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Caryophyllales

January 01, 1970

Caryophyllales (/ˌkæri.oʊfɪˈleɪliːz/ KARR-ee-oh-fih-LAY-leez)[2] is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families with the exception of Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae.[3]

Description edit

The members of Caryophyllales include about 6% of eudicot species.[4] This order is part of the core eudicots.[5] Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 37 families, 749 genera, and 11,620 species[6] The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations.[7]

Circumscription edit

As with all taxa, the circumscription of Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems. All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds. More recent treatments have expanded the Caryophyllales to include many carnivorous plants.

Systematists were undecided on whether Caryophyllales should be placed within the rosid complex or sister to the asterid clade.[7] The possible connection between sympetalous angiosperms and Caryophyllales was presaged by Bessey, Hutchinson, and others; as Lawrence relates: "The evidence is reasonably conclusive that the Primulaceae and the Caryophyllaceae have fundamentally the same type of gynecia, and as concluded by Douglas (1936)(and essentially Dickson, 1936) '...the vascular pattern and the presence of locules at the base of the ovary point to the fact that the present much reduced flower of the Primulaceae has descended from an ancestor which was characterized by a plurilocular ovary and axial placentation. This primitive flower might well be found in centrospermal stock as Wernham, Bessy, and Hutchinson have suggested.' "[8]

Caryophyllales is separated into two suborders: Caryophyllineae and Polygonineae.[7] These two suborders were formerly (and sometimes still are) recognized as two orders, Polygonales and Caryophyllales.[7]

 
Cactaceae native to the middle region of South America, at Marsh Botanical Garden. Cactaceae are a plant family, under the order Caryophyllales.

APG IV edit

Kewaceae, Macarthuriaceae, Microteaceae, and Petiveriaceae were added in APG IV. [9]

APG III edit

As circumscribed by the APG III system (2009), this order includes the same families as the APG II system (see below) plus the new families, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Montiaceae, Talinaceae, and Anacampserotaceae.[1]

APG II edit

As circumscribed by the APG II system (2003), this order includes well-known plants like cacti, carnations, spinach, beet, rhubarb, sundews, venus fly traps, and bougainvillea. Recent molecular and biochemical evidence has resolved additional well-supported clades within the Caryophyllales.

 
Cactaceaeː Gymnocalycium Matoensea at Yale's Marsh Botanical Garden.

APG edit

 
Carnegiea gigantea
 
Sweet William Dwarf from the family Caryophyllaceae
 
A flower of Dianthus

This represents a slight change from the APG system, of 1998

  • order Caryophyllales
    family Achatocarpaceae
    family Aizoaceae
    family Amaranthaceae
    family Ancistrocladaceae
    family Asteropeiaceae
    family Basellaceae
    family Cactaceae
    family Caryophyllaceae
    family Didiereaceae
    family Dioncophyllaceae
    family Droseraceae
    family Drosophyllaceae
    family Frankeniaceae
    family Molluginaceae
    family Nepenthaceae
    family Nyctaginaceae
    family Physenaceae
    family Phytolaccaceae
    family Plumbaginaceae
    family Polygonaceae
    family Portulacaceae
    family Rhabdodendraceae
    family Sarcobataceae
    family Simmondsiaceae
    family Stegnospermataceae
    family Tamaricaceae

Cronquist edit

 
Chenopodium album

The Cronquist system (1981) also recognised the order, with this circumscription:

  • order Caryophyllales
    family Achatocarpaceae
    family Aizoaceae
    family Amaranthaceae
    family Basellaceae
    family Cactaceae
    family Caryophyllaceae
    family Chenopodiaceae
    family Didiereaceae
    family Nyctaginaceae
    family Phytolaccaceae
    family Portulacaceae
    family Molluginaceae

The difference with the order as recognized by APG lies in the first place in the concept of "order". The APG favours much larger orders and families, and the order Caryophyllales sensu APG should rather be compared to subclass Caryophyllidae sensu Cronquist.

A part of the difference lies with what families are recognized. The plants in the Stegnospermataceae and Barbeuiaceae were included in Cronquist's Phytolaccaceae. The Chenopodiaceae (still recognized by Cronquist) are included in Amaranthaceae by APG.

New to the order (sensu APG) are the Asteropeiaceae and Physenaceae, each containing a single genus, and two genera from Cronquist's order Nepenthales.

Earlier circumscriptions edit

Earlier systems, such as the Wettstein system, last edition in 1935, and the Engler system, updated in 1964, had a similar order under the name Centrospermae.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
  2. ^ Clarke, Ian; Lee, Helen (2003). Name that Flower: The Identification of Flowering Plants. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-522-85060-4.
  3. ^ Kubitzki, Klaus; Bayer, Clemens; Cuénoud, Philippe (January 2003). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and Non-betalain Caryophyllales. Springer. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-3-642-07680-0.
  4. ^ "Caryophyllales". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
  5. ^ Judd., W.; Campbell, C.; Kellogg, E.; Stevens, P.; Donoghue, M. (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2.
  6. ^ Stephens, P.F. (2020). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". Version 14. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d Juan, R.; Pastor, J.; Alaiz, M.; Vioque, J. (1 September 2007). "Electrophoretic characterization of Amaranthus L. seed proteins and its systematic implications". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 155 (1): 57–63. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00665.x.
  8. ^ Lawrence, G.H.M (1960). Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Macmillan. p. 660.
  9. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caryophyllales.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Caryophyllales.
  • Tree of Life Characteristics and Phylogenetic Relationships

January 01, 1970
caryophyllales, karr, leez, diverse, heterogeneous, order, flowering, plants, that, includes, cacti, carnations, amaranths, plants, beets, many, carnivorous, plants, many, members, succulent, having, fleshy, stems, leaves, betalain, pigments, unique, plants, t. Caryophyllales ˌ k aer i oʊ f ɪ ˈ l eɪ l iː z KARR ee oh fih LAY leez 2 is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti carnations amaranths ice plants beets and many carnivorous plants Many members are succulent having fleshy stems or leaves The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families with the exception of Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae 3 Caryophyllales Dianthus caryophyllus Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Superasterids Order CaryophyllalesJuss ex Bercht amp J Presl 1 Suborders Caryophyllineae Polygonineae Portulacineae Synonyms Centrospermae Contents 1 Description 2 Circumscription 2 1 APG IV 2 2 APG III 2 3 APG II 2 4 APG 2 5 Cronquist 2 6 Earlier circumscriptions 3 References 4 External linksDescription editThe members of Caryophyllales include about 6 of eudicot species 4 This order is part of the core eudicots 5 Currently the Caryophyllales contains 37 families 749 genera and 11 620 species 6 The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel elements with simple perforations 7 Circumscription editAs with all taxa the circumscription of Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds More recent treatments have expanded the Caryophyllales to include many carnivorous plants Systematists were undecided on whether Caryophyllales should be placed within the rosid complex or sister to the asterid clade 7 The possible connection between sympetalous angiosperms and Caryophyllales was presaged by Bessey Hutchinson and others as Lawrence relates The evidence is reasonably conclusive that the Primulaceae and the Caryophyllaceae have fundamentally the same type of gynecia and as concluded by Douglas 1936 and essentially Dickson 1936 the vascular pattern and the presence of locules at the base of the ovary point to the fact that the present much reduced flower of the Primulaceae has descended from an ancestor which was characterized by a plurilocular ovary and axial placentation This primitive flower might well be found in centrospermal stock as Wernham Bessy and Hutchinson have suggested 8 Caryophyllales is separated into two suborders Caryophyllineae and Polygonineae 7 These two suborders were formerly and sometimes still are recognized as two orders Polygonales and Caryophyllales 7 nbsp Cactaceae native to the middle region of South America at Marsh Botanical Garden Cactaceae are a plant family under the order Caryophyllales APG IV edit Kewaceae Macarthuriaceae Microteaceae and Petiveriaceae were added in APG IV 9 APG III edit As circumscribed by the APG III system 2009 this order includes the same families as the APG II system see below plus the new families Limeaceae Lophiocarpaceae Montiaceae Talinaceae and Anacampserotaceae 1 family Achatocarpaceae family Aizoaceae family Amaranthaceae family Anacampserotaceae family Ancistrocladaceae family Asteropeiaceae family Barbeuiaceae family Basellaceae family Cactaceae family Caryophyllaceae family Didiereaceae family Dioncophyllaceae family Droseraceae family Drosophyllaceae family Frankeniaceae family Gisekiaceae family Halophytaceae family Kewaceae family Limeaceae family Lophiocarpaceae family Macarthuriaceae family Microteaceae family Molluginaceae family Montiaceae family Nepenthaceae family Nyctaginaceae family Petiveriaceae family Physenaceae family Phytolaccaceae family Plumbaginaceae family Polygonaceae family Portulacaceae family Rhabdodendraceae family Sarcobataceae family Simmondsiaceae family Stegnospermataceae family Talinaceae family Tamaricaceae APG II edit As circumscribed by the APG II system 2003 this order includes well known plants like cacti carnations spinach beet rhubarb sundews venus fly traps and bougainvillea Recent molecular and biochemical evidence has resolved additional well supported clades within the Caryophyllales order Caryophyllales family Achatocarpaceae family Aizoaceae family Amaranthaceae nbsp Pupalia lappacea Forest Burr from family Amaranthaceae family Anacampserotaceae added in APG III 1 family Ancistrocladaceae family Asteropeiaceae family Barbeuiaceae family Basellaceae family Cactaceae family Caryophyllaceae family Didiereaceae family Dioncophyllaceae family Droseraceae family Drosophyllaceae family Frankeniaceae family Gisekiaceae family Halophytaceae family Limeaceae added in APG III 1 family Lophiocarpaceae added in APG III 1 family Molluginaceae nbsp Glinus oppositifolius from family Molluginaceae family Montiaceae added in APG III 1 family Nepenthaceae family Nyctaginaceae family Physenaceae family Phytolaccaceae family Plumbaginaceae family Polygonaceae family Portulacaceae family Rhabdodendraceae family Sarcobataceae family Simmondsiaceae family Stegnospermataceae family Talinaceae added in APG III 1 family Tamaricaceae nbsp Cactaceaeː Gymnocalycium Matoensea at Yale s Marsh Botanical Garden APG edit nbsp Carnegiea gigantea nbsp Sweet William Dwarf from the family Caryophyllaceae nbsp A flower of Dianthus This represents a slight change from the APG system of 1998 order Caryophyllales family Achatocarpaceae family Aizoaceae family Amaranthaceae family Ancistrocladaceae family Asteropeiaceae family Basellaceae family Cactaceae family Caryophyllaceae family Didiereaceae family Dioncophyllaceae family Droseraceae family Drosophyllaceae family Frankeniaceae family Molluginaceae family Nepenthaceae family Nyctaginaceae family Physenaceae family Phytolaccaceae family Plumbaginaceae family Polygonaceae family Portulacaceae family Rhabdodendraceae family Sarcobataceae family Simmondsiaceae family Stegnospermataceae family Tamaricaceae Cronquist edit nbsp Chenopodium album The Cronquist system 1981 also recognised the order with this circumscription order Caryophyllales family Achatocarpaceae family Aizoaceae family Amaranthaceae family Basellaceae family Cactaceae family Caryophyllaceae family Chenopodiaceae family Didiereaceae family Nyctaginaceae family Phytolaccaceae family Portulacaceae family Molluginaceae The difference with the order as recognized by APG lies in the first place in the concept of order The APG favours much larger orders and families and the order Caryophyllales sensu APG should rather be compared to subclass Caryophyllidae sensu Cronquist A part of the difference lies with what families are recognized The plants in the Stegnospermataceae and Barbeuiaceae were included in Cronquist s Phytolaccaceae The Chenopodiaceae still recognized by Cronquist are included in Amaranthaceae by APG New to the order sensuAPG are the Asteropeiaceae and Physenaceae each containing a single genus and two genera from Cronquist s order Nepenthales Earlier circumscriptions edit Earlier systems such as the Wettstein system last edition in 1935 and the Engler system updated in 1964 had a similar order under the name Centrospermae References edit a b c d e f g Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x hdl 10654 18083 Clarke Ian Lee Helen 2003 Name that Flower The Identification of Flowering Plants Melbourne University Publishing p 56 ISBN 978 0 522 85060 4 Kubitzki Klaus Bayer Clemens Cuenoud Philippe January 2003 Flowering Plants Dicotyledons Malvales Capparales and Non betalain Caryophyllales Springer pp 1 4 ISBN 978 3 642 07680 0 Caryophyllales Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Judd W Campbell C Kellogg E Stevens P Donoghue M 2008 Plant Systematics A Phylogenetic Approach 3rd ed W H Freeman ISBN 978 0 87893 407 2 Stephens P F 2020 Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Version 14 Retrieved 10 June 2020 a b c d Juan R Pastor J Alaiz M Vioque J 1 September 2007 Electrophoretic characterization of Amaranthus L seed proteins and its systematic implications Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155 1 57 63 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2007 00665 x Lawrence G H M 1960 Taxonomy of Vascular Plants Macmillan p 660 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG IV Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 1 1 20 doi 10 1111 boj 12385 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caryophyllales nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Caryophyllales Tree of Life Characteristics and Phylogenetic Relationships Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caryophyllales amp oldid 1217829734, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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