council, Monde Muyangwa of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and John Campbell of the Council on Foreign Relations expressed concern that Chad could reduce its defense and counter-terrorism cooperation with the United States in response.[12] On April 10, 2018, the US Government issued a proclamation lifting the travel restrictions on Chad.[13][14][15]
Education edit
The American International School of N'Djamena was in the Chadian capital until closing in 2008.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ U.S. Global Leadership Project Report - 2012 Gallup
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m . US Department of State. June 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Embassy.org: The Embassy of the Republic of Chad". www.embassy.org. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ "Home". www.chadembassy.us. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990). Chad: A Country Study (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0-16-024770-5. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ National Security Policy, 1973-1976. United States Department of State. 2014. p. 128.
- ^ Roger Charlton, and Roy May. "Warlords and militarism in Chad." Review of African Political Economy 16.45-46 (1989): 12-25.
- ^ Roland Marchal, "Chad/Darfur: how two crises merge." Review of African Political Economy 33.109 (2006): 467-482. online
- ^ Fisher-Thompson, Jim (18 April 2007). "State's Negoponte Thanks Chad for Aiding Darfur Refugees". IIP Digital. United States Department of State. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ Sieff, Kevin (2017-09-25). "Analysis | Why did the U.S. travel ban add counterterrorism partner Chad? No one seems quite sure". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
- ^ Meckler, Laura (2017-09-25). "U.S. Adds North Korea, Venezuela and Chad to List of Nations Facing Travel Restrictions". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-09-26.
- ^ Cooper, Helen; Shear, Michael D.; Searcey, Dionne; Schmitt, Eric; Yaya, Jaime Yaya (September 26, 2017). "Chad's Inclusion in Travel Ban Could Jeopardize American Interests, Officials Say". The New York Times.
- ^ "Maintaining Enhanced Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry Into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public-Safety Threats". Federal Register. 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- ^ "Statement by the Press Secretary Regarding the Presidential Proclamation to Lift Entry Restrictions for Nationals of the Republic of Chad". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved 2018-08-12 – via National Archives.
- ^ Reuters Editorial. "U.S. lifts travel ban on Chad citizens - White House". IN. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
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External links edit
- History of Chad - U.S. relations