Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The Central Committee (CC) composition was elected by the 16th Congress, and sat from 13 July 1930 until 10 February 1934. Its 1st Plenary Session elected the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo. The 16th Congress was the first party convention since the 13th Congress which saw no organized opposition, and the first congress in party history in which there was no opposition to the party leadership.^[1] Ukrainian historian Oleg Khlevniuk considers the period 1930–1934 to be a "transitional period" between collective leadership (referred to interchangeably by him as oligarchy) and Joseph Stalin's personal dictatorship (autocracy).^[2] The removal of Alexei Rykov, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK, the Soviet government), from the Politburo at the 1st Joint Plenary Session of the CC and the Central Control Commission (CCC) has been marked in historic literature as "the definitive Stalinization of that body [Politburo]" according to Khlevniuk.^[3]

Central Committee of the 16th Congress
← 15th 17th →
13 July 1930 – 10 February 1934
Officers
General Secretary	Joseph Stalin
Second Secretary	Vyacheslav Molotov (Jul.– Dec. 1930) Lazar Kaganovich (1930–1934)
Inner-groups	Politburo: 10 full & 5 candidates Secretariat: 5 full & 2 candidates Orgburo: 11 full & 4 candidates
Apparatus
No. of departments	7

The Central Committee elected Stalin General Secretary of the Central Committee at its 1st Plenary Session.^[4] Vyacheslav Molotov served as Stalin's deputy, an informal post referred to by Sovietologists as Second Secretary, and was empowered to manage party business and sign Politburo resolutions when Stalin was away from Moscow.^[4] Upon Molotov's appointment as SNK Chairman in December 1930, Lazar Kaganovich took his place as Second Secretary.^[5]

This Central Committee composition led the party and the country through the first five-year plan, Syrtsov–Lominadze affair, dekulakization, collectivization of agriculture, Ryutin Affair, Soviet famine of 1932–33 (which has led to accusation of "extermination by hunger" by the Ukrainian state), the beginning of the second five-year plan, purges of the last oppositional elements within the party and heightened repression.

Plenums

The Central Committee was not a permanent institution. It convened plenary sessions. Seven CC plenary sessions and two plenary sessions held in conjunction with the convening of the Central Control Commission were held between the 16th Congress and the 17th Congress. When the CC was not in session, decision-making power was vested in the internal bodies of the CC itself; that is, the Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo. None of these bodies were permanent either; typically they convened several times a month.^[6]

Plenary sessions of the Central Committee
^[7]

Plenum	Date	Length
1st Plenary Session	13 July 1930	1 day
2nd Plenary Session	1 December 1930	1 day
1st Joint Plenary Session	17–21 December 1930	5 days
3rd Plenary Session	11–15 June 1931	5 days
4th Plenary Session	28–31 October 1931	4 days
5th Plenary Session	4 February 1932	1 day
6th Plenary Session	28 September – 2 October 1932	5 days
2nd Joint Plenary Session	7–12 January 1933	6 days
7th Plenary Session	25 January 1934	1 day

Apparatus

Individuals employed by the Central Committee's bureaus, departments and newspapers made up the apparatus between the 16th Congress and the 17th Congress.^[8] The bureaus and departments were supervised by the Secretariat, and each secretary (member of the Secretariat) supervised a specific department.^[9] The leaders of departments were officially referred to as Heads, while the titles of bureau leaders varied between chairman, first secretary and secretary.^[10]

Central Committee Apparatus of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
^{[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]}

Institution	Leader	Cyrillic	Took office	Left office	Length of tenure	Nationality	Gender
Accounting Department	Timofey Samsonov	Тимофей Самсонов	1932	10 February 1934	1 year and 254 days	Russian	Male
Administrator of Affairs	Timofey Samsonov	Тимофей Самсонов	13 July 1930	10 February 1934	3 years and 212 days	Russian	Male
Administrative, Enterprise and Trade Union Cadres Department	Ivan Moskvin	Иван Москвин	13 July 1930	14 November 1930	124 days	Russian	Male
	Nikolai Yezhov	Николай Ежов	14 November 1930	10 February 1934	3 years and 92 days	Russian	Male
Agitation and Mass Campaign Department	Grigory Kaminsky	Григорий Каминский	13 July 1930	August 1930	19 days	Russian	Male
	Klavdiya Nikolayeva	Клавдия Николаева	August 1930	1933	2 years and 304 days	Russian	Female
Agriculture Department	Lazar Kaganovich	Лазарь Каганович	15 December 1932	10 February 1934	1 year and 57 days	Russian	Male
Bolshevik	Vilhelm Knorin	Вильгельм Кнорин	13 July 1930	10 February 1934	3 years and 212 days	Latvian	Male
Central Asian Bureau	Isaak Zelensky	Исаак Зеленский	13 July 1930	January 1931	172 days	Russian	Male
	Karl Bauman	Карл Бауман	January 1931	10 February 1931	3 years and 40 days	Latvian	Male
Culture and Propaganda Department	Aleksei Stetskii	Алексей Стецкий	13 July 1930	10 February 1934	3 years and 212 days	Russian	Male
Institute of Marx–Engels–Lenin	Vladimir Adoratsky	Владимир Адоратский	November 1931	10 February 1934	3 years and 105 days	Russian	Male
Organizational-Instruction Department	Dmitry Bulatov	Дмитрий Булатов	13 July 1930	July 1931	353 days	Russian	Male
	Joseph Meerzon	Жозеф Меерзон	July 1931	1932	336 days	Russian	Male
	Pavel Postyshev	Па́вел По́стышев	1932	January 1933	214 days	Russian	Male
	Vladimir Polonsky	Владимир Полонский	January 1933	August 1933	212 days	Russian	Male
Pravda	Lev Mekhlis	Лев Мехлис	13 July 1930	10 February 1934	3 years and 212 days	Ukrainian	Male
Secret Department	Ivan Tovstukha	Иван Товстуха	13 July 1930	22 July 1930	9 days	Ukrainian	Male
	Alexander Poskrebyshev	Александр Поскрёбышев	22 July 1930	10 February 1934	3 years and 203 days	Russian	Male

Composition

Members

Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
^{[24][25][26][27]}

Name	Cyrillic	15th CC	17th CC	Birth	Death	PM	Nationality	Gender	Portrait
Pyotr Alexeyev	Пётр Алексеев	Candidate	Reelected	1893	1937	1914	Russian	Male	—
Andrey Andreyev	Андрей Андреев	Old	Reelected	1895	1971	1914	Russian	Male
Nikolay Antipov	Николай Антипов	Old	Reelected	1894	1938	1912	Russian	Male
Aleksei Badayev	Алексей Бадаев	Old	Reelected	1883	1951	1904	Russian	Male
Karl Bauman	Карл Бауман	Old	Reelected	1892	1937	1907	Latvian	Male	—
Andrei Bubnov	Андрей Бубнов	Old	Reelected	1884	1938	1903	Russian	Male
Nikolai Bukharin	Никола́й Буха́рин	Old	Candidate	1888	1938	1906	Russian	Male
Vlas Chubar	Влас Чубар	Old	Reelected	1891	1939	1907	Ukrainian	Male
Mikhail Chudov	Михаил Чудов	Old	Reelected	1893	1937	1913	Russian	Male	—
Mikhail Chuvyrin	Михаил Чувырин	Candidate	Reelected	1883	1947	1903	Russian	Male	—
Robert Eikhe	Роберт Эйхе	Candidate	Reelected	1890	1940	1905	Latvian	Male
Yan Gamarnik	Ян Гамарник	Old	Reelected	1894	1937	1916	Ukrainian	Male	—
Filipp Goloshchyokin	Филипп Голощёкин	Old	Not	1876	1941	1903	Russian	Male
Ivan Kabakov	Иван Кабаков	Old	Reelected	1891	1937	1914	Russian	Male	—
Lazar Kaganovich	Лазарь Каганович	Old	Reelected	1893	1991	1911	Russian	Male
Mikhail Kalinin	Михаил Калинин	Old	Reelected	1875	1946	1898	Russian	Male
Mendel Khatayevich	Мендель Хатаевич	Candidate	Reelected	1893	1937	1913	Russian	Male
Sergey Kirov	Серге́й Ки́ров	Old	Reelected	1886	1934	1904	Russian	Male
Vilhelm Knorin	Вильгельм Кнорин	Old	Reelected	1890	1938	1910	Latvian	Male
Ivan Kodatsky	Иван Кодацкий	Candidate	Reelected	1893	1937	1914	Ukrainian	Male
Nikolay Kolotilov	Николай Колотилов	Old	Not	1885	1937	1903	Russian	Male	—
Nikolay Komarov	Николай Комаров	Old	Candidate	1886	1937	1909	Russian	Male
Joseph Kosior	Иосиф Косиор	Old	Reelected	1889	1937	1908	Polish	Male
Stanislav Kosior	Станислав Косиор	Old	Reelected	1889	1939	1907	Polish	Male
Nadezhda Krupskaya	Наде́жда Кру́пская	Old	Reelected	1869	1939	1898	Russian	Female
Gleb Krzhizhanovsky	Глеб Кржижано́вский	Old	Reelected	1872	1959	1898	Russian	Male
Nikolay Kubyak	Николай Кубяк	Old	Candidate	1881	1937	1898	Russian	Male
Valerian Kuybyshev	Валериан Куйбышев	Old	Reelected	1888	1935	1904	Russian	Male
Emanuel Kviring	Эммануил Квиринг	Old	Not	1888	1937	1912	Volga German	Male
Dmitry Lebed	Дмитрий Лебедь	New	Reelected	1893	1937	1909	Russian	Male
Fyodor Leonov	Фёдор Леонов	Candidate	Not	1892	1938	1914	Russian	Male	—
Semyon Lobov	Семён Лобов	Old	Reelected	1888	1937	1913	Russian	Male	—
Vissarion Lominadze	Виссарион Ломинадзе	Candidate	Removed	1897	1935	1917	Georgian	Male
Isidore Lyubimov	Исидор Любимов	Old	Reelected	1882	1937	1902	Russian	Male	—
Dmitry Manuilsky	Дмитро Мануїльський	Old	Reelected	1883	1959	1903	Ukrainian	Male
Anastas Mikoyan	Анаста́с Микоя́н	Old	Reelected	1895	1978	1915	Armenian	Male
Vyacheslav Molotov	Вячеслав Молотов	Old	Reelected	1890	1986	1906	Russian	Male
Ivan Moskvin	Иван Москвин	Old	Not	1890	1937	1911	Russian	Male
Ivan Nosov	Иван Носов	Candidate	Reelected	1888	1937	1905	Russian	Male	—
Georgy Oppokov	Георгий Оппоков	Old	Not	1888	1938	1903	Russian	Male
Mamia Orakhelashvili	Мамия Орахелашвили	Old	Not	1888	1937	1903	Georgian	Male
Grigol Ordzhonikidze	Григо́рий Орджоники́дзе	By-election	Reelected	1886	1937	1903	Georgian	Male
Grigory Petrovsky	Григо́рій Петро́вський	Old	Reelected	1878	1958	1898	Ukrainian	Male
Osip Piatnitsky	Осип Пятницкий	Old	Reelected	1882	1938	1898	Russian	Male
Pavel Postyshev	Григо́рій Петро́вський	Old	Reelected	1887	1939	1904	Russian	Male
Georgy Pyatakov	Георгий Пятаков	New	Reelected	1890	1939	1910	Russian	Male
Jānis Rudzutaks	Ян Рудзутак	Old	Reelected	1887	1938	1905	Latvian	Male
Moisei Rukhimovich	Моисей Рухимович	Old	Reelected	1889	1938	1913	Russian	Male
Ivan Rumyantsev	Иван Румянцев	Old	Reelected	1886	1937	1905	Russian	Male
Alexei Rykov	Алексей Рыков	Old	Candidate	1881	1938	1898	Russian	Male
Kuzma Ryndin	Кузьма Рындин	Candidate	Reelected	1893	1938	1915	Russian	Male	—
Isaak Schwartz	Исаак Шварц	Old	Candidate	1879	1951	1899	Ukrainian	Male
Boris Sheboldaev	Борис Шеболдаев	New	Reelected	1895	1937	1914	Russian	Male
Nikolay Shvernik	Николай Шверник	Old	Reelected	1888	1970	1905	Russian	Male
Mykola Skrypnyk	Микола Скрипник	Old	Died	1872	1933	1898	Ukrainian	Male
Alexander Smirnov	Александр Смирно	Old	Removed	1878	1938	1898	Russian	Male
Joseph Stalin	Ио́сиф Ста́лин	Old	Reelected	1878	1953	1898	Georgian	Male
Aleksei Stetskii	Алексей Стецкий	Old	Reelected	1896	1938	1915	Russian	Male
Konstantin Strievsky	Константин Стриевский	Old	Candidate	1885	1938	1902	Belarusian	Male	—
Daniil Sulimov	Даниил Сулимов	Old	Reelected	1890	1937	1905	Russian	Male
Sergei Syrtsov	Сергей Сырцов	Old	Removed	1893	1937	1913	Russian	Male
Aleksandr Tolokontsev	Александр Толоконцев	Old	Not	1889	1937	1914	Russian	Male	—
Mikhail Tomsky	Михаил Томский	Old	Candidate	1880	1936	1904	Russian	Male
Anton Tsikhon	Антон Цихон	Candidate	Not	1887	1939	1906	Russian	Male	—
Konstantin Ukhanov	Константин Уханов	Old	Reelected	1891	1937	1907	Russian	Male
Iosif Vareikis	Иосиф Варейкис	Old	Reelected	1894	1938	1913	Lithuanian	Male	—
Kliment Voroshilov	Климент Ворошилов	Old	Reelected	1881	1969	1903	Russian	Male
Yakov Yakovlev	Я́ков Я́ковлев	New	Reelected	1896	1938	1913	Ukrainian	Male
Isaak Zelensky	Исаак Зеленский	Old	Reelected	1890	1937	1906	Russian	Male
Andrei Zhdanov	Андрей Жданов	Candidate	Reelected	1896	1948	1915	Russian	Male
Ivan Zhukov	Иван Жуков	Old	Reelected	1889	1937	1909	Russian	Male	—

Candidates

Candidate Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
^{[24][25][26][27]}

Name	Cyrillic	15th CC	17th CC	Birth	Death	PM	Nationality	Gender	Portrait
Stepan Afanasyev	Степан Афанасьев	New	Not	1894	1965	1912	Russian	Male	—
Aleksey Amosov	Алексей Амосов	New	Not	1896	1937	1914	Russian	Male
Naum Antselovich	Наум Анцелович	New	Not	1895	1971	1905	Russian	Male
Pyotr Baranov	Пётр Баранов	Candidate	Died	1892	1933	1912	Russian	Male
Sergei Bergavinov	Сергей Бергавинов	New	Not	1889	1937	1917	Russian	Male	—
Nikolai Bryukhanov	Николай Брюханов	Candidate	Not	1878	1938	1902	Russian	Male
Ivan Bulat	Иван Булат	New	Not	1896	1938	1912	Ukrainian	Male	—
Dmitry Bulatov	Дмитрий Булатов	New	Not	1889	1941	1912	Russian	Male	—
Anton Bulin	Антон Булин	New	Candidate	1894	1938	1914	Russian	Male
Nikolai Chaplin	Николай Чаплин	Candidate	Not	1902	1938	1919	Russian	Male	—
Sergey Chutskayev	Сергей Чуцкаев	Candidate	Not	1876	1944	1903	Russian	Male	—
Alexander Dogadov	Александр Догадов	Member	Not	1888	1937	1905	Russian	Male	—
Shalva Eliava	Шалва Элиава	Candidate	Candidate	1883	1937	1904	Georgian	Male
Konstantin Gey	Константин Гей	Candidate	Not	1896	1939	1916	Russian	Male
Nikolay Goloded	Николай Голодед	New	Not	1894	1937	1918	Belarusian	Male
Fyodor Gryadinsky	Фёдор Грядинский	Candidate	Candidate	1893	1938	1912	Russian	Male
Akmal Ikramov	Акмаль Икрамов	Candidate	Member	1898	1938	1918	Uzbek	Male
Uraz Isayev	Ураз Исаев	New	Member	1899	1938	1920	Kazakh	Male	—
Vladimir Ivanov	Владимир Иванов	Candidate	Member	1893	1938	1915	Russian	Male
Mikhail Kakhiani	Михаил Кахиани	New	Not	1896	1937	1917	Georgian	Male
Anna Kalgyna	Анна Калыгина	Candidate	Candidate	1895	1937	1915	Russian	Female	—
Moisei Kalmanovich	Моисей Калманович	New	Candidate	1888	1937	1917	Russian	Male	—
Grigory Kaminsky	Григорий Каминский	Candidate	Candidate	1895	1938	1913	Ukrainian	Male
Lavrentiy Kartvelishvili	Лаврентий Картвелишвили	New	Member	1890	1938	1910	Georgian	Male
Mikhail Khloplyankin	Михаил Хлоплянкин	New	Not	1892	1938	1914	Russian	Male	—
Aleksei Kiselyov	Алексей Киселёв	Candidate	Not	1879	1937	1898	Russian	Male
Ivan Klimenko	Иван Клименко	Candidate	Not	1891	1937	1912	Russian	Male
Alexander Kosarev	Александр Косарев	New	Member	1903	1939	1919	Russian	Male
Ivan Kozlov	Иван Козлов	New	Not	1883	1970	1918	Russian	Male	—
Alexander Krinitsky	Александр Криницкий	Candidate	Not	1894	1937	1915	Russian	Male
Vasily Kuritsyn	Василий Курицын	New	Candidate	1892	1937	1917	Russian	Male	—
Solomon Lozovsky	Соломон Лозовский	Candidate	Candidate	1892	1952	1901	Russian	Male
Valery Mezhlauk	Валерий Межлаук	Candidate	Member	1893	1938	1917	Latvian	Male
Vasily Mikhailov	Василий Михайлов	Member	Candidate	1894	1937	1915	Russian	Male
Mikhail Mikhailov-Ivanov	Михаил Михайлов-Иванов	Candidate	Died	1894	1931	1913	Russian	Male	—
Levon Mirzoyan	Левон Мирзоян	Candidate	Member	1887	1939	1917	Armenian	Male
Gazanfar Musabekov	Газанфар Мусабеков	Candidate	Candidate	1888	1938	1918	Azerbaijani	Male
Klavdiya Nikolayeva	Клавдия Николаева	Candidate	Member	1893	1944	1909	Russian	Female
Valerian Osinsky	Валериан Оболенский	Candidate	Candidate	1887	1938	1907	Russian	Male	—
Mikhail Oshvintsev	Михаил Ошвинцев	Candidate	Not	1889	1939	1917	Russian	Male
Nikolay Pakhomov	Николай Пахомов	New	Candidate	1890	1938	1917	Russian	Male
Ivan Perepechko	Иван Перепечко	New	Not	1897	1943	1914	Ukrainian	Male
Vladimir Polonsky	Владимир Полонский	Candidate	Not	1893	1937	1912	Russian	Male
Nikolai Popov	Николай Попов	New	Candidate	1890	1938	1919	Russian	Male	—
Boris Pozern	Борис Позерн	New	Candidate	1882	1939	1902	Russian	Male
Vladimir Ptukha	Владимир Птуха	New	Candidate	1894	1938	1917	Ukrainian	Male
Konstantin Rumyantsev	Константин Румянцев	Candidate	Died	1891	1932	1916	Russian	Male	—
Maximilian Saveliev	Максимилиа́н Саве́льев	New	Not	1898	1939	1903	Russian	Male	—
Vasily Schmidt	Василий Шмидт	Candidate	Not	1886	1938	1905	Russian	Male
Alexei Sedelnikov	Алексей Седельников	New	Candidate	1894	1938	1914	Russian	Male	—
Boris Semenov	Борис Семёнов	Candidate	Candidate	1890	1937	1907	Russian	Male	—
Alexander Serebrovsky	Александр Серебровский	Candidate	Candidate	1884	1938	1903	Russian	Male
Pyotr Smorodin	Пётр Смородин	New	Candidate	1897	1939	1917	Russian	Male
Grigori Sokolnikov	Григорий Сокольников	Member	Candidate	1888	1939	1905	Ukrainian	Male
Vasily Stroganov	Василий Строганов	Candidate	Not	1888	1938	1905	Russian	Male	—
Kirill Sukhomlin	Кирилл Сухомлин	Candidate	Not	1886	1938	1905	Russian	Male
Roman Terekhov	Роман Терехов	New	Not	1889	1979	1912	Russian	Male	—
Fyodor Tsarkov	Фёдор Царьков	New	Not	1888	1938	1906	Russian	Male	—
Ieronim Uborevich	Иероним Уборевич	New	Candidate	1896	1937	1917	Lithuanian	Male
Józef Unszlicht	Ио́сиф У́ншлихт	Candidate	Candidate	1879	1938	1900	Polish	Male
Mikhail Uryvayev	Михаил Урываев	Candidate	Not	1887	1937	1917	Russian	Male	—
Gavrii Veynberg	Гавриил Вейнберг	Candidate	Candidate	1891	1946	1906	Polish	Male	—
Pyotr Volkov	Пётр Волков	New	Not	1896	1937	1917	Russian	Male	—
Genrikh Yagoda	Генрих Ягода	New	Member	1891	1938	1907	Russian	Male
Iona Yakir	Иона Якир	New	Candidate	1896	1937	1917	Moldovan	Male
Voronova Yakovlevna	Пелагея Воронова	New	Not	1892	1990	1917	Russian	Female	—
Tikhon Yurkin	Тихон Юркин	New	Candidate	1898	1986	1915	Russian	Male

References

Citations

1. Szamuely 1966, p. 319.
2. Khlevniuk 2009, p. xvi.
3. Khlevniuk 2009, p. 2.
4. Khlevniuk 2009, p. 55.
5. Khlevniuk 2009, pp. 55–57.
6. Simons & White 1984, pp. 423–425.
7. [Congresses, conferences, plenums and meetings of the RSDLP - RSDLP(b) - RCP(b) - CPSU]. Knowbysight.info. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
8. Fainsod & Hough 1979, p. 410.
9. Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 410–411 & 417–419.
10. Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 417–419.
11. Staff writer. "Отделы, комиссии, институты ЦК РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Departments, commissions, institutes of the Central Committee of the – RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
12. Staff writer. "Управление делами ЦК РКП(б) – ВКП(б) – КПСС" [Chief Administrator of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
13. Staff writer. "Учётный отдел ЦК ВКП(б)" [Accounting Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
14. Staff writer. "Отдел агитации и массовых кампаний ЦК ВКП(б)" [Agitation and Mass Campaign Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
15. Staff writer. "Сельскохозяйственный отдел ЦК ВКП(б)" [Agriculture Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
16. Staff writer. "Отдел культуры и пропаганды ЦК ВКП(б)" [Culture and Propaganda Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
17. Staff writer. "Распределительный отдел - Отдел административно-хозяйственных и профсоюзных кадров ЦК ВКП(б)" [Distribution Department—Administrative, Enterprise and Trade Union Cadres Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
18. Staff writer. "Институт Маркса-Энгельса-Ленина - Институт Маркса-Энгельса-Ленина-Сталина - Институт марксизма-ленинизма при ЦК ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Institute of Marx–Engels–Lenin—the Institute of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin—the Institute of Marxism–Leninism of the Central Committee of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
19. Staff writer. "Организационно-инструкторский отдел ЦК ВКП(б)" [Organizational-Instruction Department of the AUCP (b)] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
20. Staff writer. "Секретно-оперативный отдел - Бюро Секретариата - Секретный отдел - Особый сектор ЦК РКП(б) - ВКП(б) - КПСС" [Secret Operations Department—Office of the Secretariat—Secret Department—Special Sector of the RCP (b) – AUCP (b) – CPSU] (in Russian). Retrieved 18 June 2015.
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Bibliography

Articles and journals

• Szamuely, T. (1966). "The Elimination of Opposition between the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Congresses of the CPSU". Soviet Studies. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 17 (3): 318–338. doi:10.1080/09668136608410474. ISSN 0038-5859.

Books

• Fainsod, Merle; Hough, Jerry F. (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674410305.
• Khlevniuk, Oleg (2009). Master of the House: Stalin and His Inner Circle. The Yale-Hoover Series on Stalin, Stalinism, and the Cold War. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300110661.
• Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1984). "Chapter 3: Statute of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". In Simons, Williams; White, Stephens (eds.). The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Law in Eastern Europe. Brill Publishers. pp. 413–435. ISBN 9024729750.