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Cearadactylus

April 12, 2024

Cearadactylus is a genus of large anhanguerid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Romualdo Formation of Brazil, South America. Fossil remains of Cearadactylus dated back to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, about 112 million years ago. The only known species is C. atrox, described and named in 1985 by Giuseppe Leonardi and Guido Borgomanero. The name refers to the Brazilian state Ceará, and combines this with Greek daktylos, "finger", a reference to the wing finger of pterosaurs. The Latin atrox means "frightful", a reference to the fearsome dentition of the species.

Cearadactylus
Temporal range: Albian, 112 Ma
↓
Fossil specimen
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Pterosauria
Suborder: †Pterodactyloidea
Clade: †Anhangueria
Family: †Anhangueridae
Subfamily: †Anhanguerinae
Genus: †Cearadactylus
Leonardi & Borgomanero, 1985
Species:
†C. atrox
Binomial name
†Cearadactylus atrox
Leonardi & Borgomanero, 1985

Discovery edit

The holotype of Cearadactylus is MN 7019-V (formerly CB-PV-F-O93), which was discovered in the Romualdo Formation of the Santana Group in the Araripe plateau of northeastern Brazil. It consists of a single skull with a length of 57 centimeters (1.87 ft).[1] It was traded to Italy in 1983 and bought by Borgomanero for his collection. The skull is severely damaged, especially on the top, and was perhaps reconstructed by the fossil dealer.

 
Model in Germany, showing how the jaws where originally reconstructed

As shown by a later preparation by the Brazilian Museu Nacional, in the first preparation many serious mistakes were made. The fronts of the snout and of the lower jaws were confused leading to a reconstruction in which the anterior part of the head was upside down. The teeth were extensively restored and enlarged until the wider front of the jaws showed very large and robust teeth projecting outwards, forming a sort of "rosette". This kinked upper jaw and its interlocking teeth suggested a piscivorous diet, allowing the animal to keep hold of slippery fish. No crests seemed to be present. The new preparation made clear that a crest was present on the snout and that the rosette was a lot smaller. Many details were discovered that were useful in determining the phylogenetic position of Cearadactylus.[2]

In 1993, Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia named a second species, Cearadactylus ligabuei. The specific name honors Giancarlo Ligabue, the director of the Centro Studi Ricerche Ligabue in Venice. It is based on holotype CCSRL 12692/12713, again a heavily damaged crestless skull, 403 millimeters (15.9 in) long. The skull consists of two pieces, the front and the back part, glued together by fossil traders; it is uncertain whether they belong to the same individual or indeed to the same species. Dalla Vecchia was himself not convinced the new species in fact belonged to Cearadactylus, but the skull was not sufficiently unique to base its own genus on yet still too different from known species to be assigned to them, so he created a new species for the genus the fossil most resembled. Later authors have consistently denied the identity referring to the taxon as "Cearadactylus" ligabuei.

Dalla Vecchia estimated the wingspan of "C." ligabuei at 6 meters (20 ft); Kellner, pointing out that the skull is not larger than the C. atrox holotype, estimated it at 5 meters (16 ft) at the most. Dalla Vecchia assigned C. ligabuei to the Cearadactylidae. Kellner concluded it was probably a member of Anhangueridae; Unwin in 2002 even named it Anhanguera ligabuei.[3] In 2005, Steel et al. suggested that it was a Coloborhynchus ligabuei.[4]

Description edit

 
Life restoration

The wingspan of Cearadactylus was by the describers estimated to have been around 4 meters (13 ft),[5] with a weight of perhaps 15 kilograms (33 lb).[1] Peter Wellnhofer in 1991 estimated a wingspan of 5.5 meters (18 ft).[6]

Classification edit

Leonardi did abstain from assigning the genus to a family. Wellnhofer created a special family called Cearadactylidae, but this concept is no longer used. In 2000, Alexander Kellner concluded that it was related to, but lacking a crest not part of, the Anhangueridae within the larger group Pteranodontoidea sensu Kellner. In 2002 however, David Unwin stated it was a highly deviant member of the family Ctenochasmatidae.[3] In 2010, Kellner entered the new information into three existing databases of pterosaur features, to calculate through cladistic analysis the position of Cearadactylus in the phylogenetic tree. Although the three resulting trees differed, all had in common that Cearadactylus was close to the Anhangueridae. In 2012, Pereda-Suberbiola et al. found Cearadactylus within the group Ctenochasmatoidea, part of a polytomy that also comprises Gnathosaurus and Ardeadactylus (identified as Pterodactylus longicolum in the analysis).[7] Subsequent recent analysis however, have found Cearadactylus as a member of the group Anhangueria, and depending on the different analyses, Cearadactylus is either placed in a more derived or basal position.[8][9][10] A phylogenetic analysis by Pentland et al. in 2019 for example, had found Cearadactylus in a derived position within the Anhangueria, just outside the Ornithocheirae, which, by their definition, is the clade that contains the families Ornithocheiridae and Anhangueridae. Their cladogram is shown on the left.[10] Other studies however, have concluded that Cearadactylus is a member of the family Anhangueridae, more specifically a member of the subfamily Anhanguerinae, sister taxon to Maaradactylus.[11][12][13][14] The cladogram on the right shows a topology made by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pêgas in 2020.[15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Leonardi, G. & Borgomanero, G. (1985). "Cearadactylus atrox nov. gen., nov. sp.: novo Pterosauria (Pterodactyloidea) da Chapada do Araripe, Ceara, Brasil." Resumos dos communicaçoes VIII Congresso bras. de Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 27: 75–80.
  2. ^ Bruno C. Vila Nova, Alexander W.A. Kellner, Juliana M. Sayão, 2010, "Short Note on the Phylogenetic Position of Cearadactylus Atrox, and Comments Regarding Its Relationships to Other Pterosaurs", Acta Geoscientica Sinica 31 Supp.1: 73–75
  3. ^ a b Unwin, D. M. (2002). "On the systematic relationships of Cearadactylus atrox, an enigmatic Early Cretaceous pterosaur from the Santana Formation of Brazil". Mitteilungen Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Geowissenschaftlichen Reihe. 5: 1239–263.
  4. ^ Steel, L., Martill, D.M., Unwin, D.M. and Winch, J. D. (2005). "A new pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Isle of Wight, England". Cretaceous Research. 26 (4): 686–698. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.03.005.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 104. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
  6. ^ Wellnhofer, P. (1991). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. London: Salamander. pp. 125–126. doi:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011439. ISBN 9780861015665.
  7. ^ Xabier Pereda-Suberbiola; Fabien Knoll; José Ignacio Ruiz-Omeñaca; Julio Company; Fidel Torcida Fernández-Baldor (2012). "Reassessment of Prejanopterus curvirostris, a Basal Pterodactyloid Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain". Acta Geologica Sinica. 86 (6): 1389–1401. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12008. hdl:10651/13364. S2CID 129917510.
  8. ^ Andres, B.; Clark, J.; Xu, X. (2014). "The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group". Current Biology. 24 (9): 1011–6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030. PMID 24768054.
  9. ^ Longrich, N.R., Martill, D.M., and Andres, B. (2018). Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. PLoS Biology, 16(3): e2001663. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663
  10. ^ a b c Pentland, Adele H.; Poropat, Stephen F.; Tischler, Travis R.; Sloan, Trish; Elliott, Robert A.; Elliott, Harry A.; Elliott, Judy A.; Elliott, David A. (December 2019). "Ferrodraco lentoni gen. et sp. nov., a new ornithocheirid pterosaur from the Winton Formation (Cenomanian–lower Turonian) of Queensland, Australia". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 13454. Bibcode:2019NatSR...913454P. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49789-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6776501. PMID 31582757.
  11. ^ Borja Holgado, Rodrigo V. Pêgas, José Ignacio Canudo, Josep Fortuny, Taissa Rodrigues, Julio Company & Alexander W.A. Kellner, 2019, "On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria", Scientific Reports 9: 4940 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41280-4
  12. ^ Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019). "First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 17875. Bibcode:2019NatSR...917875K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. PMC 6884559. PMID 31784545.
  13. ^ Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Weinschütz, Luiz C.; Holgado, Borja; Bantim, Renan A. M.; Sayão, Juliana M. (19 August 2019). "A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91 (suppl 2): e20190768. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920190768. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 31432888.
  14. ^ Pêgas, R.V., Holgado, B., Leal, M.E.C., 2019. "On Targaryendraco wiedenrothi gen. nov. (Pterodactyloidea, Pteranodontoidea, Lanceodontia) and recognition of a new cosmopolitan lineage of Cretaceous toothed pterodactyloids", Historical Biology, 1–15. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1690482
  15. ^ a b Holgado, B.; Pêgas, R.V. (2020). "A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 65. doi:10.4202/app.00751.2020.

Further reading edit

  • Dalla Vecchia, F. M. (1993), "Cearadactylus? ligabuei, nov. sp., a new Early Cretaceous (Aptian) pterosaur from Chapada do Araripe (Northeastern Brazil)", Bolletini della Societa Paleontologica Italiano, 32: 401–409

April 12, 2024
cearadactylus, genus, large, anhanguerid, pterodactyloid, pterosaur, from, romualdo, formation, brazil, south, america, fossil, remains, dated, back, albian, stage, early, cretaceous, period, about, million, years, only, known, species, atrox, described, named. Cearadactylus is a genus of large anhanguerid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Romualdo Formation of Brazil South America Fossil remains of Cearadactylus dated back to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous period about 112 million years ago The only known species is C atrox described and named in 1985 by Giuseppe Leonardi and Guido Borgomanero The name refers to the Brazilian state Ceara and combines this with Greek daktylos finger a reference to the wing finger of pterosaurs The Latin atrox means frightful a reference to the fearsome dentition of the species CearadactylusTemporal range Albian 112 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Fossil specimenScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataOrder PterosauriaSuborder PterodactyloideaClade AnhangueriaFamily AnhangueridaeSubfamily AnhanguerinaeGenus CearadactylusLeonardi amp Borgomanero 1985Species C atroxBinomial name Cearadactylus atroxLeonardi amp Borgomanero 1985 Contents 1 Discovery 2 Description 3 Classification 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingDiscovery editThe holotype of Cearadactylus is MN 7019 V formerly CB PV F O93 which was discovered in the Romualdo Formation of the Santana Group in the Araripe plateau of northeastern Brazil It consists of a single skull with a length of 57 centimeters 1 87 ft 1 It was traded to Italy in 1983 and bought by Borgomanero for his collection The skull is severely damaged especially on the top and was perhaps reconstructed by the fossil dealer nbsp Model in Germany showing how the jaws where originally reconstructedAs shown by a later preparation by the Brazilian Museu Nacional in the first preparation many serious mistakes were made The fronts of the snout and of the lower jaws were confused leading to a reconstruction in which the anterior part of the head was upside down The teeth were extensively restored and enlarged until the wider front of the jaws showed very large and robust teeth projecting outwards forming a sort of rosette This kinked upper jaw and its interlocking teeth suggested a piscivorous diet allowing the animal to keep hold of slippery fish No crests seemed to be present The new preparation made clear that a crest was present on the snout and that the rosette was a lot smaller Many details were discovered that were useful in determining the phylogenetic position of Cearadactylus 2 In 1993 Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia named a second species Cearadactylus ligabuei The specific name honors Giancarlo Ligabue the director of the Centro Studi Ricerche Ligabue in Venice It is based on holotype CCSRL 12692 12713 again a heavily damaged crestless skull 403 millimeters 15 9 in long The skull consists of two pieces the front and the back part glued together by fossil traders it is uncertain whether they belong to the same individual or indeed to the same species Dalla Vecchia was himself not convinced the new species in fact belonged to Cearadactylus but the skull was not sufficiently unique to base its own genus on yet still too different from known species to be assigned to them so he created a new species for the genus the fossil most resembled Later authors have consistently denied the identity referring to the taxon as Cearadactylus ligabuei Dalla Vecchia estimated the wingspan of C ligabuei at 6 meters 20 ft Kellner pointing out that the skull is not larger than the C atrox holotype estimated it at 5 meters 16 ft at the most Dalla Vecchia assigned C ligabuei to the Cearadactylidae Kellner concluded it was probably a member of Anhangueridae Unwin in 2002 even named it Anhanguera ligabuei 3 In 2005 Steel et al suggested that it was a Coloborhynchus ligabuei 4 Description edit nbsp Life restorationThe wingspan of Cearadactylus was by the describers estimated to have been around 4 meters 13 ft 5 with a weight of perhaps 15 kilograms 33 lb 1 Peter Wellnhofer in 1991 estimated a wingspan of 5 5 meters 18 ft 6 Classification editLeonardi did abstain from assigning the genus to a family Wellnhofer created a special family called Cearadactylidae but this concept is no longer used In 2000 Alexander Kellner concluded that it was related to but lacking a crest not part of the Anhangueridae within the larger group Pteranodontoidea sensu Kellner In 2002 however David Unwin stated it was a highly deviant member of the family Ctenochasmatidae 3 In 2010 Kellner entered the new information into three existing databases of pterosaur features to calculate through cladistic analysis the position of Cearadactylus in the phylogenetic tree Although the three resulting trees differed all had in common that Cearadactylus was close to the Anhangueridae In 2012 Pereda Suberbiola et al found Cearadactylus within the group Ctenochasmatoidea part of a polytomy that also comprises Gnathosaurus and Ardeadactylus identified as Pterodactylus longicolum in the analysis 7 Subsequent recent analysis however have found Cearadactylus as a member of the group Anhangueria and depending on the different analyses Cearadactylus is either placed in a more derived or basal position 8 9 10 A phylogenetic analysis by Pentland et al in 2019 for example had found Cearadactylus in a derived position within the Anhangueria just outside the Ornithocheirae which by their definition is the clade that contains the families Ornithocheiridae and Anhangueridae Their cladogram is shown on the left 10 Other studies however have concluded that Cearadactylus is a member of the family Anhangueridae more specifically a member of the subfamily Anhanguerinae sister taxon to Maaradactylus 11 12 13 14 The cladogram on the right shows a topology made by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pegas in 2020 15 Topology 1 Pentland et al 2019 10 Anhangueria GuidracoBrasileodactylusLudodactylusCearadactylusOrnithocheirae Anhangueridae LiaoningopterusAnhangueraOrnithocheiridae TropeognathusOrnithocheirinae ColoborhynchusOrnithocheirusFerrodracoMythunga Topology 2 Holgado amp Pegas 2020 15 Anhangueridae Tropeognathinae SiroccopteryxTropeognathusMythungaFerrodracoColoborhynchinae AerodracoColoborhynchusNicorhynchusUktenadactylusAnhanguerinae CaulkicephalusGuidracoLudodactylusLiaoningopterusCearadactylusMaaradactylusAnhangueraSee also editList of pterosaur genera Timeline of pterosaur researchReferences edit a b Leonardi G amp Borgomanero G 1985 Cearadactylus atrox nov gen nov sp novo Pterosauria Pterodactyloidea da Chapada do Araripe Ceara Brasil Resumos dos communicacoes VIII Congresso bras de Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 27 75 80 Bruno C Vila Nova Alexander W A Kellner Juliana M Sayao 2010 Short Note on the Phylogenetic Position of Cearadactylus Atrox and Comments Regarding Its Relationships to Other Pterosaurs Acta Geoscientica Sinica 31 Supp 1 73 75 a b Unwin D M 2002 On the systematic relationships of Cearadactylus atrox an enigmatic Early Cretaceous pterosaur from the Santana Formation of Brazil Mitteilungen Museum fur Naturkunde Berlin Geowissenschaftlichen Reihe 5 1239 263 Steel L Martill D M Unwin D M and Winch J D 2005 A new pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Wessex Formation Lower Cretaceous of the Isle of Wight England Cretaceous Research 26 4 686 698 doi 10 1016 j cretres 2005 03 005 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Palmer D ed 1999 The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals London Marshall Editions p 104 ISBN 1 84028 152 9 Wellnhofer P 1991 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs London Salamander pp 125 126 doi 10 1080 02724634 1992 10011439 ISBN 9780861015665 Xabier Pereda Suberbiola Fabien Knoll Jose Ignacio Ruiz Omenaca Julio Company Fidel Torcida Fernandez Baldor 2012 Reassessment of Prejanopterus curvirostris a Basal Pterodactyloid Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain Acta Geologica Sinica 86 6 1389 1401 doi 10 1111 1755 6724 12008 hdl 10651 13364 S2CID 129917510 Andres B Clark J Xu X 2014 The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group Current Biology 24 9 1011 6 doi 10 1016 j cub 2014 03 030 PMID 24768054 Longrich N R Martill D M and Andres B 2018 Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous Paleogene boundary PLoS Biology 16 3 e2001663 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 2001663 a b c Pentland Adele H Poropat Stephen F Tischler Travis R Sloan Trish Elliott Robert A Elliott Harry A Elliott Judy A Elliott David A December 2019 Ferrodraco lentoni gen et sp nov a new ornithocheirid pterosaur from the Winton Formation Cenomanian lower Turonian of Queensland Australia Scientific Reports 9 1 13454 Bibcode 2019NatSR 913454P doi 10 1038 s41598 019 49789 4 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 6776501 PMID 31582757 Borja Holgado Rodrigo V Pegas Jose Ignacio Canudo Josep Fortuny Taissa Rodrigues Julio Company amp Alexander W A Kellner 2019 On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria Scientific Reports 9 4940 doi 10 1038 s41598 019 41280 4 Kellner Alexander W A Caldwell Michael W Holgado Borja Vecchia Fabio M Dalla Nohra Roy Sayao Juliana M Currie Philip J 2019 First complete pterosaur from the Afro Arabian continent insight into pterodactyloid diversity Scientific Reports 9 1 17875 Bibcode 2019NatSR 917875K doi 10 1038 s41598 019 54042 z PMC 6884559 PMID 31784545 Kellner Alexander W A Weinschutz Luiz C Holgado Borja Bantim Renan A M Sayao Juliana M 19 August 2019 A new toothless pterosaur Pterodactyloidea from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 91 suppl 2 e20190768 doi 10 1590 0001 3765201920190768 ISSN 0001 3765 PMID 31432888 Pegas R V Holgado B Leal M E C 2019 On Targaryendraco wiedenrothi gen nov Pterodactyloidea Pteranodontoidea Lanceodontia and recognition of a new cosmopolitan lineage of Cretaceous toothed pterodactyloids Historical Biology 1 15 doi 10 1080 08912963 2019 1690482 a b Holgado B Pegas R V 2020 A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 65 doi 10 4202 app 00751 2020 Further reading editDalla Vecchia F M 1993 Cearadactylus ligabuei nov sp a new Early Cretaceous Aptian pterosaur from Chapada do Araripe Northeastern Brazil Bolletini della Societa Paleontologica Italiano 32 401 409 Portals nbsp Paleontology nbsp Brazil Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cearadactylus amp oldid 1206158104, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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