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Causantín mac Cináeda

April 08, 2024

Causantín mac Cináeda[a] (Modern Gaelic: Còiseam mac Choinnich; died 877) was a king of the Picts. He is often known as Constantine I in reference to his place in modern lists of Scottish monarchs, but contemporary sources described Causantín only as a Pictish king. A son of Cináed mac Ailpín ("Kenneth MacAlpin"), he succeeded his uncle Domnall mac Ailpín as Pictish king following the latter's death on 13 April 862. It is likely that Causantín's reign witnessed increased activity by Vikings, based in Ireland, Northumbria and northern Britain. He died fighting one such invasion.

Causantín
c. 1733 Engraving of King Causantín mac Cináeda made by Richard Cooper, the elder
King of the Picts
Reign862–877
PredecessorDonald I
SuccessorÁed
Bornc. 836
Died877
possibly Inverdovat, Fife, Scotland
Burial
Iona
IssueDonald II, King of the Picts/of Alba
HouseAlpin
FatherKenneth I, King of the Picts (Cináed mac Ailpín)

Sources edit

 
A signboard in Fife, Scotland concerning Causantín.

Very few records of ninth century events in northern Britain survive. The main local source from the period is the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, a list of kings from Cináed mac Ailpín (died 858) to Cináed mac Maíl Coluim (died 995). The list survives in the Poppleton Manuscript, a thirteenth-century compilation. Originally simply a list of kings with reign lengths, the other details contained in the Poppleton Manuscript version were added from the tenth century onwards.[1] In addition to this, later king lists survive.[2] The earliest genealogical records of the descendants of Cináed mac Ailpín may date from the end of the tenth century, but their value lies more in their context, and the information they provide about the interests of those for whom they were compiled, than in the unreliable claims they contain.[3] The Pictish king-lists originally ended with this Causantín, who was reckoned the seventieth and last king of the Picts.[4]

For narrative history the principal sources are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Irish annals. While Scandinavian sagas describe events in 9th century Britain, their value as sources of historical narrative, rather than documents of social history, is disputed.[5] If the sources for north-eastern Britain, the lands of the kingdom of Northumbria and the former Pictland, are limited and late, those for the areas on the Irish Sea and Atlantic coasts—the modern regions of north-west England and all of northern and western Scotland—are non-existent, and archaeology and toponymy are of primary importance.[6]

Languages and names edit

 
The king's name in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, Constantin[us] f[ilius] Kinet

Writing a century before Causantín was born, Bede recorded five languages in Britain. Latin, the common language of the church; Old English, the language of the Angles and Saxons; Irish, spoken on the western coasts of Britain and in Ireland; Brythonic, ancestor of the Welsh language, spoken in large parts of western Britain; and Pictish, spoken in northern Britain. By the ninth century a sixth language, Old Norse, had arrived with the Vikings.

Amlaíb and Ímar edit

Viking activity in northern Britain appears to have reached a peak during Causantín's reign. Viking armies were led by a small group of men who may have been kinsmen. Among those noted by the Irish annals, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are Ívarr—Ímar in Irish sources—who was active from East Anglia to Ireland, Halfdán—Albdann in Irish, Healfdene in Old English— and Amlaíb or Óláfr. As well as these leaders, various others related to them appear in the surviving record.[7]

Viking activity in Britain increased in 865 when the Great Heathen Army, probably a part of the forces which had been active in Francia, landed in East Anglia.[8] The following year, having obtained tribute from the East Anglian King Edmund, the Great Army moved north, seizing York, chief city of the Northumbrians.[9] The Great Army defeated an attack on York by the two rivals for the Northumbrian throne, Osberht and Ælla, who had put aside their differences in the face of a common enemy. Both would-be kings were killed in the failed assault, probably on 21 March 867. Following this, the leaders of the Great Army are said to have installed one Ecgberht as king of the Northumbrians.[10] Their next target was Mercia where King Burgred, aided by his brother-in-law King Æthelred of Wessex, drove them off.[11]

While the kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria were under attack, other Viking armies were active in the far north. Amlaíb and Auisle (Ásl or Auðgísl), said to be his brother, brought an army to Fortriu and obtained tribute and hostages in 866. Historians disagree as to whether the army returned to Ireland in 866, 867 or even in 869.[12] Late sources of uncertain reliability state that Auisle was killed by Amlaíb in 867 in a dispute over Amlaíb's wife, the daughter of Cináed. It is unclear whether, if accurate, this woman should be identified as a daughter of Cináed mac Ailpín, and thus Causantín's sister, or as a daughter of Cináed mac Conaing, king of Brega.[13] While Amlaíb and Auisle were in north Britain, the Annals of Ulster record that Áed Findliath, High King of Ireland, took advantage of their absence to destroy the longphorts along the northern coasts of Ireland.[14] Áed Findliath was married to Causantín's sister Máel Muire. She later married Áed's successor Flann Sinna. Her death is recorded in 913.[15]

In 870, Amlaíb and Ívarr attacked Dumbarton Rock, where the River Leven meets the River Clyde, the chief place of the kingdom of Alt Clut, south-western neighbour of Pictland. The siege lasted four months before the fortress fell to the Vikings who returned to Ireland with many prisoners, "Angles, Britons and Picts", in 871. Archaeological evidence suggests that Dumbarton Rock was largely abandoned and that Govan replaced it as the chief place of the kingdom of Strathclyde, as Alt Clut was later known.[16] King Artgal of Alt Clut did not long survive these events, being killed "at the instigation" of Causantín son of Cináed two years later. Artgal's son and successor Run was married to a sister of Causantín.[17]

Amlaíb disappears from Irish annals after his return to Ireland in 871. According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba he was killed by Causantín either in 871 or 872 when he returned to Pictland to collect further tribute.[18] His ally Ívarr died in 873.[19]

Last days of the Pictish kingdom edit

 
"Constantine's Cave" - also known as the Nigra Specus ("Black Cave") - at Balcomie near Crail in Fife, Scotland: the supposed death place of Causantín.

In 875, the Chronicle and the Annals of Ulster again report a Viking army in Pictland; the Annals of Ulster say that "a great slaughter of the Picts resulted".[20] No name is given to the battle in which the slaughter occurred, yet the Chronicle notes a battle fought between Danes and Scots near Dollar but notes a subsequent "annihilation" at Atholl.[21] In 877, shortly after building a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews, Causantín was captured and executed (or perhaps killed in battle) after defending against Viking raiders.[22] Although there is agreement on the time and general manner of his death, it is not clear where this happened. Some believe he was beheaded on a Fife beach, following a battle at Fife Ness, near Crail. William Forbes Skene reads the Chronicle as placing Causantín's death at Inverdovat (by Newport-on-Tay), which appears to match the Prophecy of Berchán. The account in the Chronicle of Melrose names the place as the "Black Cave," and John of Fordun calls it the "Black Den". Causantín was buried on Iona.

Aftermath edit

Causantín's son Domnall and his descendants represented the main line of the kings of Alba and later Scotland.

Notes edit

  1. ^ also Constantín

References edit

  1. ^ Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 87–93; Dumville, "Chronicle of the Kings of Alba".
  2. ^ Anderson, Kings and Kingship, reproduces these lists and discusses their origins, further discussed by Broun, Irish origins.
  3. ^ Broun, Irish Identity, pp. 133–164; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 220–221.
  4. ^ Broun, Irish Identity, pp. 168–169; Anderson, Kings and Kingship, p. 78
  5. ^ Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 277–285; Ó Corrain, "Vikings in Scotland and Ireland"...
  6. ^ Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 12.
  7. ^ Downham, Smyth, Woolf.
  8. ^ Check Nelson.
  9. ^ Downham, Keynes, Woolf.
  10. ^ Downham, Higham, Keynes, O Corrain, Smyth, Woolf.
  11. ^ Keynes ...
  12. ^ Downham, O Corrain, Smyth, Woolf, AU 866.1.
  13. ^ Downham, ??, FAA.
  14. ^ Byrne? O Corrain? AU 866.4
  15. ^ Woolf, AU 913.1, Byrne p. 857, poss. same as Amlaíb's wife.
  16. ^ AU 870.6, AU 871.2, Woolf, Downham, Smyth.
  17. ^ AU 872.5, Smyth, Woolf.
  18. ^ Woolf, Downham.
  19. ^ Woolf, Downham, AU 873.3
  20. ^ "The Annals of Ulster". celt.ucc.ie. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  21. ^ . 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  22. ^ Raymond Lamont-Brown, St Andrews: City by the Northern Sea (Edinburgh: Berlinn, 2006), 9.

Bibliography edit

  • The Annals of Ulster, AD 431–1201, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003, retrieved 2 October 2007
  • Chronicon Scotorum, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2003, retrieved 29 October 2007
  • Lebor Bretnach (The Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius), CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, 2002, retrieved 4 October 2008
  • Anderson, Alan Orr (1990), Early Sources of Scottish History A.D. 500 to 1286, vol. I (2nd ed.), Stamford: Paul Watkins, ISBN 1-871615-03-8
  • Anderson, Alan Orr (1908), Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286, London: D. Nutt
  • Anderson, M. O. (1980), Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, ISBN 0-7011-1604-8
  • Bannerman, John (1999), "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba", in Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (eds.), Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 71–94, ISBN 0-567-08682-8
  • Broun, Dauvit (1999), "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity", in Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (eds.), Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, pp. 96–111, ISBN 0-567-08682-8
  • Broun, Dauvit (1999), The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, ISBN 0-85115-375-5
  • Broun, Dauvit; Clancy, Thomas Owen (1999), Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, ISBN 0-567-08682-8
  • Costambeys, Marios (2004). "Hálfdan (d. 877)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49260. Retrieved 25 October 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Costambeys, Marios (2004). "Ívarr (d. 873)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49261. Retrieved 25 October 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • Crawford, Barbara (1987), Scandinavian Scotland, Studies in the Early History of Britain, Leicester: Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1282-0
  • Downham, Clare (2007), Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014, Edinburgh: Dunedin, ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0
  • Dumville, David (2000), "The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba", in Taylor, Simon (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 73–86, ISBN 1-85182-516-9
  • Duncan, A. A. M. (1978), Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, The Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-901824-83-6
  • Duncan, A. A. M. (2002), The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
  • Foster, Sally M. (2004) [1996], Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland, London: Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8874-3
  • Herbert, Máire (2000), "Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries", in Taylor, Simon (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297 (PDF), Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 62–72, ISBN 1-85182-516-9, (PDF) from the original on 29 February 2008
  • Higham, N. J. (1993), The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 0-86299-730-5
  • Hudson, Benjamin (2004). "Óláf the White (fl. 853–871)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49263. Retrieved 25 October 2007. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  • MacQuarrie, Alan (1997), The Saints of Scotland: Essays in Scottish Church History AD 450–1093, Edinburgh: John Donald, ISBN 0-85976-446-X
  • Murphy, Dennis, ed. (1896), The Annals of Clonmacnoise, being annals of Ireland from the earliest period to A.D. 1408, Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, retrieved 1 December 2007
  • Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1997), "Ireland, Wales, Man and the Hebrides", in Sawyer, Peter (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–109, ISBN 0-19-285434-8
  • Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1998), "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" (PDF), Peritia, 12: 296–339, doi:10.1484/J.Peri.3.334, (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2005, retrieved 1 December 2007
  • Radner, Joan N., ed. (1975), Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts, retrieved 10 February 2007
  • Sawyer, Peter, ed. (1997), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-285434-8
  • Smyth, Alfred P. (1984), Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 0-7486-0100-7
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  • Taylor, Simon, ed. (2000), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297, Dublin: Four Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-516-9
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External links edit

Causantín mac Cináeda
 Died: 877
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of the Picts
862–877 		Succeeded by

April 08, 2024
causantín, cináeda, modern, gaelic, còiseam, choinnich, died, king, picts, often, known, constantine, reference, place, modern, lists, scottish, monarchs, contemporary, sources, described, causantín, only, pictish, king, cináed, ailpín, kenneth, macalpin, succ. Causantin mac Cinaeda a Modern Gaelic Coiseam mac Choinnich died 877 was a king of the Picts He is often known as Constantine I in reference to his place in modern lists of Scottish monarchs but contemporary sources described Causantin only as a Pictish king A son of Cinaed mac Ailpin Kenneth MacAlpin he succeeded his uncle Domnall mac Ailpin as Pictish king following the latter s death on 13 April 862 It is likely that Causantin s reign witnessed increased activity by Vikings based in Ireland Northumbria and northern Britain He died fighting one such invasion Causantinc 1733 Engraving of King Causantin mac Cinaeda made by Richard Cooper the elderKing of the PictsReign862 877PredecessorDonald ISuccessorAedBornc 836Died877possibly Inverdovat Fife ScotlandBurialIonaIssueDonald II King of the Picts of AlbaHouseAlpinFatherKenneth I King of the Picts Cinaed mac Ailpin Contents 1 Sources 2 Languages and names 3 Amlaib and Imar 4 Last days of the Pictish kingdom 5 Aftermath 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksSources edit nbsp A signboard in Fife Scotland concerning Causantin Very few records of ninth century events in northern Britain survive The main local source from the period is the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba a list of kings from Cinaed mac Ailpin died 858 to Cinaed mac Mail Coluim died 995 The list survives in the Poppleton Manuscript a thirteenth century compilation Originally simply a list of kings with reign lengths the other details contained in the Poppleton Manuscript version were added from the tenth century onwards 1 In addition to this later king lists survive 2 The earliest genealogical records of the descendants of Cinaed mac Ailpin may date from the end of the tenth century but their value lies more in their context and the information they provide about the interests of those for whom they were compiled than in the unreliable claims they contain 3 The Pictish king lists originally ended with this Causantin who was reckoned the seventieth and last king of the Picts 4 For narrative history the principal sources are the Anglo Saxon Chronicle and the Irish annals While Scandinavian sagas describe events in 9th century Britain their value as sources of historical narrative rather than documents of social history is disputed 5 If the sources for north eastern Britain the lands of the kingdom of Northumbria and the former Pictland are limited and late those for the areas on the Irish Sea and Atlantic coasts the modern regions of north west England and all of northern and western Scotland are non existent and archaeology and toponymy are of primary importance 6 Languages and names edit nbsp The king s name in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba Constantin us f ilius KinetWriting a century before Causantin was born Bede recorded five languages in Britain Latin the common language of the church Old English the language of the Angles and Saxons Irish spoken on the western coasts of Britain and in Ireland Brythonic ancestor of the Welsh language spoken in large parts of western Britain and Pictish spoken in northern Britain By the ninth century a sixth language Old Norse had arrived with the Vikings Amlaib and Imar editViking activity in northern Britain appears to have reached a peak during Causantin s reign Viking armies were led by a small group of men who may have been kinsmen Among those noted by the Irish annals the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and the Anglo Saxon Chronicle are Ivarr Imar in Irish sources who was active from East Anglia to Ireland Halfdan Albdann in Irish Healfdene in Old English and Amlaib or olafr As well as these leaders various others related to them appear in the surviving record 7 Viking activity in Britain increased in 865 when the Great Heathen Army probably a part of the forces which had been active in Francia landed in East Anglia 8 The following year having obtained tribute from the East Anglian King Edmund the Great Army moved north seizing York chief city of the Northumbrians 9 The Great Army defeated an attack on York by the two rivals for the Northumbrian throne Osberht and AElla who had put aside their differences in the face of a common enemy Both would be kings were killed in the failed assault probably on 21 March 867 Following this the leaders of the Great Army are said to have installed one Ecgberht as king of the Northumbrians 10 Their next target was Mercia where King Burgred aided by his brother in law King AEthelred of Wessex drove them off 11 While the kingdoms of East Anglia Mercia and Northumbria were under attack other Viking armies were active in the far north Amlaib and Auisle Asl or Audgisl said to be his brother brought an army to Fortriu and obtained tribute and hostages in 866 Historians disagree as to whether the army returned to Ireland in 866 867 or even in 869 12 Late sources of uncertain reliability state that Auisle was killed by Amlaib in 867 in a dispute over Amlaib s wife the daughter of Cinaed It is unclear whether if accurate this woman should be identified as a daughter of Cinaed mac Ailpin and thus Causantin s sister or as a daughter of Cinaed mac Conaing king of Brega 13 While Amlaib and Auisle were in north Britain the Annals of Ulster record that Aed Findliath High King of Ireland took advantage of their absence to destroy the longphorts along the northern coasts of Ireland 14 Aed Findliath was married to Causantin s sister Mael Muire She later married Aed s successor Flann Sinna Her death is recorded in 913 15 In 870 Amlaib and Ivarr attacked Dumbarton Rock where the River Leven meets the River Clyde the chief place of the kingdom of Alt Clut south western neighbour of Pictland The siege lasted four months before the fortress fell to the Vikings who returned to Ireland with many prisoners Angles Britons and Picts in 871 Archaeological evidence suggests that Dumbarton Rock was largely abandoned and that Govan replaced it as the chief place of the kingdom of Strathclyde as Alt Clut was later known 16 King Artgal of Alt Clut did not long survive these events being killed at the instigation of Causantin son of Cinaed two years later Artgal s son and successor Run was married to a sister of Causantin 17 Amlaib disappears from Irish annals after his return to Ireland in 871 According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba he was killed by Causantin either in 871 or 872 when he returned to Pictland to collect further tribute 18 His ally Ivarr died in 873 19 Last days of the Pictish kingdom edit nbsp Constantine s Cave also known as the Nigra Specus Black Cave at Balcomie near Crail in Fife Scotland the supposed death place of Causantin In 875 the Chronicle and the Annals of Ulster again report a Viking army in Pictland the Annals of Ulster say that a great slaughter of the Picts resulted 20 No name is given to the battle in which the slaughter occurred yet the Chronicle notes a battle fought between Danes and Scots near Dollar but notes a subsequent annihilation at Atholl 21 In 877 shortly after building a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews Causantin was captured and executed or perhaps killed in battle after defending against Viking raiders 22 Although there is agreement on the time and general manner of his death it is not clear where this happened Some believe he was beheaded on a Fife beach following a battle at Fife Ness near Crail William Forbes Skene reads the Chronicle as placing Causantin s death at Inverdovat by Newport on Tay which appears to match the Prophecy of Berchan The account in the Chronicle of Melrose names the place as the Black Cave and John of Fordun calls it the Black Den Causantin was buried on Iona Aftermath editCausantin s son Domnall and his descendants represented the main line of the kings of Alba and later Scotland Notes edit also ConstantinReferences edit Woolf Pictland to Alba pp 87 93 Dumville Chronicle of the Kings of Alba Anderson Kings and Kingship reproduces these lists and discusses their origins further discussed by Broun Irish origins Broun Irish Identity pp 133 164 Woolf Pictland to Alba pp 220 221 Broun Irish Identity pp 168 169 Anderson Kings and Kingship p 78 Woolf Pictland to Alba pp 277 285 o Corrain Vikings in Scotland and Ireland Woolf Pictland to Alba p 12 Downham Smyth Woolf Check Nelson Downham Keynes Woolf Downham Higham Keynes O Corrain Smyth Woolf Keynes Downham O Corrain Smyth Woolf AU 866 1 Downham FAA Byrne O Corrain AU 866 4 Woolf AU 913 1 Byrne p 857 poss same as Amlaib s wife AU 870 6 AU 871 2 Woolf Downham Smyth AU 872 5 Smyth Woolf Woolf Downham Woolf Downham AU 873 3 The Annals of Ulster celt ucc ie Retrieved 6 April 2022 THE PICTISH CHRONICLE 23 January 2018 Archived from the original on 23 January 2018 Retrieved 6 April 2022 Raymond Lamont Brown St Andrews City by the Northern Sea Edinburgh Berlinn 2006 9 Bibliography editThe Annals of Ulster AD 431 1201 CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts 2003 retrieved 2 October 2007 Chronicon Scotorum CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts 2003 retrieved 29 October 2007 Lebor Bretnach The Irish version of the Historia Britonum of Nennius CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts 2002 retrieved 4 October 2008 Anderson Alan Orr 1990 Early Sources of Scottish History A D 500 to 1286 vol I 2nd ed Stamford Paul Watkins ISBN 1 871615 03 8 Anderson Alan Orr 1908 Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A D 500 to 1286 London D Nutt Anderson M O 1980 Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland 2nd ed Edinburgh Scottish Academic Press ISBN 0 7011 1604 8 Bannerman John 1999 The Scottish Takeover of Pictland and the relics of Columba in Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen eds Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots Saint Columba Iona and Scotland Edinburgh T amp T Clark pp 71 94 ISBN 0 567 08682 8 Broun Dauvit 1999 Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity in Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen eds Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots Saint Columba Iona and Scotland Edinburgh T amp T Clark pp 96 111 ISBN 0 567 08682 8 Broun Dauvit 1999 The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Woodbridge Boydell Press ISBN 0 85115 375 5 Broun Dauvit Clancy Thomas Owen 1999 Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots Saint Columba Iona and Scotland Edinburgh T amp T Clark ISBN 0 567 08682 8 Costambeys Marios 2004 Halfdan d 877 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 49260 Retrieved 25 October 2007 Subscription or UK public library membership required Costambeys Marios 2004 Ivarr d 873 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 49261 Retrieved 25 October 2007 Subscription or UK public library membership required Crawford Barbara 1987 Scandinavian Scotland Studies in the Early History of Britain Leicester Leicester University Press ISBN 0 7185 1282 0 Downham Clare 2007 Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland The Dynasty of Ivarr to A D 1014 Edinburgh Dunedin ISBN 978 1 903765 89 0 Dumville David 2000 The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba in Taylor Simon ed Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500 1297 Dublin Four Courts Press pp 73 86 ISBN 1 85182 516 9 Duncan A A M 1978 Scotland The Making of the Kingdom The Edinburgh History of Scotland vol 1 2nd ed Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 901824 83 6 Duncan A A M 2002 The Kingship of the Scots 842 1292 Succession and Independence Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 7486 1626 8 Foster Sally M 2004 1996 Picts Gaels and Scots Early Historic Scotland London Batsford ISBN 0 7134 8874 3 Herbert Maire 2000 Ri Eirenn Ri Alban kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries in Taylor Simon ed Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500 1297 PDF Dublin Four Courts Press pp 62 72 ISBN 1 85182 516 9 archived PDF from the original on 29 February 2008 Higham N J 1993 The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350 1100 Stroud Sutton ISBN 0 86299 730 5 Hudson Benjamin 2004 olaf the White fl 853 871 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 49263 Retrieved 25 October 2007 Subscription or UK public library membership required MacQuarrie Alan 1997 The Saints of Scotland Essays in Scottish Church History AD 450 1093 Edinburgh John Donald ISBN 0 85976 446 X Murphy Dennis ed 1896 The Annals of Clonmacnoise being annals of Ireland from the earliest period to A D 1408 Dublin Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland retrieved 1 December 2007 o Corrain Donnchadh 1997 Ireland Wales Man and the Hebrides in Sawyer Peter ed The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings Oxford Oxford University Press pp 83 109 ISBN 0 19 285434 8 o Corrain Donnchadh 1998 The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century PDF Peritia 12 296 339 doi 10 1484 J Peri 3 334 archived PDF from the original on 16 February 2005 retrieved 1 December 2007 Radner Joan N ed 1975 Fragmentary Annals of Ireland CELT Corpus of Electronic Texts retrieved 10 February 2007 Sawyer Peter ed 1997 The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 285434 8 Smyth Alfred P 1984 Warlords and Holy Men Scotland AD 80 1000 Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 0 7486 0100 7 Swanton Michael 1996 The Anglo Saxon Chronicle New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 92129 5 Taylor Simon ed 2000 Kings clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500 1297 Dublin Four Courts Press ISBN 1 85182 516 9 Woolf Alex 2007 From Pictland to Alba 789 1070 The New Edinburgh History of Scotland vol 2 Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 1234 5External links editConstantine I at the official website of the British monarchyCausantin mac CinaedaHouse of Alpin Died 877Regnal titlesPreceded byDonald I King of the Picts862 877 Succeeded byAed Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Causantin mac Cinaeda amp oldid 1215449540, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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