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Cedrus deodara

January 01, 1970

Cedrus deodara, the deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, or deodar,[2] is a species of cedar native to the Himalayas.

Deodar cedar
Adult trees in Himachal Pradesh, India
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Cedrus
Species:
C. deodara
Binomial name
Cedrus deodara

Description edit

It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 metres (131–164 feet) tall, exceptionally 60 m (197 ft) with a trunk up to 3 m (10 ft) in diameter. It has a conic crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.[3]

The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5–5 centimetres (1–2 inches) long, occasionally up to 7 cm (3 in) long, slender (1 millimetre or 1⁄32 in thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20–30 on short shoots; they vary from bright green to glaucous blue-green in colour. The female cones are barrel-shaped, 7–13 cm (2+3⁄4–5 in) long and 5–9 cm (2–3+1⁄2 in) broad, and disintegrate when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds. The male cones are 4–6 cm (1+1⁄2–2+1⁄4 in) long, and shed their pollen in autumn.[3]

  •  
    Young tree in India
  •  
    Older tree in India
  •  
    Trunk
  •  
    Close-up of leaves
  •  
    Leaves and female cone
  •  
    Top view of cone

Chemistry edit

The bark of Cedrus deodara contains large amounts of taxifolin.[4] The wood contains cedeodarin, ampelopsin, cedrin, cedrinoside,[5] and deodarin (3′,4′,5,6-tetrahydroxy-8-methyl dihydroflavonol).[6] The main components of the needle essential oil include α-terpineol (30.2%), linalool (24.47%), limonene (17.01%), anethole (14.57%), caryophyllene (3.14%), and eugenol (2.14%).[7] The deodar cedar also contains lignans[8] and the phenolic sesquiterpene himasecolone, together with isopimaric acid.[9] Other compounds have been identified, including (−)-matairesinol, (−)-nortrachelogenin, and a dibenzylbutyrolactollignan (4,4',9-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-9,9'-epoxylignan).[10]

Etymology edit

The botanical name, which is also the English common name, is derived from the Sanskrit term devadāru, which means "wood of the gods", a compound of deva "god" and dāru "wood and tree".[11][12]

Distribution and habitat edit

 
Trees growing in Kalpa, Himachal Pradesh, India

The species natively occurs in East-Afghanistan, South Western Tibet, Western Nepal, Northern Pakistan, and North-Central India.[13][1]

It grows at altitudes of 1,500–3,200 m (5,000–10,000 ft).

Reproduction edit

“Deodar is a wind-pollinated monoecious species”.[14]

Cultivation edit

It is widely grown as an ornamental tree, often planted in parks and large gardens for its drooping foliage. General cultivation is limited to areas with mild winters, with trees frequently killed by temperatures below about −25 °C (−13 °F), limiting it to USDA zone 7 and warmer for reliable growth.[15] It can succeed in rather cool-summer climates, as in Ushuaia, Argentina.[16]

The most cold-tolerant trees originate in the northwest of the species' range in Kashmir and Paktia Province, Afghanistan. Selected cultivars from this region are hardy to USDA zone 7 or even zone 6, tolerating temperatures down to about −30 °C (−22 °F).[15] Named cultivars from this region include 'Eisregen', 'Eiswinter', 'Karl Fuchs', 'Kashmir', 'Polar Winter', and 'Shalimar'.[17][18] Of these, 'Eisregen', 'Eiswinter', 'Karl Fuchs', and 'Polar Winter' were selected in Germany from seed collected in Paktia; 'Kashmir' was a selection of the nursery trade, whereas 'Shalimar' originated from seeds collected in 1964 from Shalimar Gardens, Kashmir and propagated at the Arnold Arboretum.[17]

C. deodara[19] and the three cultivars 'Feelin' Blue',[20] 'Pendula'[21] and 'Aurea'[22] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2021).[23]

Uses edit

Construction material edit

 
Wood

Deodar is in great demand as building material because of its durability, rot-resistant character and fine, close grain, which is capable of taking a high polish. Its historical use to construct religious temples and in landscaping around temples is well recorded. Its rot-resistant character also makes it an ideal wood for constructing the well-known houseboats of Srinagar, Kashmir. In Pakistan and India, during the British colonial period, deodar wood was used extensively for construction of barracks, public buildings, bridges, canals and railway cars.[24] Despite its durability, it is not a strong timber, and its brittle nature makes it unsuitable for delicate work where strength is required, such as chair-making.[citation needed]

Herbal Ayurveda edit

C. deodara is used in Ayurvedic medicine.[24]

The inner wood is aromatic and used to make incense. Inner wood is distilled into essential oil. As insects avoid this tree, the essential oil is used as insect repellent on the feet of horses, cattle and camels. It also has antifungal properties and has some potential for control of fungal deterioration of spices during storage.[citation needed] The outer bark and stem are astringent.[25]

Because of its antifungal and insect repellent properties, rooms made of deodar cedar wood are used to store meat and food grains like oats and wheat in Shimla, Kullu, and Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh.

Cedar oil is often used for its aromatic properties, especially in aromatherapy. It has a characteristic woody odor which may change somewhat in the course of drying out. The crude oils are often yellowish or darker in color. Its applications include soap perfumes, household sprays, floor polishes, and insecticides, and is also used in microscope work as a clearing oil.[25]

Incense edit

The gum of the tree is used to make rope incense in Nepal and Tibet.[26]

Culture edit

 
Cedrus deodara in Ayubia National Park, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Among Hindus, as the etymology of deodar suggests, it is worshiped as a divine tree. Deva, the first half of the Sanskrit term, means divine, deity, or deus. Dāru, the second part, is cognate with (related to) the words durum, druid, tree, and true.[24][self-published source?] Several Hindu legends refer to this tree. For example, Valmiki Ramayan reads:[27]

In the stands of Lodhra trees,[28] Padmaka trees [29] and in the woods of Devadaru, or Deodar trees, Ravana is to be searched there and there, together with Sita. [4-43-13]

The deodar is the national tree of Pakistan,[30] and the state tree of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Under the Deodars was an 1889 short story collection by Rudyard Kipling.[31]

The 1902 musical A Country Girl featured a song called "Under the Deodar."[32]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Farjon, A. (2013). "Cedrus deodara". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42304A2970751. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42304A2970751.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Cedrus deodara". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b Aljos, Farjon (1990). Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 978-3-87429-298-6.[page needed]
  4. ^ Willför, Stefan; Ali, Mumtaz; Karonen, Maarit; Reunanen, Markku; Arfan, Mohammad; Harlamow, Reija (2009). "Extractives in bark of different conifer species growing in Pakistan". Holzforschung. 63 (5): 551–8. doi:10.1515/HF.2009.095. S2CID 97003177.
  5. ^ Agrawal, P.K.; Agarwal, S.K.; Rastogi, R.P. (1980). "Dihydroflavonols from Cedrus deodara". Phytochemistry. 19 (5): 893–6. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(80)85133-8.
  6. ^ Adinarayana, D.; Seshadri, T.R. (1965). "Chemical investigation of the stem-bark of Cedrus deodara". Tetrahedron. 21 (12): 3727–30. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)96989-3.
  7. ^ Zeng, Wei-Cai; Zhang, Zeng; Gao, Hong; Jia, Li-Rong; He, Qiang (2012). "Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil from Pine Needle (Cedrus deodara)". Journal of Food Science. 77 (7): C824–9. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02767.x. PMID 22757704.
  8. ^ Agrawal, P.K.; Rastogi, R.P. (1982). "Two lignans from Cedrus deodara". Phytochemistry. 21 (6): 1459–1461. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(82)80172-6.
  9. ^ Agarwal, P.K.; Rastogi, R.P. (1981). "Terpenoids from Cedrus deodara". Phytochemistry. 20 (6): 1319–21. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(81)80031-3.
  10. ^ Tiwari, AK; Srinivas, PV; Kumar, SP; Rao, JM (2001). "Free radical scavenging active components from Cedrus deodara". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (10): 4642–5. doi:10.1021/jf010573a. PMID 11600001.
  11. ^ Shinde, U. A.; Phadke, A. S.; Nair, A. M.; Mungantiwar, A. A.; Dikshit, V. J.; Saraf, M. N. (1999-06-01). "Membrane stabilizing activity — a possible mechanism of action for the anti-inflammatory activity of Cedrus deodara wood oil". Fitoterapia. 70 (3): 251–257. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00030-1. ISSN 0367-326X.
  12. ^ Mehta, Devanssh (2012-01-01). "An insight into traditional system of medicine". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Kumar, Avadhesh; Singh, Vandana; Chaudhary, Amrendra Kumar (2011-03-24). "Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. in Wistar rats". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 134 (2): 294–297. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.019. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 21182918.
  14. ^ Sharma, C. M., & Khanduri, V. P. (2011). Pollen cone characteristics, pollen yield and pollen-mediated gene flow in Cedrus deodara. Current Science (Bangalore), 102(3), 394–397
  15. ^ a b Ødum, S. (1985). Report on frost damage to trees in Denmark after the severe 1981/82 and 1984/85 winters. Denmark: Hørsholm Arboretum.[page needed]
  16. ^ "Trees Near Their Limits".
  17. ^ a b Humphrey James, Welch (1993). Haddows, Gordon (ed.). The World Checklist of Conifers. Bromyard: Landsman's Bookshop. ISBN 978-0-900513-09-1.
  18. ^ Gerd, Krüssmann (1983). Handbuch der Nadelgehölze (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Parey. ISBN 978-3-489-62622-0.[page needed]
  19. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodar". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  20. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Feelin' Blue'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  21. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Pendula'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  22. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Cedrus deodara 'Aurea'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  23. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. December 2020. pp. 18, 19. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
  24. ^ a b c McGowan, Chris (March 5, 2008). "The Deodar Tree: the Himalayan 'Tree of God'".
  25. ^ a b . Flavours and fragances of plant origin. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995. ISBN 92-5-103648-9. Archived from the original on 2011-06-18. Retrieved 2008-08-26.
  26. ^ Andrews, Arden Fanning (2021-09-10). "An Incense for Every Occasion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
  27. ^ "Valmiki Ramayana - Kishkindha Kanda". www.valmikiramayan.net.
  28. ^ Symplocos racemosa
  29. ^ Wild Himalayan Cherry
  30. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-11-28.[non-primary source needed]
  31. ^ Kipling, Rudyard (September 1, 2001). "Under the Deodars" – via Project Gutenberg.
  32. ^ "Shazam". Shazam.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cedrus deodara.
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January 01, 1970
cedrus, deodara, deodar, cedar, himalayan, cedar, deodar, species, cedar, native, himalayas, deodar, cedar, adult, trees, himachal, pradesh, india, conservation, status, least, concern, iucn, scientific, classification, kingdom, plantae, clade, tracheophytes, . Cedrus deodara the deodar cedar Himalayan cedar or deodar 2 is a species of cedar native to the Himalayas Deodar cedar Adult trees in Himachal Pradesh India Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Gymnospermae Division Pinophyta Class Pinopsida Order Pinales Family Pinaceae Genus Cedrus Species C deodara Binomial name Cedrus deodara Roxb G Don Contents 1 Description 1 1 Chemistry 2 Etymology 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Reproduction 5 Cultivation 6 Uses 6 1 Construction material 6 2 Herbal Ayurveda 6 3 Incense 7 Culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksDescription editIt is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40 50 metres 131 164 feet tall exceptionally 60 m 197 ft with a trunk up to 3 m 10 ft in diameter It has a conic crown with level branches and drooping branchlets 3 The leaves are needle like mostly 2 5 5 centimetres 1 2 inches long occasionally up to 7 cm 3 in long slender 1 millimetre or 1 32 in thick borne singly on long shoots and in dense clusters of 20 30 on short shoots they vary from bright green to glaucous blue green in colour The female cones are barrel shaped 7 13 cm 2 3 4 5 in long and 5 9 cm 2 3 1 2 in broad and disintegrate when mature in 12 months to release the winged seeds The male cones are 4 6 cm 1 1 2 2 1 4 in long and shed their pollen in autumn 3 nbsp Young tree in India nbsp Older tree in India nbsp Trunk nbsp Close up of leaves nbsp Leaves and female cone nbsp Top view of cone Chemistry edit The bark of Cedrus deodara contains large amounts of taxifolin 4 The wood contains cedeodarin ampelopsin cedrin cedrinoside 5 and deodarin 3 4 5 6 tetrahydroxy 8 methyl dihydroflavonol 6 The main components of the needle essential oil include a terpineol 30 2 linalool 24 47 limonene 17 01 anethole 14 57 caryophyllene 3 14 and eugenol 2 14 7 The deodar cedar also contains lignans 8 and the phenolic sesquiterpene himasecolone together with isopimaric acid 9 Other compounds have been identified including matairesinol nortrachelogenin and a dibenzylbutyrolactollignan 4 4 9 trihydroxy 3 3 dimethoxy 9 9 epoxylignan 10 Etymology editThe botanical name which is also the English common name is derived from the Sanskrit term devadaru which means wood of the gods a compound of deva god and daru wood and tree 11 12 Distribution and habitat edit nbsp Trees growing in Kalpa Himachal Pradesh India The species natively occurs in East Afghanistan South Western Tibet Western Nepal Northern Pakistan and North Central India 13 1 It grows at altitudes of 1 500 3 200 m 5 000 10 000 ft Reproduction edit Deodar is a wind pollinated monoecious species 14 Cultivation editIt is widely grown as an ornamental tree often planted in parks and large gardens for its drooping foliage General cultivation is limited to areas with mild winters with trees frequently killed by temperatures below about 25 C 13 F limiting it to USDA zone 7 and warmer for reliable growth 15 It can succeed in rather cool summer climates as in Ushuaia Argentina 16 The most cold tolerant trees originate in the northwest of the species range in Kashmir and Paktia Province Afghanistan Selected cultivars from this region are hardy to USDA zone 7 or even zone 6 tolerating temperatures down to about 30 C 22 F 15 Named cultivars from this region include Eisregen Eiswinter Karl Fuchs Kashmir Polar Winter and Shalimar 17 18 Of these Eisregen Eiswinter Karl Fuchs and Polar Winter were selected in Germany from seed collected in Paktia Kashmir was a selection of the nursery trade whereas Shalimar originated from seeds collected in 1964 from Shalimar Gardens Kashmir and propagated at the Arnold Arboretum 17 C deodara 19 and the three cultivars Feelin Blue 20 Pendula 21 and Aurea 22 have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit confirmed 2021 23 Uses editConstruction material edit nbsp Wood Deodar is in great demand as building material because of its durability rot resistant character and fine close grain which is capable of taking a high polish Its historical use to construct religious temples and in landscaping around temples is well recorded Its rot resistant character also makes it an ideal wood for constructing the well known houseboats of Srinagar Kashmir In Pakistan and India during the British colonial period deodar wood was used extensively for construction of barracks public buildings bridges canals and railway cars 24 Despite its durability it is not a strong timber and its brittle nature makes it unsuitable for delicate work where strength is required such as chair making citation needed Herbal Ayurveda edit C deodara is used in Ayurvedic medicine 24 The inner wood is aromatic and used to make incense Inner wood is distilled into essential oil As insects avoid this tree the essential oil is used as insect repellent on the feet of horses cattle and camels It also has antifungal properties and has some potential for control of fungal deterioration of spices during storage citation needed The outer bark and stem are astringent 25 Because of its antifungal and insect repellent properties rooms made of deodar cedar wood are used to store meat and food grains like oats and wheat in Shimla Kullu and Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh Cedar oil is often used for its aromatic properties especially in aromatherapy It has a characteristic woody odor which may change somewhat in the course of drying out The crude oils are often yellowish or darker in color Its applications include soap perfumes household sprays floor polishes and insecticides and is also used in microscope work as a clearing oil 25 Incense edit The gum of the tree is used to make rope incense in Nepal and Tibet 26 Culture edit nbsp Cedrus deodara in Ayubia National Park Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Among Hindus as the etymology of deodar suggests it is worshiped as a divine tree Deva the first half of the Sanskrit term means divine deity or deus Daru the second part is cognate with related to the words durum druid tree and true 24 self published source Several Hindu legends refer to this tree For example Valmiki Ramayan reads 27 In the stands of Lodhra trees 28 Padmaka trees 29 and in the woods of Devadaru or Deodar trees Ravana is to be searched there and there together with Sita 4 43 13 The deodar is the national tree of Pakistan 30 and the state tree of Himachal Pradesh India Under the Deodars was an 1889 short story collection by Rudyard Kipling 31 The 1902 musical A Country Girl featured a song called Under the Deodar 32 See also editList of Indian timber treesReferences edit a b Farjon A 2013 Cedrus deodara IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T42304A2970751 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T42304A2970751 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Cedrus deodara Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 24 May 2021 a b Aljos Farjon 1990 Pinaceae drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies Cedrus Pseudolarix Keteleeria Nothotsuga Tsuga Cathaya Pseudotsuga Larix and Picea Koenigstein Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 978 3 87429 298 6 page needed Willfor Stefan Ali Mumtaz Karonen Maarit Reunanen Markku Arfan Mohammad Harlamow Reija 2009 Extractives in bark of different conifer species growing in Pakistan Holzforschung 63 5 551 8 doi 10 1515 HF 2009 095 S2CID 97003177 Agrawal P K Agarwal S K Rastogi R P 1980 Dihydroflavonols from Cedrus deodara Phytochemistry 19 5 893 6 doi 10 1016 0031 9422 80 85133 8 Adinarayana D Seshadri T R 1965 Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Cedrus deodara Tetrahedron 21 12 3727 30 doi 10 1016 S0040 4020 01 96989 3 Zeng Wei Cai Zhang Zeng Gao Hong Jia Li Rong He Qiang 2012 Chemical Composition Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil from Pine Needle Cedrus deodara Journal of Food Science 77 7 C824 9 doi 10 1111 j 1750 3841 2012 02767 x PMID 22757704 Agrawal P K Rastogi R P 1982 Two lignans from Cedrus deodara Phytochemistry 21 6 1459 1461 doi 10 1016 0031 9422 82 80172 6 Agarwal P K Rastogi R P 1981 Terpenoids from Cedrus deodara Phytochemistry 20 6 1319 21 doi 10 1016 0031 9422 81 80031 3 Tiwari AK Srinivas PV Kumar SP Rao JM 2001 Free radical scavenging active components from Cedrus deodara Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 10 4642 5 doi 10 1021 jf010573a PMID 11600001 Shinde U A Phadke A S Nair A M Mungantiwar A A Dikshit V J Saraf M N 1999 06 01 Membrane stabilizing activity a possible mechanism of action for the anti inflammatory activity of Cedrus deodara wood oil Fitoterapia 70 3 251 257 doi 10 1016 S0367 326X 99 00030 1 ISSN 0367 326X Mehta Devanssh 2012 01 01 An insight into traditional system of medicine a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Kumar Avadhesh Singh Vandana Chaudhary Amrendra Kumar 2011 03 24 Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of Cedrus deodara Roxb Loud in Wistar rats Journal of Ethnopharmacology 134 2 294 297 doi 10 1016 j jep 2010 12 019 ISSN 0378 8741 PMID 21182918 Sharma C M amp Khanduri V P 2011 Pollen cone characteristics pollen yield and pollen mediated gene flow in Cedrus deodara Current Science Bangalore 102 3 394 397 a b Odum S 1985 Report on frost damage to trees in Denmark after the severe 1981 82 and 1984 85 winters Denmark Horsholm Arboretum page needed Trees Near Their Limits a b Humphrey James Welch 1993 Haddows Gordon ed The World Checklist of Conifers Bromyard Landsman s Bookshop ISBN 978 0 900513 09 1 Gerd Krussmann 1983 Handbuch der Nadelgeholze in German 2nd ed Berlin Parey ISBN 978 3 489 62622 0 page needed RHS Plantfinder Cedrus deodar Royal Horticultural Society Retrieved 21 January 2018 RHS Plantfinder Cedrus deodara Feelin Blue Royal Horticultural Society Retrieved 21 January 2018 RHS Plantfinder Cedrus deodara Pendula Royal Horticultural Society Retrieved 15 June 2021 RHS Plantfinder Cedrus deodara Aurea Royal Horticultural Society Retrieved 21 January 2018 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society December 2020 pp 18 19 Retrieved 15 June 2021 a b c McGowan Chris March 5 2008 The Deodar Tree the Himalayan Tree of God a b Cedarwood Oils Flavours and fragances of plant origin Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1995 ISBN 92 5 103648 9 Archived from the original on 2011 06 18 Retrieved 2008 08 26 Andrews Arden Fanning 2021 09 10 An Incense for Every Occasion The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2022 12 14 Valmiki Ramayana Kishkindha Kanda www valmikiramayan net Symplocos racemosa Wild Himalayan Cherry Pakistan Archived from the original on 2016 11 28 non primary source needed Kipling Rudyard September 1 2001 Under the Deodars via Project Gutenberg Shazam Shazam External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cedrus deodara Conifers Around the World Cedrus deodara Himalayan Cedar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cedrus deodara amp oldid 1215207824, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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