Caroxylon vermiculatum, commonly known as Mediterranean saltwort, is a perennial plant in the familyAmaranthaceae. It has many synonyms, including Salsola vermiculata and Nitrosalsola vermiculata.[1] It is native to arid and semi-arid regions of the Middle East, North Africa and southern Europe where it is used as a fodder plant for livestock.
Caroxylon vermiculatum is a small, greyish, much-branched shrub ranging in height from 25 to 100 cm (10 to 40 in). The branches themselves branch repeatedly and are wiry and woody at the base. The leaves are tiny and scale-like, clasping the stem and covered with minute hairs. The inflorescence is a leafy spike with solitary flowers in the axils of the leaves. The flowers have persistent, pinkish, winged sepals and no petals and are about 10 mm (0.4 in) in diameter.[2]
Taxonomyedit
The species was first described, as Salsola vermiculata, in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Phylogenetic research led to the re-circumscription of the genus Salsola, and in 2007, the species was transferred to Caroxylon vermiculatum (L.) Akhani & Roalson.[3] In 2015, it was transferred to Nitrosalsola vermiculata (L.) Theodorova.[4] As of April 2022[update], the accepted name in Plants of the World Online is Caroxylon vermiculatum.[1]
Distribution and habitatedit
This plant is native to Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, as well as Egypt and Morocco. It is also native to southern Europe, including Italy, Spain and Portugal. Its natural habitat is semi-arid and arid grassland, and it has been introduced to Pakistan and to California to provide forage in arid locations. In California it has become a weed and is regarded as an invasive species.[5]
Ecologyedit
Caroxylon vermiculatum is part of the climax community in the Syrian steppe where it grows alongside Artemisia herba-alba, Atriplex leucoclada and Stipa barbata.[6] It also grows on the Jordanian steppe along with Artemisia herba-alba and Achillea fragrantissima, but all three of these useful fodder species are becoming increasingly rare because of overgrazing.[7] Exclusion of livestock from an area produces a large increase in the biomass of these species.[citation needed] It has a high protein content and is of high value as a forage crop in arid areas. It is planted in the Middle East for grazing by cattle, sheep, goats and camels.[5]
Natural regeneration occurs in both spring and autumn, but plants germinating in autumn are more drought tolerant and more likely to become established.[8]Rainwater harvesting, in the form of contouring furrows that prevent run-off, increases the successful establishment and growth of C. vermiculatum. Planting this and other native species, such as Atriplex halimus, shows high potential for the improvement of the Badia rangelands in Syria. Prolonged drought sometimes caused the plants to shed their leaves.[citation needed]
^Akhani, H., et al. (2007). Diversification of the Old World Salsoleae s.l. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification.] International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168(6), 931–56.
^Theodorova (Feodorova), T.A. 2015. New nomenclatural combinations in Nitrosalsola (Chenopodiaceae). Ukrayins'kyi Botanicnyi Zhurnal 72(5): 442–445. doi:10.15407/ukrbotj72.05.442 , p.444.
^ abc"Salsola vermiculata (Mediterranean saltwort)". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^Suttie, J.M.; Reynolds, Stephen G.; Batello, Caterina (2005). Grasslands of the World. FAO. p. 453. ISBN978-92-5-105337-9.
^Al-Tabini1, Raed; Al-Khalidi, Khalid; Al-Shudiefat, Mustafa (2012). "Livestock, medicinal plants and rangeland viability in Jordan's Badia: through the lens of traditional and local knowledge". Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice. 2 (4): 4. doi:10.1186/2041-7136-2-4.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Al-Satari, Yahya; Al Omary, Ayed; Mhawish, Yasser Mahmood; Al-Kabneh, Awad Khalaf; Khrist, Zein Suleiman; Al-Swa’ar, Malik Samih (2014). "Abundance of natural Regeneration of Atriplex halimus and Salsola vermiculata and productivity in the Jordanian Badia". Journal (Academy of Hospital Administration (India)). 29 (1): 9–18. ISSN 0970-9452.
April 11, 2024
caroxylon, vermiculatum, commonly, known, mediterranean, saltwort, perennial, plant, family, amaranthaceae, many, synonyms, including, salsola, vermiculata, nitrosalsola, vermiculata, native, arid, semi, arid, regions, middle, east, north, africa, southern, eu. Caroxylon vermiculatum commonly known as Mediterranean saltwort is a perennial plant in the family Amaranthaceae It has many synonyms including Salsola vermiculata and Nitrosalsola vermiculata 1 It is native to arid and semi arid regions of the Middle East North Africa and southern Europe where it is used as a fodder plant for livestock Caroxylon vermiculatumScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder CaryophyllalesFamily AmaranthaceaeGenus CaroxylonSpecies C vermiculatumBinomial nameCaroxylon vermiculatum L Akhani amp Roalson 1 Synonyms 1 Chenopodium flavescens Cav Schult Nitrosalsola hispanica Botsch TheodorovaNitrosalsola portilloi Caball TheodorovaNitrosalsola rodinii Botsch TheodorovaNitrosalsola vermiculata L TheodorovaSalsola buxifolia Dum Cours Salsola ericifolia Masson ex LinkSalsola flavescens Cav Salsola frankenioides Caball Botsch Salsola hispanica Botsch Salsola microphylla Cav Salsola portilloi Caball Salsola rodinii Botsch Salsola tamariscifolia Lag Salsola vermiculata L Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 ReferencesDescription editCaroxylon vermiculatum is a small greyish much branched shrub ranging in height from 25 to 100 cm 10 to 40 in The branches themselves branch repeatedly and are wiry and woody at the base The leaves are tiny and scale like clasping the stem and covered with minute hairs The inflorescence is a leafy spike with solitary flowers in the axils of the leaves The flowers have persistent pinkish winged sepals and no petals and are about 10 mm 0 4 in in diameter 2 Taxonomy editThe species was first described as Salsola vermiculata in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum Phylogenetic research led to the re circumscription of the genus Salsola and in 2007 the species was transferred to Caroxylon vermiculatum L Akhani amp Roalson 3 In 2015 it was transferred to Nitrosalsola vermiculata L Theodorova 4 As of April 2022 update the accepted name in Plants of the World Online is Caroxylon vermiculatum 1 Distribution and habitat editThis plant is native to Syria Lebanon Israel Jordan and Saudi Arabia as well as Egypt and Morocco It is also native to southern Europe including Italy Spain and Portugal Its natural habitat is semi arid and arid grassland and it has been introduced to Pakistan and to California to provide forage in arid locations In California it has become a weed and is regarded as an invasive species 5 Ecology editCaroxylon vermiculatum is part of the climax community in the Syrian steppe where it grows alongside Artemisia herba alba Atriplex leucoclada and Stipa barbata 6 It also grows on the Jordanian steppe along with Artemisia herba alba and Achillea fragrantissima but all three of these useful fodder species are becoming increasingly rare because of overgrazing 7 Exclusion of livestock from an area produces a large increase in the biomass of these species citation needed It has a high protein content and is of high value as a forage crop in arid areas It is planted in the Middle East for grazing by cattle sheep goats and camels 5 Natural regeneration occurs in both spring and autumn but plants germinating in autumn are more drought tolerant and more likely to become established 8 Rainwater harvesting in the form of contouring furrows that prevent run off increases the successful establishment and growth of C vermiculatum Planting this and other native species such as Atriplex halimus shows high potential for the improvement of the Badia rangelands in Syria Prolonged drought sometimes caused the plants to shed their leaves citation needed In California C vermiculatum has been shown to be an alternate host for the plant viruses that cause curly top a disease of sugar beet tomatoes and cucurbits 5 References edit a b c d Caroxylon vermiculatum AUT L Akhani amp Roalson Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 2022 04 09 Mediterranean saltwort Salsola vermiculata Plantwise Knowledge Bank Retrieved 29 December 2015 Akhani H et al 2007 Diversification of the Old World Salsoleae s l Chenopodiaceae Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear and chloroplast data sets and a revised classification International Journal of Plant Sciences 168 6 931 56 Theodorova Feodorova T A 2015 New nomenclatural combinations in Nitrosalsola Chenopodiaceae Ukrayins kyi Botanicnyi Zhurnal 72 5 442 445 doi 10 15407 ukrbotj72 05 442 p 444 a b c Salsola vermiculata Mediterranean saltwort Invasive Species Compendium CABI 15 May 2008 Retrieved 30 December 2015 Suttie J M Reynolds Stephen G Batello Caterina 2005 Grasslands of the World FAO p 453 ISBN 978 92 5 105337 9 Al Tabini1 Raed Al Khalidi Khalid Al Shudiefat Mustafa 2012 Livestock medicinal plants and rangeland viability in Jordan s Badia through the lens of traditional and local knowledge Pastoralism Research Policy and Practice 2 4 4 doi 10 1186 2041 7136 2 4 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Al Satari Yahya Al Omary Ayed Mhawish Yasser Mahmood Al Kabneh Awad Khalaf Khrist Zein Suleiman Al Swa ar Malik Samih 2014 Abundance of natural Regeneration of Atriplex halimus and Salsola vermiculata and productivity in the Jordanian Badia Journal Academy of Hospital Administration India 29 1 9 18 ISSN 0970 9452 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caroxylon vermiculatum amp oldid 1139840950, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
