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Greater coucal

January 01, 1970

The greater coucal or crow pheasant (Centropus sinensis), is a large non-parasitic member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. A widespread resident in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is divided into several subspecies, some being treated as full species. They are large, crow-like with a long tail and coppery brown wings and found in a wide range of habitats from jungle to cultivation and urban gardens. They are weak fliers, and are often seen clambering about in vegetation or walking on the ground as they forage for insects, eggs and nestlings of other birds. They have a familiar deep resonant call which is associated with omens in many parts of its range.

Greater coucal
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Cuculiformes
Family: Cuculidae
Genus: Centropus
Species:
C. sinensis
Binomial name
Centropus sinensis
(Stephens, 1815)[2]

Description edit

 
Sukau Rainforest Lodge, Kinabatangen River - Sabah, Borneo - Malaysia
 
The long and straight hind claw is characteristic of the genus
 
Sunning (West Bengal, India)
 
Immature of nominate race showing barred/speckled underside. Haryana, India
 
Greater Coucal, Salt Lake Canal Side, Kolkata

This is a large species of cuckoo at 48 cm. The head is black, upper mantle and underside are black glossed with purple. The back and wings are chestnut brown. There are no pale shaft streaks on the coverts. The eyes are ruby red. Juveniles are duller black with spots on the crown and there are whitish bars on the underside and tail. There are several geographic races and some of these populations are sometimes treated as full species. Earlier treatments included the brown coucal (C. (s.) andamanensis) under this name. Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) suggest that the race parroti may be a full species – the southern coucal which is found in peninsular India (northern boundary unclear). The race intermedius of the Assam and Bangladesh region is smaller than the nominate race found in the sub-Himalayan zone. Songs of the races are said to vary considerably. Race parroti of southern India has a black head and the underparts glossed blue and has the forehead, face and throat more brownish.[3] The sexes are similar in plumage but females are slightly larger.[4]

Leucistic specimens have been observed.[5]

Subspecies and distribution edit

The nominate race is found from the Indus Valley through the sub-Himalayan and Gangetic plains to Nepal, Assam and the Bhutan foothills into southern China (Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian).[6]

  • Race parroti Stresemann, 1913 is found in Peninsular India (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and southwards). The upper back is black and the juvenile has unbarred wings.[6]
  • Race intermedius Hume, 1873 is smaller in size and found in Bangladesh, west Cachar and into Myanmar and the Chin Hills into China (Yunnan, Hainan), Thailand, Indochina and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula.[6]
  • Race bubutus Horsfield, 1821 is found in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra, Nias, Mentawai Islands, Java, Bali, Borneo, western Philippines (Balabac, Cagayan Sulu and Palawan). The wing is paler rufous in this race.[6]
  • Race anonymus Stresemann, 1913 is found in the southwestern Philippines (Basilan, Sulu Islands) and is shorter and darker winged than bubutus.[6]
  • Race kangeangensis Vorderman, 1893 is found in the Kangean Islands. This has pale and dark plumage phases.[6]

The young when hatched have black skin and white hairy feathers (termed as trichoptiles) forming a fringe over the eye and beak.[7][8] The centre of the belly is pinkish and the upper mandible is black with a pink edge. The iris is brown, gape yellow and feet dark brown-gray.[6] The juvenile of race parroti is unmarked dull black on the underside (contra barred in the northern races) and much darker, dusky chestnut on the wings. Race bubutus found in Southeast Asia has a distinct call. Individuals from the Western Ghats are very similar in size to the lesser coucal Centropus bengalensis but the latter has a stubbier bill, shorter tail, wing tips extending beyond the tertials and a chestnut wing lining, dark eyes and a tail with green/bronze sheen.[3] Females of the race parroti develop dusky or sooty wing coverts between November and January and the northern boundary of the race is along the Punjab plains where it forms intermediates with the northern forms.[9]

Behaviour and ecology edit

The greater coucal is a large bird which takes a wide range of insects, caterpillars, snails and small vertebrates such as the saw-scaled vipers.[10] They are also known to eat bird eggs, nestlings, fruits and seeds. In Tamil Nadu they were found to feed predominantly on snails Helix vittata. They are also known to feed on the toxic fruits of Cascabela thevetia (Yellow Oleander).[6][11] In oil palm cultivation, they have been noted as an avian pest due to their habit of eating the fleshy mesocarps of the ripe fruits.[12]

They sunbathe in the mornings singly or in pairs on the top of vegetation with their wings spread out. The territory of a nesting pair has been found in southern India to be 0.9 to 7.2 ha (mean 3.8 ha).[13] They are most active in the warm hours of the morning and in the late afternoon.[14]

The calls are a booming low coop-coop-coops repeated and with variations and some duets between individuals.[3] When duetting the female has a lower pitched call. Other calls include a rapid rattling "lotok, lotok ..." and a harsh scolding "skeeaaaw" and a hissing threat call.[4]

Breeding edit

The breeding season is after the monsoon in southern India but varies in other parts of its range but chiefly June to September.[13] Greater coucals are monogamous, and the courtship display involves chases on the ground and the male brings food gifts for the female. The female lowers her tail and droops her wings to signal acceptance. The nest is built mostly by the male over about three to eight days.[13][15] The nest is a deep cup with a dome in dense vegetation inside tangles of creepers, bamboo clump or Pandanus crowns. They can be built as high as 6m above the ground and the typical clutch is 3–5 eggs. The eggs (of size 36–28 mm weighing 14.8 g ) are chalky white with a yellow glaze when laid that wears off.[16] Both the male and the female take part in nest building. They lay 2 to 4 eggs that hatch after 15–16 days of incubation. The chicks take 18–22 days to fledge. A study in southern India found that 77% of the eggs hatched and 67% fledged. Nests with eggs were sometimes abandoned or marauded by the Indian jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus.[13]

Haemosporidia closely related to those that cause malaria have been found in their red blood cells. One species, Haemoproteus centropi, is described from cuckoos such as Clamator jacobinus and Centropus sinensis and is spread by mosquitoes.[17] Immature Haemaphysalis ticks have been found feeding on greater coucals.[18]

In culture edit

The bird is associated with many superstitions and beliefs. The deep calls are associated with spirits and omens.[19][20] In Bengal, there was a belief that monocled cobras (known as keutia) had no males and that they mated with male greater coucals.[21]

In British India, it was noted that new-recruits to India often mistook it for a pheasant and shot it to find it "evil flavoured" giving it the nickname of "Griff's pheasant".[22]

The flesh was once eaten as a folk cure for tuberculosis and pulmonary ailments.[23]

Gallery edit

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Centropus sinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684229A93020052. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684229A93020052.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ In Shaw's General Zoology 9, pt. 1, p. 51. (Type locality China, Ning Po.) per Payne (2005)
  3. ^ a b c Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
  4. ^ a b Ali, S; SD Ripley (1981). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 3 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 240–244.
  5. ^ Ghosal, DK; Ghose, RK (1990). "Partial albinism in a specimen of the Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis sinensis (Stephens)". Records Zool. Survey India. 87 (4): 337. doi:10.26515/rzsi/v87/i4/1990/161394. S2CID 251708018.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Payne, RB (2005). The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press. pp. 238–242. ISBN 0-19-850213-3.
  7. ^ Shelford R (1900). "On the pterylosis of the embryos and nestlings of Centropus sinensis". Ibis. 42 (4): 654–667. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1900.tb00763.x.
  8. ^ Hindwood, KA (1942). "Nestling Coucal" (PDF). The Emu. 42 (1): 52. doi:10.1071/MU942050c.
  9. ^ Abdulali, Humayun (1956). "Some notes on the plumages of Centropus sinensis (Stephens)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 54 (1): 183–185.
  10. ^ Venugopal, B (1981) Observations on the Southern Coucal Centropus sinensis feeding on the Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 21(12):19.
  11. ^ Natarajan, V (1993). "Food and feeding habits of the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves : Cuculidae) at Pt. Calimere, Tamil Nadu". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90 (1): 11–16.
  12. ^ Dhileepan K (1989). "Investigations on avian pests of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. in India". Tropical Pest Management. 35 (3): 273–277. doi:10.1080/09670878909371379.
  13. ^ a b c d Natarajan, V. (1997). "Breeding biology of the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 94 (1): 56–64.
  14. ^ Natarajan, V (1993) Time budgeting by the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves : Cuculidae) at Pt. Calimere, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90(1):92–95
  15. ^ Dhindsa, Manjit Singh; Toor, HS (1981). "Some observations on the nest of the Common Crow-Pheasant, Centropus sinensis (Stephens)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 78 (3): 600–602.
  16. ^ Baker, ECS (1934). The nidification of birds of the Indian Empire. Volume 3. Taylor and Francis, London.
  17. ^ Peirce MA (1977). "Haematozoa of East African birds: II. Redescription of Haemoproteus centropi, a parasite of the Cuculidae". African Journal of Ecology. 15 (1): 57–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1977.tb00378.x.
  18. ^ Harry Hoogstraal; Vijai Dhanda; H. R. Bhat (1972). "Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) anomala Warburton (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) from India: Description of Immature Stages and Biological Observations". The Journal of Parasitology. 58 (3). The American Society of Parasitologists: 605–610. doi:10.2307/3278216. JSTOR 3278216. PMID 5042066.
  19. ^ Yule, Henry (1903). Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical and discursive. New. London: J. Murray. p. 277. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
  20. ^ Thurston, Edgar (1906). Ethnographic notes in Southern India. Government Press, Madras. p. 283.
  21. ^ Sen, Surendra Nath (1921). "My feathered friends". The Calcutta Review. 3. 1: 343–350.
  22. ^ Dewar, Douglas (1912). Jungle folk, Indian natural history sketches. John Lane, London.
  23. ^ Inglis, CM (1898). "Birds collected during five years' residence in the Hylakandy District, Cachar. Part V". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 11 (3): 474–481.

Other sources edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centropus sinensis.
  • Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1977) Steroid synthesizing cellular sites in the testis of Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis (Stephens). Pavo 14(1&2), 61–64.
  • Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1980) Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four species of birds, Dicrurus macrocercus (Vieillot), Centropus sinensis (Stephens), Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin) and Columba livia (Gmelin). Zool. Beitrage 26(2):287–295.
  • Khajuria, H (1975) The Crow-pheasant, Centropus sinensis (Stevens) (Aves: Cuculidae) of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh. All-India Congr. Zool. 3:42.
  • Khajuria, H (1984) The Crow-Pheasant, Centropus sinensis (Stephens) (Aves: Cuculidae) of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh. Rec. Z.S.I. 81(1–2):89–93.
  • Natarajan, V (1993). "Awakening, roosting and vocalisation behavioiur of the Southern Crow-Pheasant (Centropus sinensis) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu". In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy, AK (eds.). Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. pp. 158–160.
  • Natarajan, V (1990) The ecology of the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.

January 01, 1970
greater, coucal, greater, coucal, crow, pheasant, centropus, sinensis, large, parasitic, member, cuckoo, order, birds, cuculiformes, widespread, resident, indian, subcontinent, southeast, asia, divided, into, several, subspecies, some, being, treated, full, sp. The greater coucal or crow pheasant Centropus sinensis is a large non parasitic member of the cuckoo order of birds the Cuculiformes A widespread resident in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia it is divided into several subspecies some being treated as full species They are large crow like with a long tail and coppery brown wings and found in a wide range of habitats from jungle to cultivation and urban gardens They are weak fliers and are often seen clambering about in vegetation or walking on the ground as they forage for insects eggs and nestlings of other birds They have a familiar deep resonant call which is associated with omens in many parts of its range Greater coucal Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Cuculiformes Family Cuculidae Genus Centropus Species C sinensis Binomial name Centropus sinensis Stephens 1815 2 Contents 1 Description 1 1 Subspecies and distribution 2 Behaviour and ecology 2 1 Breeding 3 In culture 4 Gallery 5 References 6 Other sourcesDescription edit nbsp Sukau Rainforest Lodge Kinabatangen River Sabah Borneo Malaysia nbsp The long and straight hind claw is characteristic of the genus nbsp Sunning West Bengal India nbsp Immature of nominate race showing barred speckled underside Haryana India nbsp Greater Coucal Salt Lake Canal Side Kolkata This is a large species of cuckoo at 48 cm The head is black upper mantle and underside are black glossed with purple The back and wings are chestnut brown There are no pale shaft streaks on the coverts The eyes are ruby red Juveniles are duller black with spots on the crown and there are whitish bars on the underside and tail There are several geographic races and some of these populations are sometimes treated as full species Earlier treatments included the brown coucal C s andamanensis under this name Rasmussen amp Anderton 2005 suggest that the race parroti may be a full species the southern coucal which is found in peninsular India northern boundary unclear The race intermedius of the Assam and Bangladesh region is smaller than the nominate race found in the sub Himalayan zone Songs of the races are said to vary considerably Race parroti of southern India has a black head and the underparts glossed blue and has the forehead face and throat more brownish 3 The sexes are similar in plumage but females are slightly larger 4 Leucistic specimens have been observed 5 Subspecies and distribution edit The nominate race is found from the Indus Valley through the sub Himalayan and Gangetic plains to Nepal Assam and the Bhutan foothills into southern China Guangxi Zhejiang Fujian 6 Race parroti Stresemann 1913 is found in Peninsular India Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Orissa and southwards The upper back is black and the juvenile has unbarred wings 6 Race intermedius Hume 1873 is smaller in size and found in Bangladesh west Cachar and into Myanmar and the Chin Hills into China Yunnan Hainan Thailand Indochina and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula 6 Race bubutus Horsfield 1821 is found in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra Nias Mentawai Islands Java Bali Borneo western Philippines Balabac Cagayan Sulu and Palawan The wing is paler rufous in this race 6 Race anonymus Stresemann 1913 is found in the southwestern Philippines Basilan Sulu Islands and is shorter and darker winged than bubutus 6 Race kangeangensis Vorderman 1893 is found in the Kangean Islands This has pale and dark plumage phases 6 The young when hatched have black skin and white hairy feathers termed as trichoptiles forming a fringe over the eye and beak 7 8 The centre of the belly is pinkish and the upper mandible is black with a pink edge The iris is brown gape yellow and feet dark brown gray 6 The juvenile of race parroti is unmarked dull black on the underside contra barred in the northern races and much darker dusky chestnut on the wings Race bubutus found in Southeast Asia has a distinct call Individuals from the Western Ghats are very similar in size to the lesser coucal Centropus bengalensis but the latter has a stubbier bill shorter tail wing tips extending beyond the tertials and a chestnut wing lining dark eyes and a tail with green bronze sheen 3 Females of the race parroti develop dusky or sooty wing coverts between November and January and the northern boundary of the race is along the Punjab plains where it forms intermediates with the northern forms 9 Behaviour and ecology editThe greater coucal is a large bird which takes a wide range of insects caterpillars snails and small vertebrates such as the saw scaled vipers 10 They are also known to eat bird eggs nestlings fruits and seeds In Tamil Nadu they were found to feed predominantly on snails Helix vittata They are also known to feed on the toxic fruits of Cascabela thevetia Yellow Oleander 6 11 In oil palm cultivation they have been noted as an avian pest due to their habit of eating the fleshy mesocarps of the ripe fruits 12 They sunbathe in the mornings singly or in pairs on the top of vegetation with their wings spread out The territory of a nesting pair has been found in southern India to be 0 9 to 7 2 ha mean 3 8 ha 13 They are most active in the warm hours of the morning and in the late afternoon 14 The calls are a booming low coop coop coops repeated and with variations and some duets between individuals 3 When duetting the female has a lower pitched call Other calls include a rapid rattling lotok lotok and a harsh scolding skeeaaaw and a hissing threat call 4 Breeding edit The breeding season is after the monsoon in southern India but varies in other parts of its range but chiefly June to September 13 Greater coucals are monogamous and the courtship display involves chases on the ground and the male brings food gifts for the female The female lowers her tail and droops her wings to signal acceptance The nest is built mostly by the male over about three to eight days 13 15 The nest is a deep cup with a dome in dense vegetation inside tangles of creepers bamboo clump or Pandanus crowns They can be built as high as 6m above the ground and the typical clutch is 3 5 eggs The eggs of size 36 28 mm weighing 14 8 g are chalky white with a yellow glaze when laid that wears off 16 Both the male and the female take part in nest building They lay 2 to 4 eggs that hatch after 15 16 days of incubation The chicks take 18 22 days to fledge A study in southern India found that 77 of the eggs hatched and 67 fledged Nests with eggs were sometimes abandoned or marauded by the Indian jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus 13 Haemosporidia closely related to those that cause malaria have been found in their red blood cells One species Haemoproteus centropi is described from cuckoos such as Clamator jacobinus and Centropus sinensis and is spread by mosquitoes 17 Immature Haemaphysalis ticks have been found feeding on greater coucals 18 In culture editThe bird is associated with many superstitions and beliefs The deep calls are associated with spirits and omens 19 20 In Bengal there was a belief that monocled cobras known as keutia had no males and that they mated with male greater coucals 21 In British India it was noted that new recruits to India often mistook it for a pheasant and shot it to find it evil flavoured giving it the nickname of Griff s pheasant 22 The flesh was once eaten as a folk cure for tuberculosis and pulmonary ailments 23 Gallery edit nbsp in Hyderabad India nbsp in Hyderabad India nbsp in Hyderabad India nbsp at Narendrapur near Kolkata West Bengal India nbsp at Narendrapur near Kolkata West Bengal India nbsp Immature at Hodal Faridabad Haryana India nbsp Immature at Hodal Faridabad Haryana India nbsp Immature at Hodal Faridabad Haryana India nbsp In Kolkata West Bengal India nbsp In Kolkata West Bengal India nbsp near Hodal Faridabad Haryana India nbsp At Rabindra Sarobar KolkataReferences edit BirdLife International 2016 Centropus sinensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22684229A93020052 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22684229A93020052 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 In Shaw s General Zoology 9 pt 1 p 51 Type locality China Ning Po per Payne 2005 a b c Rasmussen PC JC Anderton 2005 Birds of South Asia The Ripley Guide Volume 2 Smithsonian Institution amp Lynx Edicions a b Ali S SD Ripley 1981 Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan Volume 3 2nd ed Oxford University Press pp 240 244 Ghosal DK Ghose RK 1990 Partial albinism in a specimen of the Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis sinensis Stephens Records Zool Survey India 87 4 337 doi 10 26515 rzsi v87 i4 1990 161394 S2CID 251708018 a b c d e f g h Payne RB 2005 The Cuckoos Oxford University Press pp 238 242 ISBN 0 19 850213 3 Shelford R 1900 On the pterylosis of the embryos and nestlings of Centropus sinensis Ibis 42 4 654 667 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919X 1900 tb00763 x Hindwood KA 1942 Nestling Coucal PDF The Emu 42 1 52 doi 10 1071 MU942050c Abdulali Humayun 1956 Some notes on the plumages of Centropus sinensis Stephens J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 54 1 183 185 Venugopal B 1981 Observations on the Southern Coucal Centropus sinensis feeding on the Saw scaled Viper Echis carinatus Newsletter for Birdwatchers 21 12 19 Natarajan V 1993 Food and feeding habits of the Southern Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann Aves Cuculidae at Pt Calimere Tamil Nadu J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 90 1 11 16 Dhileepan K 1989 Investigations on avian pests of oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq in India Tropical Pest Management 35 3 273 277 doi 10 1080 09670878909371379 a b c d Natarajan V 1997 Breeding biology of the Southern Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann Aves Cuculidae at Point Calimere Tamil Nadu Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 94 1 56 64 Natarajan V 1993 Time budgeting by the Southern Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann Aves Cuculidae at Pt Calimere Tamil Nadu J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 90 1 92 95 Dhindsa Manjit Singh Toor HS 1981 Some observations on the nest of the Common Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis Stephens J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 78 3 600 602 Baker ECS 1934 The nidification of birds of the Indian Empire Volume 3 Taylor and Francis London Peirce MA 1977 Haematozoa of East African birds II Redescription of Haemoproteus centropi a parasite of the Cuculidae African Journal of Ecology 15 1 57 60 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2028 1977 tb00378 x Harry Hoogstraal Vijai Dhanda H R Bhat 1972 Haemaphysalis Kaiseriana anomala Warburton Ixodoidea Ixodidae from India Description of Immature Stages and Biological Observations The Journal of Parasitology 58 3 The American Society of Parasitologists 605 610 doi 10 2307 3278216 JSTOR 3278216 PMID 5042066 Yule Henry 1903 Hobson Jobson A glossary of colloquial Anglo Indian words and phrases and of kindred terms etymological historical and discursive New London J Murray p 277 Archived from the original on 2012 07 11 Thurston Edgar 1906 Ethnographic notes in Southern India Government Press Madras p 283 Sen Surendra Nath 1921 My feathered friends The Calcutta Review 3 1 343 350 Dewar Douglas 1912 Jungle folk Indian natural history sketches John Lane London Inglis CM 1898 Birds collected during five years residence in the Hylakandy District Cachar Part V J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 11 3 474 481 Other sources edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Centropus sinensis Bhujle BV Nadkarni VB 1977 Steroid synthesizing cellular sites in the testis of Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis Stephens Pavo 14 1 amp 2 61 64 Bhujle BV Nadkarni VB 1980 Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four species of birds Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot Centropus sinensis Stephens Sturnus pagodarum Gmelin and Columba livia Gmelin Zool Beitrage 26 2 287 295 Khajuria H 1975 The Crow pheasant Centropus sinensis Stevens Aves Cuculidae of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh All India Congr Zool 3 42 Khajuria H 1984 The Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis Stephens Aves Cuculidae of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh Rec Z S I 81 1 2 89 93 Natarajan V 1993 Awakening roosting and vocalisation behavioiur of the Southern Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis at Point Calimere Tamil Nadu In Verghese A Sridhar S Chakravarthy AK eds Bird Conservation Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond Ornithological Society of India Bangalore pp 158 160 Natarajan V 1990 The ecology of the Southern Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann Aves Cuculidae at Point Calimere Tamil Nadu Ph D Dissertation University of Bombay Bombay Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Greater coucal amp oldid 1206995145, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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