Cephalotaxus, commonly called plum yew or cowtail pine, is a genus of conifers comprising 11 species, either considered the only member of the family Cephalotaxaceae, or in the Taxaceae when that family is considered in a broad sense.[1][2] The genus is endemic to eastern Asia, though fossil evidence shows it had a wider Northern Hemisphere distribution in the past.[1] The species are evergreenshrubs and small trees reaching 1.0–10 metres (3–33 ft) (rarely to 20 metres (66 ft)) tall.
The leaves are spirally arranged on the shoots, but twisted at the base to lie in two flat ranks (except on erect leading shoots); they are linear, 4–12 centimetres (1+1⁄2–4+3⁄4 in) long and 3–4 millimetres (1⁄8–5⁄32 in) broad, soft in texture, with a blunt tip; this helps distinguish them from the related genus Torreya, which has spine-tipped leaves.[2]
The species can be either monoecious or dioecious; when monoecious, the male and female cones are often on different branches. The male (pollen) cones are 5–8 millimetres (13⁄64–5⁄16 in) long, grouped in lines along the underside of a shoot. The female (seed) cones are single or grouped two to 15 together on short stems; minute at first, they mature in about 18 months to a drupe-like structure with the single large nut-like seed 1.5–4 centimetres (5⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) long surrounded by a fleshy covering, green to purple at full maturity. Natural dispersal is thought to be aided by squirrels which bury the seeds for a winter food source; any seeds left uneaten are then able to germinate.[2]
Phytochemistryedit
Cephalotaxus species produce cephalotaxine, an alkaloid. Parry et al 1980 provides evidence that cephalotaxine is a phenylethylisoquinoline. However, they also find this genus to be unable to incorporate cinnamic acid into cephalotaxine, and incorporation of cinnamic acid is usually a step in phenylethylisoquinoline syntheses, throwing the phenylethylisoquinoline theory in to question.[3]
Phylogenyedit
Molecular studies place Cephalotaxus as the most basal member of the Taxaceae, having a very ancient divergence from them during the late Triassic.[4] Historically, it was placed as the only member of the family Cephalotaxaceae, due to strong morphological differences from other members of Taxaceae,[5] but major authorities consider the family synonymous with Taxaceae.[6][7]
Extant speciesedit
The taxonomy of Cephalotaxus is difficult, because the species have been defined using characteristics that intergrade with each other, such as the length and shape of needles, bark, and stomatal band color. Cephalotaxus species have often been separated geographically rather than morphologically.[8]
The oldest fossils of Cephalotaxus are known from the Eocene of Heilongjiang in northeast China and the Messel Pit of Germany. The youngest fossils of Cephalotaxus in Europe date to the Pliocene, and remains are also known from the Miocene of western North America.[11][12]
^Ji, Yunheng; Liu, Changkun; Landis, Jacob B; Deng, Min; Chen, Jiahui (2021-04-17). "Plastome phylogenomics of Cephalotaxus (Cephalotaxaceae) and allied genera". Annals of Botany. 127 (5): 697–708. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaa201. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC8052924. PMID 33252661.
^"Cephalotaxus Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^"Gymnosperms - The Gymnosperm Database". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 2023-03-21.
^Lang, XUE-Dong; Su, Jian-Rong; Lu, SHU-Gang; Zhang, ZHI-JUN (2013). "A taxonomic revision of the genus Cephalotaxus (Taxaceae)". Phytotaxa. 84. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.84.1.1.
^Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. bioRxiv10.1101/2021.03.13.435279. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 232282918.
^Manchester, Steven R.; Chen, Zhi-Duan; Lu, An-Ming; Uemura, Kazuhiko (January 2009). "Eastern Asian endemic seed plant genera and their paleogeographic history throughout the Northern Hemisphere". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 47 (1): 1–42. doi:10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00001.x.
^"Cephalotaxus". The International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
cephalotaxus, commonly, called, plum, cowtail, pine, genus, conifers, comprising, species, either, considered, only, member, family, cephalotaxaceae, taxaceae, when, that, family, considered, broad, sense, genus, endemic, eastern, asia, though, fossil, evidenc. Cephalotaxus commonly called plum yew or cowtail pine is a genus of conifers comprising 11 species either considered the only member of the family Cephalotaxaceae or in the Taxaceae when that family is considered in a broad sense 1 2 The genus is endemic to eastern Asia though fossil evidence shows it had a wider Northern Hemisphere distribution in the past 1 The species are evergreen shrubs and small trees reaching 1 0 10 metres 3 33 ft rarely to 20 metres 66 ft tall CephalotaxusTemporal range Eocene Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Cephalotaxus harringtonii Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Gymnospermae Division Pinophyta Class Pinopsida Order Cupressales Family Taxaceae Genus CephalotaxusSiebold amp Zucc ex Endl Type species Cephalotaxus pedunculataSiebold amp Zucc ex Endl Species C fortunei C griffithii C hainanensis C harringtonii C koreana C lanceolata C latifolia C mannii C oliveri C sinensis C wilsoniana Contents 1 Description 2 Phytochemistry 3 Phylogeny 3 1 Extant species 3 2 Fossil record 4 References 5 External linksDescription editThe leaves are spirally arranged on the shoots but twisted at the base to lie in two flat ranks except on erect leading shoots they are linear 4 12 centimetres 1 1 2 4 3 4 in long and 3 4 millimetres 1 8 5 32 in broad soft in texture with a blunt tip this helps distinguish them from the related genus Torreya which has spine tipped leaves 2 The species can be either monoecious or dioecious when monoecious the male and female cones are often on different branches The male pollen cones are 5 8 millimetres 13 64 5 16 in long grouped in lines along the underside of a shoot The female seed cones are single or grouped two to 15 together on short stems minute at first they mature in about 18 months to a drupe like structure with the single large nut like seed 1 5 4 centimetres 5 8 1 5 8 in long surrounded by a fleshy covering green to purple at full maturity Natural dispersal is thought to be aided by squirrels which bury the seeds for a winter food source any seeds left uneaten are then able to germinate 2 Phytochemistry editCephalotaxus species produce cephalotaxine an alkaloid Parry et al 1980 provides evidence that cephalotaxine is a phenylethylisoquinoline However they also find this genus to be unable to incorporate cinnamic acid into cephalotaxine and incorporation of cinnamic acid is usually a step in phenylethylisoquinoline syntheses throwing the phenylethylisoquinoline theory in to question 3 Phylogeny editMolecular studies place Cephalotaxus as the most basal member of the Taxaceae having a very ancient divergence from them during the late Triassic 4 Historically it was placed as the only member of the family Cephalotaxaceae due to strong morphological differences from other members of Taxaceae 5 but major authorities consider the family synonymous with Taxaceae 6 7 Extant species edit The taxonomy of Cephalotaxus is difficult because the species have been defined using characteristics that intergrade with each other such as the length and shape of needles bark and stomatal band color Cephalotaxus species have often been separated geographically rather than morphologically 8 Phylogeny of Cephalotaxus 9 10 Cephalotaxus C oliveri Masters C harringtonii Knight ex Forbes Koch C hainanensis Li C mannii Hooker C sinensis Rehder amp Wilson Li C drupacea Siebold amp Zuccarini C nana Nakai C griffithii Hooker C lanceolata Feng ex Cheng Fu amp Cheng C fortunei Hooker Fossil record edit nbsp Cephalotaxus bonseriLatah Formation Miocene The oldest fossils of Cephalotaxus are known from the Eocene of Heilongjiang in northeast China and the Messel Pit of Germany The youngest fossils of Cephalotaxus in Europe date to the Pliocene and remains are also known from the Miocene of western North America 11 12 Cephalotaxus akitaensis Huzioka leafy twigs Miocene Utto Formation Akita Prefecture Japan Cephalotaxus biumbonata Miki seeds Pliocene Toki Gifu Japan Cephalotaxus bonseri Knowlton R W Chaney amp Axelrod leafy twigs Miocene Latah Formation Washington US Cephalotaxus bowerbankii Reid amp Chandler seeds Eocene London Clay Isle of Sheppey England Cephalotaxus californica Potbury leafy twigs Oligocene La Porte flora California US Cephalotaxus cretacea Samylina leafy twigs Cretaceous Aldan River Yakutia Russia Cephalotaxus eigensis Mai leafy twigs Miocene Schonau Berzdorf Saxony Germany Cephalotaxus europaea Mai leafy twigs Miocene Gorlitz Czech Republic Cephalotaxus francofurtana Kinkelin seeds Pliocene Klarbecken Flora Niederrad Frankfurt am Main Germany Cephalotaxus loossi Kinkelin seeds Pliocene Klarbecken Flora Niederrad Frankfurt am Main Germany Cephalotaxus messelensis Wilde leafy twigs Eocene Messel Formation Darmstadt Dieburg Hessen Germany Cephalotaxus microphylla Sveshnikova amp Budantsev leafy twigs Cretaceous Salisbury Island Arkhangelsk Russia Cephalotaxus miocenica Krausel Gregor seeds Miocene Nowa Wies Krolewska Wojewodztwo opolskie Poland Cephalotaxus multiserialis Weyl Mai amp Walther leafy twigs Miocene Duren Kreis Rhine Westphalia Germany Cephalotaxus obovata Miki seeds Pliocene Toge Hyogo Japan Cephalotaxus parvifolia Walther Kvacek amp Walther leafy twigs Oligocene Seifhennersdorf Sachsen Germany Cephalotaxus pliocaenica Madler leafy twigs Pliocene Klarbecken Flora Niederrad Frankfurt am Main Germany Cephalotaxus rotundata Kinkelin seeds Pliocene Klarbecken Flora Niederrad Frankfurt am Main Germany Cephalotaxus saxonica Mai amp Walther leafy twigs Eocene Phonix Nord Sachsen Germany Cephalotaxus stoeckleinorum Knobloch leafy twigs Miocene Achldorf Bavaria Germany Cephalotaxus yubariensis Se Endo leafy twigs Eocene Ikushunbetsu Formation Yubari River Hokkaido JapanReferences edit a b Tripp Kim E 1995 Cephalotaxus the plum yews Arnoldia 55 1 25 39 a b c Christopher J Earle 2011 Cephalotaxus The Gymnosperm Database Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2012 Abdelkafi Hajer Nay Bastien 2012 08 01 Natural products from Cephalotaxus sp chemical diversity and synthetic aspects Natural Product Reports 29 8 Royal Society of Chemistry RSC 845 869 doi 10 1039 C2NP20037F ISSN 1460 4752 PMID 22714632 Stull Gregory W Qu Xiao Jian Parins Fukuchi Caroline Yang Ying Ying Yang Jun Bo Yang Zhi Yun Hu Yi Ma Hong Soltis Pamela S Soltis Douglas E Li De Zhu August 2021 Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms Nature Plants 7 8 1015 1025 doi 10 1038 s41477 021 00964 4 ISSN 2055 0278 PMID 34282286 S2CID 236141481 Ji Yunheng Liu Changkun Landis Jacob B Deng Min Chen Jiahui 2021 04 17 Plastome phylogenomics of Cephalotaxus Cephalotaxaceae and allied genera Annals of Botany 127 5 697 708 doi 10 1093 aob mcaa201 ISSN 0305 7364 PMC 8052924 PMID 33252661 Cephalotaxus Siebold amp Zucc ex Endl Plants of the World Online Kew Science Plants of the World Online Retrieved 2023 03 21 Gymnosperms The Gymnosperm Database www conifers org Retrieved 2023 03 21 Lang XUE Dong Su Jian Rong Lu SHU Gang Zhang ZHI JUN 2013 A taxonomic revision of the genus Cephalotaxus Taxaceae Phytotaxa 84 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 84 1 1 Stull Gregory W Qu Xiao Jian Parins Fukuchi Caroline Yang Ying Ying Yang Jun Bo Yang Zhi Yun Hu Yi Ma Hong Soltis Pamela S Soltis Douglas E Li De Zhu Smith Stephen A Yi Ting Shuang et al 2021 Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms Nature Plants 7 8 1015 1025 bioRxiv 10 1101 2021 03 13 435279 doi 10 1038 s41477 021 00964 4 PMID 34282286 S2CID 232282918 Stull Gregory W et al 2021 main dated supermatrix tree T9 tre Figshare doi 10 6084 m9 figshare 14547354 v1 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Manchester Steven R Chen Zhi Duan Lu An Ming Uemura Kazuhiko January 2009 Eastern Asian endemic seed plant genera and their paleogeographic history throughout the Northern Hemisphere Journal of Systematics and Evolution 47 1 1 42 doi 10 1111 j 1759 6831 2009 00001 x Cephalotaxus The International Fossil Plant Names Index Retrieved October 1 2023 External links editGymnosperm Database Photos Cephalotaxus fortunei Cephalotaxus koreana Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cephalotaxus amp oldid 1178138592, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
