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Cattle grid

A cattle grid – also known as a stock grid in Australia; cattle guard, or cattle grate in American English; vehicle pass, or stock gap in the Southeastern United States;[1] Texas gate in western Canada and the northwestern United States;[2] and a cattle stop in New Zealand English – is a type of obstacle used to prevent livestock, such as sheep, cattle, pigs, horses, or mules from passing along a road or railway which penetrates the fencing surrounding an enclosed piece of land or border. It consists of a depression in the road covered by a transverse grid of bars or tubes, normally made of metal and firmly fixed to the ground on either side of the depression, so that the gaps between them are wide enough for an animal's feet to enter, but sufficiently narrow not to impede a wheeled vehicle or human foot. This provides an effective barrier to animals without impeding wheeled vehicles, as the animals are reluctant to walk on the grates.

A cattle grid on a country road in the Yorkshire Dales
Cattle grid on a railway line in northeastern New Mexico
Cattle grid in Galong, Australia

Origins

The modern cattle grid for roads used by automobiles is said to have been independently invented a number of times on the Great Plains of the United States around 1905–1915. Before that period, a similar device for railroads was in use at least as early as 1836; a stone stile was used in Britain as far back as pre-Roman times.[3] An article in Texas Monthly claims that the "first recorded use of a cattle grid for nonrail traffic" occurred in 1881 in Archer County, Texas, on the stagecoach road between Archer City and Henrietta.[4]

Uses

 
Cattle grid on country road

Cattle grids are usually installed on roads where they cross a fenceline, often at a boundary between public and private lands. They are an alternative to the erection of gates that would need to be opened and closed when a vehicle passes, and are common where roads cross open moorland, rangeland or common land maintained by grazing, but where segregation of fields is impractical. Cattle grids are also used when otherwise unfenced railways cross a fenceline. Cattle grids are common worldwide and are widespread in places such as Australia, the Scottish Highlands, or the National Parks of England and Wales. They are also common throughout the Western United States and Canada. In the United States, they are often used on Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service land, but are also used on paved roads and entry and exit ramps of the Interstate Highway System in rural areas.

Variations

Almost all cattle grids are built around a grid. Most include a pit dug along a fence line, a base for the grid to rest on, and wings to connect the guard to the fence. Since many guards were or are home-made and to some degree idiosyncratic, a wide variety of designs exist. Designs may vary with local conditions. Materials used for construction of a cattle grid depend partly on the weight it must bear.[5]

A study of the bars of traditional cattle grids in the Flint Hills of Kansas found that 80 percent were made of pipe, while smaller percentages were made of railroad rails, I-beams, planks, and other materials. The size of the bars varied from 38 to 165 millimetres (1+12 to 6+12 in); the spaces between bars varied from 44 to 203 millimetres (1+34 to 8 in); the number of bars per grid varied from 4 to 22. Grids differed in length from 2.4 to 9.1 metres (7+34 to 30 ft) and in width from 1.0 to 3.0 metres (40 to 120 in), while the pits beneath grids were 0.0 to 2.5 metres (0 to 98 in) deep.[5]

Cattle grids, as they are called in Great Britain, Ireland, and South Africa, are known by a wide variety of other names in other parts of the world. In the United States, they are cattle guards. Mata burro ('donkey killer') is the preferred name in Brazil and Venezuela, while guarda ganado ('cattle keeper') is what they are called in Argentina. Alternatives in the United States include car crossing, auto gate, corduroy gate, stock gap, cattle pass, run-over, and many others. Canadians use pit gate, vehicle pass, and Texas gate, as well as cattle guard, which in Canada refers mainly to guards at railway lines.[6]

Concrete

Cattle grids made entirely or mostly of concrete have existed since the 1940s.[7] Individual ranchers have often constructed their own, sometimes using plans developed in the 1940s.[7] In the 21st century, a set of plans for do-it-yourself guards made of wood and concrete are available via the web site of the Missouri Alternatives Center at the University of Missouri in the US.[8] Commercial precast concrete versions are also available; Smith Cattleguard Company, based in Virginia, sold more than 15,000 of them between 1960 and 1980.[7] Manufacturers also produce commercial polyethylene forms with reinforcing rods. Placed in or on the ground and filled, a finished cattle grid with 4,000-pound-per-square-inch (28 MPa) concrete reinforced with 58-inch (16 mm) fiberglass (GFRP) rebar can support vehicle loads of up to 32,000 pounds (15 t) per axle.[9]

Steel

University Lands, which manages land and mineral interests for a foundation supporting the University of Texas and Texas A&M University systems, publishes do-it-yourself manuals for three sizes of cattle grids with grids made of steel pipes. The manuals include schematic drawings as well as accompanying instructions.[10] Commercial guards made of steel are also available from multiple companies.[11]

Virtual

 
A "virtual grid" near Lone Pine, California

Painted lines on the road can serve as skeuomorphs of cattle grids. The light-dark pattern of lines on pavement resembles a true cattle grid to animals, and by association think they will not be able to cross. Using a virtual cattle grid is initially cheaper than a true cattle grid,[12] but the cost of periodic re-painting may eventually exceed the initial cost of a well-built metal guard.[13] A particular advantage of painted guards is that they are smooth to drive over; in the US, most are found on state or federal highways, rather than private roads.[13]

Why they work is unclear, but it is most likely related to the bovine visual system. Experts say that "a cow's depth perception is such that it makes little or no distinction between painted stripes on a dark background and bars over a pit."[14] Cattle may acquire the behavior of avoiding grids over pits either from individual experience or through imitation of other cattle. However, painted grids have been reported to work with semi-wild cattle with no prior exposure to virtual grids.[14]

Cattle can sometimes defeat virtual guards. A station owner in Queensland, Australia, told a reporter that after some of his old bulls leaped a painted grid, the younger ones lost their fear of walking across.[15] This is common; if one member of a herd discovers it can step safely on the lines, others will follow. Other incentives that lead cattle to test a virtual guard include placing food on the opposite side, or using strong driving pressure to run panicked cattle over a virtual grid.[12]

Electric

Electric cattle grids use electricity to deter animals from crossing the fence line. There are different designs. One uses high-tensile wire run across the roadway, about 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) off the ground, attached to a power source on one side.[16] The primary advantage is cost and ease of installation. Drawbacks include the necessity of spraying vegetation with herbicides to keep weeds from shorting out the grid if there is no barrier between the wires and the ground. In addition, some low-riding vehicles can catch the wires and tear them out.[16]

James Hoy in The Cattle Guard discusses four kinds of electric guards. One that was patented in Illinois in 1955 and another invented in New Zealand in 1979 are similar; each resemble "something like the framework of an old-fashioned metal bed" connected to a battery or high-powered fence charger. They are easy to drive across, but may pose a danger to children or animals that get stuck in the guard.[17] Another type was patented in two versions by an Oregon inventor in 1956–57; it consisted of 20 current-carrying synthetic rubber strips mounted on a wooden frame. The invention proved highly effective in deterring all animals, including dogs, and it was maintenance free, easy to drive over, and safe. However, the company that acquired the manufacturing rights stopped production in 1960.[17] A fourth type, homemade, consists of two sections of woven wire or steel plate laid on a concrete slab and set apart from one another on either side of a fenceline. The wire sections are then connected to an electric fence or to a separate charger, either conventional or solar-powered.[17]

Effectiveness on wildlife

A cow successfully crossing a cattle grid

While cattle grids are most effective on cattle, they can be used to exclude deer and elk.[18][19][20] Research has shown that deer can cross cattle grids with flat, as opposed to rounded bars.[21] Sometimes a cattle grid is doubled to exclude these animals. A cattle grid requiring a horizontal leap of 14 feet (4.3 m) is considered effective when combined with a deer fence.[22] Striping is also painted on roads as a visual deterrent to deer, as with "virtual" cattle grids.[23]

Limitations and risks

 
A cattle grid and straying sheep

While these barriers are usually effective for cattle,[24] they can fail due to ingenious animals. Sheep searching for food have been known to jump across grids, step carefully into the spaces,[25] or run along the side of grids as wide as 8 feet (2.4 m).[26]

Wider grids are used where wildlife is to be contained. Some animals can jump across them, and a barrier that stops deer needs to be at least 16 feet (5 m) wide.[24] Bison, and bulls in particular can easily jump across an 8-foot (2.4 m) barrier, and have been known to jump widths of up to 14 feet (4.3 m).[27][28]

In areas with heavy snowfall and long periods without a thaw, snow can accumulate beneath a grid and allow animals to walk across.

Horses are particularly vulnerable to cattle grid injuries, as their single-toed hooves can slip between the bars and trap their legs in an easily broken position.[24] The same risk exists for kangaroos in Australia's outback, with additional risk of entrapment.[29]

Cattle grids are generally useless for containing goats.[24] However, a Texas Highway Department official reported that adding three 20-inch (51 cm) painted stripes—arranged yellow, white, yellow—on the road in front of a cattle grid deterred goats from approaching or crossing the guard.[30]

Patents and standards

The United States Patent and Trademark Office (US PTO) issued patent U.S. Patent 1125095A on January 15, 1915, to William J. Hickey, Reno, Nevada, for a cattle grid.[31]

There is a British Standard for cattle grids: BS4008:2006.[32] The US standards are put forth by The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). AASHTO provides load rating guidelines for cattle grids that are used on public roads in the US. All cattle grids used on US public roads must be certified by a qualified engineer that the grid meets AASHTO guidelines.[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ Prince, Therese Lefebvre. "Texas Gate". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
  2. ^ Hoy, James F. (2004), "Cattle Guards", Encyclopedia of the Great Plains, by David J. Wishart, University of Nebraska Press, p. 292, ISBN 9780803247871
  3. ^ Webre, Rodney (May 1984). "Texas Primer: The Cattle Guard". Texas Monthly. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  4. ^ a b Hoy, pp. 112–116
  5. ^ Hoy, pp. 117–18
  6. ^ a b c Hoy, James F. (1982). The Cattle Guard: Its History and Lore. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press. pp. 145–46. ISBN 978-0-7006-0226-1.
  7. ^ University of Tennessee (2014) [1968]. "Fence and Cattle Guard Plans: Cattle Guards, Wood Frame and Concrete". University of Missouri. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  8. ^ Hendricks, Walt. "Cattle Guard Forms". Cattle Guards website. Ray Allen. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  9. ^ "Best Practices: Cattle Guards & Cattle Guard Specifications". University Lands. 2011. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  10. ^ (PDF). University of Wisconsin – Extension. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
  11. ^ a b Sheldrake, Rupert. "Cattle Fooled by Phoney Grids". sheldrake.org. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  12. ^ a b Hoy, p. 153
  13. ^ a b Hoy, p. 154
  14. ^ "Virtual Cattle Grids Outsmart NT Cattle". Australian Broadcasting Company. July 28, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
  15. ^ a b Ford, Devlon (July 23, 2013). "Electric Cattle Guard Saves Time". Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c Hoy, p. 152
  17. ^ Link, Russell (Maine DFW); Beausoleil, Rick; Spencer, Rocky (Washington DFW) (2005). "Wildlife-Human Issues: Living with Wildlife: Deer". Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (adapted from Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife Living With Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest by Russell Link). Retrieved May 23, 2016. Some people consider cattle guards eyesores, but these ground-level installations provide the most effective protection for ungated driveways on properties that are otherwise fenced to keep deer out.
  18. ^ "Wildlife Crossings". Backpacker. 37 (5): 40. June 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2016 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ Ortega-Santos, José Alfonso; Fulbright, Timothy Edward (2013). White-Tailed Deer Habitat: Ecology and Management on Rangelands. Texas A&M University Press. p. 147. ISBN 9781603449724. Retrieved December 26, 2016 – via Google Books.
  20. ^ Seamans, Thomas W.; Helon, David A. (2008), R. M. Timm; M. B. Madon (eds.), "Comparison of Electrified Mats and Cattle Guards to Control White Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Access through Fences", Proc. 23rd Vertebr. Pest Conf., Univ. of Calif., Davis., pp. 206–209 – via United States Department of Agriculture, Comparisons of other cattle guard studies show that when flat material is used instead of rounded for cross members, deer cross the guard.
  21. ^ Soderstrom, Neil (2009), Deer-Resistant Landscaping: Proven Advice and Strategies for Outwitting Deer and 20 Other Pesky Mammals, Rodale, p. 50, ISBN 9781605296678
  22. ^ . Post Independent – Citizen Telegram. Rifle, Colorado: Swift Communications. July 31, 2013. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
  23. ^ a b c d Rob (July 23, 2012). "Cattle Guards Can Be Dangerous to Some Animals". Barn World. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  24. ^ Marchington, James (April 17, 2013). Sheep Escaping. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  25. ^ "Crafty Sheep Conquer Cattle Grids". BBC News. July 30, 2004. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
  26. ^ Ballard, Jack (2013). Bison. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7627-8101-0. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  27. ^ Lott, Dale F. (2002). American Bison: a Natural History. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-520-24062-9. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  28. ^ Hooper, Ben (August 1, 2016). "Australian Dad Pulls Upside-Down Kangaroo out of Roadside Grate". United Press International. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  29. ^ Hoy, p. 155
  30. ^ "Cattle-guard". United States Patent and Trademark Office. January 19, 1915. Retrieved May 27, 2016 – via Google Patents.
  31. ^ "Specification for Cattle Grids". British Standards Institution. April 28, 2006. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  32. ^ "Information About Cattle Guards". Barn World Farm & Ranch Superstore. Retrieved June 17, 2010.

External links

cattle, grid, device, attached, front, locomotive, cowcatcher, cattle, grid, also, known, stock, grid, australia, cattle, guard, cattle, grate, american, english, vehicle, pass, stock, southeastern, united, states, texas, gate, western, canada, northwestern, u. For a device attached to the front of a locomotive see Cowcatcher A cattle grid also known as a stock grid in Australia cattle guard or cattle grate in American English vehicle pass or stock gap in the Southeastern United States 1 Texas gate in western Canada and the northwestern United States 2 and a cattle stop in New Zealand English is a type of obstacle used to prevent livestock such as sheep cattle pigs horses or mules from passing along a road or railway which penetrates the fencing surrounding an enclosed piece of land or border It consists of a depression in the road covered by a transverse grid of bars or tubes normally made of metal and firmly fixed to the ground on either side of the depression so that the gaps between them are wide enough for an animal s feet to enter but sufficiently narrow not to impede a wheeled vehicle or human foot This provides an effective barrier to animals without impeding wheeled vehicles as the animals are reluctant to walk on the grates A cattle grid on a country road in the Yorkshire DalesCattle grid on a railway line in northeastern New MexicoCattle grid in Galong Australia Contents 1 Origins 2 Uses 3 Variations 3 1 Concrete 3 2 Steel 3 3 Virtual 3 4 Electric 4 Effectiveness on wildlife 5 Limitations and risks 6 Patents and standards 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksOrigins EditThe modern cattle grid for roads used by automobiles is said to have been independently invented a number of times on the Great Plains of the United States around 1905 1915 Before that period a similar device for railroads was in use at least as early as 1836 a stone stile was used in Britain as far back as pre Roman times 3 An article in Texas Monthly claims that the first recorded use of a cattle grid for nonrail traffic occurred in 1881 in Archer County Texas on the stagecoach road between Archer City and Henrietta 4 Uses Edit Cattle grid on country roadCattle grids are usually installed on roads where they cross a fenceline often at a boundary between public and private lands They are an alternative to the erection of gates that would need to be opened and closed when a vehicle passes and are common where roads cross open moorland rangeland or common land maintained by grazing but where segregation of fields is impractical Cattle grids are also used when otherwise unfenced railways cross a fenceline Cattle grids are common worldwide and are widespread in places such as Australia the Scottish Highlands or the National Parks of England and Wales They are also common throughout the Western United States and Canada In the United States they are often used on Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service land but are also used on paved roads and entry and exit ramps of the Interstate Highway System in rural areas Variations EditAlmost all cattle grids are built around a grid Most include a pit dug along a fence line a base for the grid to rest on and wings to connect the guard to the fence Since many guards were or are home made and to some degree idiosyncratic a wide variety of designs exist Designs may vary with local conditions Materials used for construction of a cattle grid depend partly on the weight it must bear 5 A study of the bars of traditional cattle grids in the Flint Hills of Kansas found that 80 percent were made of pipe while smaller percentages were made of railroad rails I beams planks and other materials The size of the bars varied from 38 to 165 millimetres 1 1 2 to 6 1 2 in the spaces between bars varied from 44 to 203 millimetres 1 3 4 to 8 in the number of bars per grid varied from 4 to 22 Grids differed in length from 2 4 to 9 1 metres 7 3 4 to 30 ft and in width from 1 0 to 3 0 metres 40 to 120 in while the pits beneath grids were 0 0 to 2 5 metres 0 to 98 in deep 5 Cattle grids as they are called in Great Britain Ireland and South Africa are known by a wide variety of other names in other parts of the world In the United States they are cattle guards Mata burro donkey killer is the preferred name in Brazil and Venezuela while guarda ganado cattle keeper is what they are called in Argentina Alternatives in the United States include car crossing auto gate corduroy gate stock gap cattle pass run over and many others Canadians use pit gate vehicle pass and Texas gate as well as cattle guard which in Canada refers mainly to guards at railway lines 6 Concrete Edit Cattle grids made entirely or mostly of concrete have existed since the 1940s 7 Individual ranchers have often constructed their own sometimes using plans developed in the 1940s 7 In the 21st century a set of plans for do it yourself guards made of wood and concrete are available via the web site of the Missouri Alternatives Center at the University of Missouri in the US 8 Commercial precast concrete versions are also available Smith Cattleguard Company based in Virginia sold more than 15 000 of them between 1960 and 1980 7 Manufacturers also produce commercial polyethylene forms with reinforcing rods Placed in or on the ground and filled a finished cattle grid with 4 000 pound per square inch 28 MPa concrete reinforced with 5 8 inch 16 mm fiberglass GFRP rebar can support vehicle loads of up to 32 000 pounds 15 t per axle 9 Steel Edit University Lands which manages land and mineral interests for a foundation supporting the University of Texas and Texas A amp M University systems publishes do it yourself manuals for three sizes of cattle grids with grids made of steel pipes The manuals include schematic drawings as well as accompanying instructions 10 Commercial guards made of steel are also available from multiple companies 11 Virtual Edit A virtual grid near Lone Pine CaliforniaPainted lines on the road can serve as skeuomorphs of cattle grids The light dark pattern of lines on pavement resembles a true cattle grid to animals and by association think they will not be able to cross Using a virtual cattle grid is initially cheaper than a true cattle grid 12 but the cost of periodic re painting may eventually exceed the initial cost of a well built metal guard 13 A particular advantage of painted guards is that they are smooth to drive over in the US most are found on state or federal highways rather than private roads 13 Why they work is unclear but it is most likely related to the bovine visual system Experts say that a cow s depth perception is such that it makes little or no distinction between painted stripes on a dark background and bars over a pit 14 Cattle may acquire the behavior of avoiding grids over pits either from individual experience or through imitation of other cattle However painted grids have been reported to work with semi wild cattle with no prior exposure to virtual grids 14 Cattle can sometimes defeat virtual guards A station owner in Queensland Australia told a reporter that after some of his old bulls leaped a painted grid the younger ones lost their fear of walking across 15 This is common if one member of a herd discovers it can step safely on the lines others will follow Other incentives that lead cattle to test a virtual guard include placing food on the opposite side or using strong driving pressure to run panicked cattle over a virtual grid 12 Electric Edit Electric cattle grids use electricity to deter animals from crossing the fence line There are different designs One uses high tensile wire run across the roadway about 3 to 4 inches 8 to 10 cm off the ground attached to a power source on one side 16 The primary advantage is cost and ease of installation Drawbacks include the necessity of spraying vegetation with herbicides to keep weeds from shorting out the grid if there is no barrier between the wires and the ground In addition some low riding vehicles can catch the wires and tear them out 16 James Hoy in The Cattle Guard discusses four kinds of electric guards One that was patented in Illinois in 1955 and another invented in New Zealand in 1979 are similar each resemble something like the framework of an old fashioned metal bed connected to a battery or high powered fence charger They are easy to drive across but may pose a danger to children or animals that get stuck in the guard 17 Another type was patented in two versions by an Oregon inventor in 1956 57 it consisted of 20 current carrying synthetic rubber strips mounted on a wooden frame The invention proved highly effective in deterring all animals including dogs and it was maintenance free easy to drive over and safe However the company that acquired the manufacturing rights stopped production in 1960 17 A fourth type homemade consists of two sections of woven wire or steel plate laid on a concrete slab and set apart from one another on either side of a fenceline The wire sections are then connected to an electric fence or to a separate charger either conventional or solar powered 17 Effectiveness on wildlife Edit source A cow successfully crossing a cattle gridWhile cattle grids are most effective on cattle they can be used to exclude deer and elk 18 19 20 Research has shown that deer can cross cattle grids with flat as opposed to rounded bars 21 Sometimes a cattle grid is doubled to exclude these animals A cattle grid requiring a horizontal leap of 14 feet 4 3 m is considered effective when combined with a deer fence 22 Striping is also painted on roads as a visual deterrent to deer as with virtual cattle grids 23 Limitations and risks Edit A cattle grid and straying sheepWhile these barriers are usually effective for cattle 24 they can fail due to ingenious animals Sheep searching for food have been known to jump across grids step carefully into the spaces 25 or run along the side of grids as wide as 8 feet 2 4 m 26 Wider grids are used where wildlife is to be contained Some animals can jump across them and a barrier that stops deer needs to be at least 16 feet 5 m wide 24 Bison and bulls in particular can easily jump across an 8 foot 2 4 m barrier and have been known to jump widths of up to 14 feet 4 3 m 27 28 In areas with heavy snowfall and long periods without a thaw snow can accumulate beneath a grid and allow animals to walk across Horses are particularly vulnerable to cattle grid injuries as their single toed hooves can slip between the bars and trap their legs in an easily broken position 24 The same risk exists for kangaroos in Australia s outback with additional risk of entrapment 29 Cattle grids are generally useless for containing goats 24 However a Texas Highway Department official reported that adding three 20 inch 51 cm painted stripes arranged yellow white yellow on the road in front of a cattle grid deterred goats from approaching or crossing the guard 30 Patents and standards EditThe United States Patent and Trademark Office US PTO issued patent U S Patent 1125095A on January 15 1915 to William J Hickey Reno Nevada for a cattle grid 31 There is a British Standard for cattle grids BS4008 2006 32 The US standards are put forth by The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO AASHTO provides load rating guidelines for cattle grids that are used on public roads in the US All cattle grids used on US public roads must be certified by a qualified engineer that the grid meets AASHTO guidelines 33 See also EditAnti trespass panels rubber and wooden surfaces meant to deter walking on or near rail tracks derived from cattle grids Bus trap Bump gate Ha haReferences Edit Brown Robert A March 1960 Fooling Cattle With Paint Popular Science 176 3 228 Retrieved 2010 09 21 Prince Therese Lefebvre Texas Gate The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Retrieved 2022 06 04 Hoy James F 2004 Cattle Guards Encyclopedia of the Great Plains by David J Wishart University of Nebraska Press p 292 ISBN 9780803247871 Webre Rodney May 1984 Texas Primer The Cattle Guard Texas Monthly Retrieved May 25 2016 a b Hoy pp 112 116 Hoy pp 117 18 a b c Hoy James F 1982 The Cattle Guard Its History and Lore Lawrence University of Kansas Press pp 145 46 ISBN 978 0 7006 0226 1 University of Tennessee 2014 1968 Fence and Cattle Guard Plans Cattle Guards Wood Frame and Concrete University of Missouri Retrieved June 4 2016 Hendricks Walt Cattle Guard Forms Cattle Guards website Ray Allen Retrieved 20 November 2012 Best Practices Cattle Guards amp Cattle Guard Specifications University Lands 2011 Retrieved June 13 2016 Cattle Guards and Drive Through Gates PDF University of Wisconsin Extension Archived from the original PDF on September 19 2015 Retrieved June 13 2016 a b Sheldrake Rupert Cattle Fooled by Phoney Grids sheldrake org Retrieved June 3 2016 a b Hoy p 153 a b Hoy p 154 Virtual Cattle Grids Outsmart NT Cattle Australian Broadcasting Company July 28 2005 Retrieved June 17 2010 a b Ford Devlon July 23 2013 Electric Cattle Guard Saves Time Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Retrieved June 3 2016 a b c Hoy p 152 Link Russell Maine DFW Beausoleil Rick Spencer Rocky Washington DFW 2005 Wildlife Human Issues Living with Wildlife Deer Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife adapted from Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife Living With Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest by Russell Link Retrieved May 23 2016 Some people consider cattle guards eyesores but these ground level installations provide the most effective protection for ungated driveways on properties that are otherwise fenced to keep deer out Wildlife Crossings Backpacker 37 5 40 June 2008 Retrieved May 27 2016 via Google Books Ortega Santos Jose Alfonso Fulbright Timothy Edward 2013 White Tailed Deer Habitat Ecology and Management on Rangelands Texas A amp M University Press p 147 ISBN 9781603449724 Retrieved December 26 2016 via Google Books Seamans Thomas W Helon David A 2008 R M Timm M B Madon eds Comparison of Electrified Mats and Cattle Guards to Control White Tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus Access through Fences Proc 23rd Vertebr Pest Conf Univ of Calif Davis pp 206 209 via United States Department of Agriculture Comparisons of other cattle guard studies show that when flat material is used instead of rounded for cross members deer cross the guard Soderstrom Neil 2009 Deer Resistant Landscaping Proven Advice and Strategies for Outwitting Deer and 20 Other Pesky Mammals Rodale p 50 ISBN 9781605296678 Interstate 70 Ramps Between Rifle Canyon Creek to Be Affected by Fencing Project Post Independent Citizen Telegram Rifle Colorado Swift Communications July 31 2013 Archived from the original on August 15 2013 Retrieved May 23 2016 a b c d Rob July 23 2012 Cattle Guards Can Be Dangerous to Some Animals Barn World Retrieved June 5 2016 Marchington James April 17 2013 Sheep Escaping YouTube Archived from the original on 2021 12 22 Retrieved June 5 2016 Crafty Sheep Conquer Cattle Grids BBC News July 30 2004 Retrieved October 3 2014 Ballard Jack 2013 Bison Guilford Connecticut Globe Pequot Press p 30 ISBN 978 0 7627 8101 0 Retrieved May 25 2016 Lott Dale F 2002 American Bison a Natural History Berkeley University of California Press p 42 ISBN 978 0 520 24062 9 Retrieved May 25 2016 Hooper Ben August 1 2016 Australian Dad Pulls Upside Down Kangaroo out of Roadside Grate United Press International Retrieved December 26 2016 Hoy p 155 Cattle guard United States Patent and Trademark Office January 19 1915 Retrieved May 27 2016 via Google Patents Specification for Cattle Grids British Standards Institution April 28 2006 Retrieved June 14 2016 Information About Cattle Guards Barn World Farm amp Ranch Superstore Retrieved June 17 2010 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cattle grids Look up cattle grid in Wiktionary the free dictionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cattle grid amp oldid 1163317979, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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