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Calumniated Wife

May 19, 2023

The Calumniated Wife is a motif in traditional narratives, numbered K2110.1 in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature. It entails a wife being falsely accused of, and often punished for, some crime or sin. This motif is at the centre of a number of traditional plots, being associated with tale-types 705–712 in the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index of tale-types.[1][a]

Overview

 
The king finds a mysterious maiden in the woods. Illustration for Mary's Child.

Before the edition of Antti Aarne's first folktale classification, Svend Grundtvig developed - and later Astrid Lunding translated - a classification system for Danish folktales in comparison with other international compilations available at the time. In this preliminary system, four folktypes were grouped together based on essential characteristics: folktypes 44 Den forskudte dronning og den talende fugl, det syngende træ, det rindende vand ("The Disowned Queen and the Talking Bird, the Singing Tree, the Flowing Water"); 45A Den stumme dronning ("The Mute Queen" or "The Fairy Godmother"); 45B Født af fisk ("Born from Fish") and 46 Pigen uden hænder ("The Maiden without Hands").[3]

The mother falsely accused of giving birth to strange children is in common between tale types 706 and 707, where the woman has married the king because she has said she would give birth to marvelous children, as in The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird, Princess Belle-Etoile, Ancilotto, King of Provino, The Wicked Sisters, and The Three Little Birds.[4] A related theme appears in Aarne-Thompson type 710, where the heroine's children are stolen from her at birth, leading to the slander that she killed them, as in Mary's Child or The Lassie and Her Godmother.[5]

Stith Thompson remarked that the core narrative action of tale types ATU 705, ATU 706, ATU 707 and ATU 710 seemed so uniform as to transfer from one type to the other.[6] However, he glanced a possibility that these types may be further related to each other.[7]

In the same vein, scholar Linda Dégh suggested a common origin for tale types ATU 403 ("The Black and the White Bride"), ATU 408 ("The Three Oranges"), ATU 425 ("The Search for the Lost Husband"), ATU 706 ("The Maiden Without Hands") and ATU 707 ("The Three Golden Sons"), since "their variants cross each other constantly and because their blendings are more common than their keeping to their separate type outlines" and even influence each other.[8][b][c][d]

Tale types

ATU 705A: Born of a Fruit (Fish)

Analysis

Comparative mythologist Patrice Lajoye and folklorist Stith Thompson both remarked on the similarity between the initial part of the tale type ATU 705A, "Born of a Fish", with tale type ATU 303, "The Twins or Blood Brothers": a fisherman catches a fish in the sea and brings it home to his wife to eat. Through the ingestion of the fish, a miraculous gestation occurs and a child is born.[12][13]

Thompson described that the tale type involves a male pregnancy caused by the ingestion of the fish. The pregnancy is carried on the father's thigh (knee). The child born of this unusual pregnancy, a girl, is carried off by birds and raised in a nest. The maiden, now an adult, is found by a prince in the woods.[14][15][16] This sequence exists as its own type in the Georgian Tale Index, numbered -407***, "The Forest Girl": the girl is born from the man's ankle, and is raised on top of an oak tree or poplar by the eagle or the raven.[17]

At the end of the tale, after the maiden is expelled from the palace, she is summoned to the king's presence and narrates her tale in the form of a riddle or a story-within-a-story, by which the king recognizes her.[18][19] Scholar Anna Angelopoulos sees the storyline as a process of humanization for the heroine of the tale, albeit with participation of an evil female character (the king's stepmother).[15]

Distribution

Stith Thompson, in his book The Folktale, claimed that the tale type was "purely Scandinavian",[20] since most of the available variants at the time were collected in Denmark (10 tales) and Sweden (5 tales), apart from 6 tales recorded in Greece and some tales sparsely collected in other countries.[21] However, Chilean folklorist Yolando Pino Saavedra [es] collected a Chilean tale with the initial episode of the male pregnancy with a fruit, and his daughter being taken by an eagle to a treetop. Saavedra supposed that, if a variant exists in Chile, then the tale type must exist in some form in Spain.[22][e] Also, scholar Ørnulf Hodne [no], in his book The Types of the Norwegian Folktale, reported 3 Norwegian variants of type 705, Fiskebarnet ("The Fish-Child").[24]

Further studies show a larger area of distribution of this tale type. For example, professor Hasan M. El-Shamy, in Enzyklopädie des Märchens, locates variants across the Mediterranean: in North Africa, in Asia Minor, in the Middle East, in the Near East, even into Subsaharan Africa.[25] In addition, Anna Angelopoulou and Aigle Broskou, editors of the Greek Folktale Catalogue, list 55 variants found all over Greece.[26] Scholars Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana remarked that the "complete type [with the episode of the ingestion of the fish] is more common" in Palestine.[27]

Mythological parallels

The unusual circumstances of the heroine's birth from a male body part are noted to resemble the births of Athena and Dionysus of Greek mythology.[15]

When analysing an Egyptian variant, The Falcon's Daughter, scholar Hasan M. El-Shamy saw that "basic parts" of the tale type found resonance with Ancient Egyptian religion: the falcon represented solar deity Horus, and the maiden on the tree Hathor, a deity with solar traits "believed to dwell in a holy sun tree" (the sycamore).[28][29][30][31][32][f]

ATU 706: The Maiden Without Hands

This tale type is also known in folkloristics as belonging to the Constance-cycle.[34]

Origins

The tale's origins, according to the historical-geographical study of Alexander H. Krappe, point to Eastern Europe;[34] more precisely, the tale is "a migratory legend of Oriental, i. e. Byzantine, origin".[35] On a similar note, scholar Jack Zipes stated that motifs of Helene de Constantinopla (including incest and bodily harm to the heroine) "stem from Byzantine and Greek tales and medieval legends".[36] Professor Thomas Leek chronologically situates the birth of the story after the Fourth Crusade and the fragmentation of the then existent Byzantine Empire, and suggests an interaction between eastern and western sources to form the tale.[34]

An early version of the tale type is said to be found in the compilation of The Arabian Nights.[37] Versions of the tale were also known in medieval European literature since the 13th century,[38] such as Manékine and Roman de la belle Hèlene de Constantinople, from the 13th century.[39] Another predecessor of the tale type is the Life of King Offa, a European mediaeval tale that also shows that Offa's future wife has escaped an attempted incest by her father - a motif close to Donkeyskin and variants.[40]

German scholar Ernst Tegethoff [de] suggested that the Normans mediated the transmission of the tale type between England and France.[41]

Distribution

Scholar Jack Haney stated that the tale type is "widely distributed throughout Europe".[37] Likewise, researcher Theo Meder also stated that the tale can be found in the Middle East, in Africa, in India and in the Far East.[42]

According to Barbara Hillers, tale type 706 also appears in Ireland and Scotland: "over a hundred [variants]" are reported in the Irish Catalogue (among them, 46 from Kerry and 23 from Galway), whereas nine are reported from Scotland (as per an unpublished Catalogue of Scottish Folktales).[43]

The tale type is also present in "the Russian tale corpus", with the name "Безручка" ("[The Girl] Without Hands").[44] A preliminary analysis by scholar Jack Haney points to 44 variants in Russia.[37] A further analysis by Russian scholarship shows 50 variants, some contaminated with tale type 707.[44]

Researcher Hélène Bernier, in her 1971 book about the tale type, listed 48 variants in France, 30 in Canada (18 in Québec and 12 in the Provinces Maritimes), and 5 in the United States.[45] She concluded that the Franco-Canadian versions were derived from oral versions of Brittany.[42]

Folklorist Jonas Balys [lt] reported 33 Lithuanian variants in his 1936 publication, under the title Moteris nukirstomis rankomis.[46]

Romanian folklorist Corneliu Barbulescu tabulated 21 Romanian variants (9 from Transylvania, 5 from Western Moldavia, and 7 from Wallachia), and 4 Macedo-Romanian variants.[47]

Japanese scholar Kunio Yanagita listed some variants of The Girl Without Hands (手なし娘; Tenashi musume) found in Japan.[48][g] Scholar Seki Keigo reported 33 variants in Japan, and suggested a recent importation of the type into his country, since he found no ancient literary version.[50]

Korean scholarship reports variants of the tale type in Korea, with the name 손 없는 색시 ("Bride With no Hands").[51]

One variant of the tale type, with the title The Girl with No Hands, was collected from a Daghur source.[52]

Professor Charles R. Bawden provided the summary of a Mongolian variant titled The Orphan Girl: a man remarries a rich woman, who gives birth to a son and becomes jealous of her step-daughter. So she lies to her husband that she has given birth to a litter of mice. He orders two servants to kill his daughter and bring him her right hand, but they cut off her hand and let her live. The girl is found by a boy, who marries her in secret. She gives birth to his son while he is away, but her step-mother strikes again: she falsifies a letter to tell the boy she has given birth to a monster. The girl escapes with her son; her hand is miraculously returned and she finds shelter with a beggar. At the end of the tale, her husband finds her and the family reunites.[53]

Variants have also been found in Africa.[54] For instance, Africanist Sigrid Schmidt asserted that the tale type 706, as well as types 707, Three Golden Children, and 510, Cinderella, "found a home in Southern Africa for many generations".[55]

A line of scholarship argues for the existence of the tale type among Arctic peoples (i.e., Inuit), related to a legend about the origin of marine animal life.[56]

Analysis

Professor Jack Zipes states that the motif of the mutilation of a woman harks back to Antiquity, and the mutilation of a daughter by a father occurs in tales about incest.[57] As such, remark scholars Anne Duggan and D. L. Ashliman, in many variants of type ATU 706 the heroine is mutilated because she refuses her father's sexual advances.[58]

The female protagonist may lose her hands at the beginning of the story, but regains them due to the divine intervention of a holy character, such as the Virgin Mary.[59] After the handless maiden is found by the prince/king and marries him, she is pregnant with child or with twins, but her wicked mother-in-law writes her son his wife gave birth to a monster or to animals. She is then banished to the forest with her sons.[60]

According to scholar Denise Paulme, European versions of the tale type deal with the motif of the mother accused of giving birth to a monster; in African variants, the main theme involves the wrongdoings of a jealous co-wife.[61] This view is also supported by S. Ruelland, who published a study of 19 African variants of the tale type, most of which contained the rivalry between cowives.[62]

Motifs

A motif that appears in some variants of the tale type is a thorn embedded in the body of the heroine's persecutor. Hélène Bernier's study on the tale type located the motif in Irish, Breton and Canadian variants.[45] Romanian folklorist Corneliu Barbulescu also found the motif in Romanian variants.[63]

Similar tales were collected in the United States,[64] Algeria, Argentina, and Chile.[65][66] The incident has been traced to Breton variants and is thought to derive ultimately from a Celtic source.[67]

Combinations

Professor Linda Dégh stated that, due to the proximity of the tales, some versions of ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children", merge with episodes of type ATU 706, "The Maiden Without Hands".[68] In the same vein, scholar Andreas John stated that type 706, in the East Slavic classification, was "clearly related" to type 707, since the maiden loses her arm up to the elbow, and the wonderful children show golden color in their arms up to the elbow.[69]

According to Hungarian ethnographer Ákos Dömötor, tale type 706, "A kalapvári kisasszony", and 510B, "Csonkakezű lány", are a "well-known" combination in the Hungarian tale corpus.[70]

ATU 707: The Three Golden Children

Ethnologist Verrier Elwin commented that the motif of jealous queens, instead of jealous sisters, is present in a polygamous context: the queens replace the youngest queen's child (children) with animals or objects and accuse the woman of infidelity. The queen is then banished and forced to work in a humiliating job. As for the fate of the children, they are either buried and become trees or are cast in the water (river, stream).[71]

In the same vein, French ethnologue Paul Ottino (fr) noted that the motif of casting the children in the water vaguely resembles the Biblical story of Moses, but, in these stories, the children are cast in a box in order to perish in the dangerous waters.[72] In addition, by analysing similar tales from Madagascar, he concluded that the jealousy of the older co-wives of the polygamous marriage motivate their attempt on the children, and, after the children are restored, the co-wives are duly punished, paving the way for a monogamous family unit with the expelled queen.[73]

According to Daniel Aranda, the tale type develops the narrative in two eras: the tale of the calumniated wife as the first; and the adventures of the children as the second, wherein the mother becomes the object of their quest.[74]

ATU 708: The Wonder-Child

In this tale type, the heroine's evil stepmother curses her to give birth to a monster child (the titular "Wonder-Child"). The son does possess magical powers, and helps his mother when she is banished to the world at large. Finally, the heroine manages to find a human mate, and her monstrous son changes into human form.[75][76][74]

According to the French folktale catalogue of Paul Delarue and Marie-Louise Theneze, tale type ATU 708 is less attested than type 707, but most of its variants are attested in Brittany.[77] The tale type is also attested in Norway with the title Vidunderbarnet, according to Ørnulf Hodne [no]'s The Types of the Norwegian Folktale, with 14 variants recorded.[78] In addition, in his study, Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman [sv] located it "from Italy to Scandinavia", and from Western Europe ("in Brittany, Ireland and Scotland"), to Poland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia.[79]

ATU 709: Snow White

Distribution

This tale type is widespread in Europe, in America, in Africa and "in some Turkic traditions".[37] A primary analysis by Celtic folklorist Alfred Nutt, in the 19th century, established the tale type, in Europe, was distributed "from the Balkan peninsula to Iceland, and from Russia to Catalonia", with the highest number of variants being found in Germany and Italy.[80]

In regards to the Turkic distribution of the tale, parallels are also said to exist in Central Asia and Eastern Siberia, among the Mongolians and Tungusian peoples.[81]

Studies by Sigrid Schmidt and Hasan El-Shamy point to the presence of the tale type across the African continent (North, West, Central, East and Southeast), often combined with other tale types.[82]

Combinations

According to scholarship, the tale type ATU 709, "Snow White", appears combined or contaminated with closely related tales ATU 706, "The Maiden Without Hands" and ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children",[83] and even ATU 451, "The Maiden who Seeks her Brothers" (or "The Seven Ravens") and ATU 480, "The Kind and Unkind Girls".[84] The tale also merges with other tales of the "Persecuted Heroine" genre, a subcategory of tales postulated by scholar Steve Swann Jones.[a][85]

ATU 710: Our Lady's Child

 
The Virgin Mary halts the queen's execution by bringing the maiden's children.

In this tale type, a poor peasant couple give their daughter to the Virgin Mary (in more religious variants) or to a kind fairy. When the girl is under the tutelage of the magical or religious character, the girl's curiosity impels her to take a gander inside a forbidden chamber, against her benefactor's wishes. Her godmother discovers the child's disobedience and expels her to the forest, where she is found by a king.[86]

In the second part of the tale, when the girl is found by the prince or king, she cannot utter a single word, either because she has made a vow of silence or because the shock of her experience with her caretaker has left her mute. Under this lens, the tale type shares similarities with ATU 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks her Brothers" (e.g., The Six Swans), wherein the heroine must promise to not say a word for a specific period of time as part of a spell to save her transformed brothers.[87]

Analysis

Scholarship suggests that the ambivalent character of the Virgin Mary, "both as a guardian and a merciless punisher of a girl", may be due to Christian influence, which superimposed Christian imagery onto the role previously held by fairies and other supernatural beings.[88] In the same vein, Stith Thompson mentioned that the heroine's benefactor/pursuer may be the Virgin Mary, a witch or even a man, and this variation is reflected in defining the nature of the tale type: a pious legend about the Virgin Mary or the story about a witch.[89]

Similarly, Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman [sv] noted two cycles: one involving the Virgin Mary, and another, involving a woman in Melusine form or a "dark lady", and he questioned the internal logic of the story, since it would be uncharacteristic for the Virgin Mary to submit a child to such tribulations.[90] Also, he recognized a third tradition, which exists in Sweden, wherein the heroine's pursuer is a man named Grau-mantel ("Gray Cloak").[91]

In some Slavic variants, the role of the Virgin Mary is taken by a character named Jezibaba, a variation on Baba Yaga, the witch of Slavic folklore.[92]

ATU 711: The Beautiful and the Ugly Twin Sisters

ATU 712: Crescentia

The story shows an Eastern origin, with ancient literature attesting the episode, such as the Book of Daniel and the Ramayana.[93] The theme has also inspired tales and novellas about women's fidelity and chastity in the Middle Ages, in highly fictionalized accounts of historical personages, such as Bertrada, Charlemagne's mother. Other tales involve fictional queens and empresses.[93]

In this tale type, the king's wife is accused of infidelity and abandoned in the woods (with her sons, in some variants). She receives a magical plant of gift from the Virgin Mary and uses it to heal people. Her husband finds her and they both reconcile.[93]

Scholar Ulrich Marzolph [de] points that the tale type ATU 712 is often connected with tale ATU 881, "Oft-Proved Fidelity".[94] In addition, the tale type is also connected to tale ATU 883A, "The Innocent Slandered Maiden",[93] one of "the most frequent tale types" in Turkey,[95] being also found in Greece, Turkestan, Palestine, Egypt and the Balkans.[95]

Related tales

ATU 706D: St. Wilgefortis and her Beard

A related tale to this cycle of stories is type ATU 706D, "St. Wilgefortis and her Beard". In some variants, the protagonist is a male musician who plays to an image of the saint and receives a golden shoe as reward.[96] The tale also appears as Die heilige Frau Kummernis (de) or as the legend of Saint Solicitous.

ATU 709A: The Sister of Nine Brothers

A closely related type to ATU 709, "Snow White",[97] in this tale type, the heroine, who has been living with her brothers, has to find a source of fire with a neighbour, since her fire has been put out, and finds a ghoul (or ogress) that gives her one; later, the ghoul or ogress comes after her, and, although it is killed, one of its nails (or tooth) pierces the heroine's skin and she falls in a death-like state; her body is preserved in a glass case by her companions (her brothers or storks), until she is eventually brought back to life by a prince, who marries her.[98]

In the second revision of the international type index, Stith Thompson named it "The Stork's Daughter": a girl is abandoned in the forest, but a flock of storks find her and raise her in a nest. The story then segues into the episode of the borrowing of fire from the ghoul.[99]

ATU 713: The Mother who did not Bear me, but Nourished me

French folklorist Paul Delarue drew attention to a series of tales he dubbed La mère qui ne m'a pas porté, mais m'a nourri ("The Mother who did not Bear me, but Nourished me") and classified as type ATU 713 in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index. This type, as analysed by Delarue and Nicole Belmont, contains similarities to ATU 706 and ATU 708, wherein the heroine is expelled from home or from her village with her child.[100][h]

According to scholarship, the tale type is predominantly French, since most of the known variants have been collected in Nivernais by Achille Millien and three come from Occitanie.[100][i] The heroine in some of the variants is called Brigite or a variation thereof,[101] which hints at a connection to the legend of Irish Saint Brigid.[100]

AT 714: The Stubborn Queen and her Son on Monkey Island

Hispanists Julio Camarena and Maxime Chevalier (fr) identified another tale type which they termed type 714, "La Reina Porfiada y su Hijo en la Isla de los Monos": a queen is banished to a desert island; in this island, a monkey lives with the woman and she bears him a hybrid son; the queen is rescued by a ship and the monkey kills its hybrid child.[103] Variants of the proposed tale type are also found in Portuguese tradition.[104][105]

See also

Studies

  • Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. pp. 240–248.
  • Bernier, Hélène. La fille aux mains coupées (conte-type 706). Québec, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1971.
  • Ashliman, D. L. A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne-Thompson Classification System. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature, vol. 11. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987. pp. 142–146. ISBN 0-313-25961-5.
  • Bacchilega, Cristina (January 1993). "An Introduction to the 'Innocent Persecuted Heroine' Fairy Tale". Western Folklore. 52 (1): 1–12. doi:10.2307/1499490. JSTOR 1499490.
  • Bawden, C. R. (September 1963). "The Theme of the Calumniated Wife in Mongolian Popular Literature". Folklore. 74 (3): 488–497. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1963.9716922.
  • Dan, Ilana (1977). "The Innocent Persecuted Heroine: An Attempt at a Model for the Surface Level of the Narrative Structure of the Female Fairy Tale". Patterns in Oral Literature. pp. 13–30. doi:10.1515/9783110810028.13. ISBN 978-90-279-7969-8.
  • Stavsky, Jonathan (January 2013). "'Gode in all thynge': The Erle of Tolous, Susanna and the Elders, and Other Narratives of Righteous Women on Trial". Anglia. 131 (4). doi:10.1515/anglia-2013-0064. S2CID 163723306.
  • Schmitz, Nancy. La Mensongère (conte-type 710). Les Archives de Folklore, 14. Les Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec, 1972. Préface de Marie-Louise Tenèze.
  • Jones, Steven Swann (January 1993). "The Innocent Persecuted Heroine Genre: An Analysis of Its Structure and Themes". Western Folklore. 52 (1): 13–41. doi:10.2307/1499491. JSTOR 1499491.
  • Krappe, Alexander Haggerty (1937). "The Offa-Constance Legend". Anglia. 1937 (61). doi:10.1515/angl.1937.1937.61.361. S2CID 162566556.
  • Orazio, Veronica. "La fanciulla perseguitata: motivo folclorico a struttura iterativa”. In: Anaforá. Forme della ripetizione, a cura di I. Paccagnella et al.. Padova: Esedra. 2011. pp. 77–97
  • Pephánes, Giórgios P. (2004). "Διακειμενικά και ανθρωπολογικά στοιχεία στην Ευγένα του Θεόδωρου Μοντσελέζε" (PDF). Ελληνικά. 54 (2): 273–309.
  • Schlauch, Margaret. Chaucer's Constance and Accused Queens. New York: New York University, 1927. Repr. New York: AMS, 1973. ISBN 9780404056049
  • Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. pp. 377–387. ISBN 978-951-41-0963-8.
  • Wood, J (1985). "The Calumniated Wife in Medieval Welsh Literature". The Calumniated Wife in Medieval Welsh Literature (10): 25–38. INIST:11905234.
  • Zipes, Jack (2012). "The Tales of Innocent Persecuted Heroines and Their Neglected Female Storytellers and Collector". The Irresistible Fairy Tale: The Cultural and Social History of a Genre. Princeton University Press. pp. 80–108. ISBN 978-0-691-15338-4. JSTOR j.ctt7sknm.10.

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Scholar Steven Swann postulated that these tales are part of a larger block of stories that he called "The Innocent Persecuted Heroine". Other tales types he included in this group, belonging to the section of "Tales of Magic", are AT 310, "Rapunzel"; AT 403, “The Black and White Bride”; AT 410, “Sleeping Beauty”; AT 437, “The Supplanted Bride (The Neddle Prince)”, AT 450, "Little Brother and Little Sister”; AT 480, “The Kind and Unkind Girls”; AT 500, “Rumpelstiltskin”; AT 510A, “Cinderella”; AT 510B, “Cap o’Rushes”; AT 511, “One-Eye, Two-Eyes, Three-Eyes” (the last three grouped together due to their close relations); and AT 533, “The Speaking Horsehead (Falada)”. Apart from this selection, the following types are highlighted among the "Realistic Tales" as belonging to this classification: AT 870, "The Princess Confined in the Mound"; AT 870A, "The Little Goose-Girl"; AT 883A, "The Innocent Slandered Maiden" and AT 923, "Love Like Salt (King Lear)".[2]
  2. ^ On a related note, Stith Thompson commented that the episode of the heroine bribing the false bride for three nights with her husband occurs in variants of types ATU 425 and ATU 408.[9]
  3. ^ For instance, professor Michael Meraklis commented that despite the general stability of tale type AaTh 403A in Greek variants, the tale sometimes appeared mixed up with tale type AaTh 408, "The Girl in the Citrus Fruit".[10]
  4. ^ Scholar Tamar Alexander noted that in some variants of Cinderella, the heroine's beautification results in her producing pearls and leaving strips of gold and silver with every step - according to her, a "parallel" that appears with the wonder children in type 707: "the boy with a silver star on the brow and a girl whose bathwater turns to gold".[11]
  5. ^ In that regard, at least two Bolivian variants were collected and published in the 1980s. Both tales begin with the heroine being born from the man's body (after he drinks from a bottle in the first tale; after ingesting some herbs in the second) and a condor takes the baby girl to raise.[23]
  6. ^ However, an opposite view is held by Nils Billing, who states that sarcophagus iconography depicts Hathor in a garden or surrounded by trees, not as a tree.[33]
  7. ^ Professor Yanagita mentioned this was one of the tales speculated to have been imported into Japan, and even remarked that "everything" of the Japanese variant "[can be] found in foreign lands".[49]
  8. ^ "Je propose de lui attribuer, au voisinage des contes-types de la serie «the banished wife or maiden» ..." [I propose to attribute it [number 713], next to the series "the banished wife or maiden" ...][101]
  9. ^ Another 5 French variants exist, from Southwestern France and Hérault, and one from Mallorca.[102]

References

  1. ^ Raynaud, Jean (1984). "Macario : une version franco-italienne de la Chanson de la Reine Sébile". Réforme, Humanisme, Renaissance. 19 (1): 73–79.
  2. ^ Jones, Steven Swann (January 1993). "The Innocent Persecuted Heroine Genre: An Analysis of Its Structure and Themes". Western Folklore. 52 (1): 13–41. doi:10.2307/1499491. JSTOR 1499491.
  3. ^ Lunding, Astrid. "The System of Tales in the Folklore Collection of Copenhagen". In: Folklore Fellows Communications (FFC) nº 2. 1910. pp. 17-18.
  4. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 121-2, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977
  5. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p 122-3, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977
  6. ^ "The main action of the four tales which we have just examined—the discovery of the persecuted maiden in the woods or a tree, her marriage to the king, the slander concerning the birth of her children, the loss of the children, the abandonment of the queen, the eventual discovery of the truth, and the reunion of the family—is so uniform that there has been much transfer from one tale to the other". Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  7. ^ "...if, indeed, they are all essentially different stories." Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  8. ^ Dégh, Linda. Narratives in Society: A Performer-Centered Study of Narration. FF Communications 255. Pieksämäki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 1995. p. 41.
  9. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  10. ^ Merakles, Michales G. Studien zum griechischen Märchen. Eingeleitet, übers, und bearb. von Walter Puchner. (Raabser Märchen-Reihe, Bd. 9. Wien: Österr. Museum für Volkskunde, 1992. p. 144. ISBN 3-900359-52-0.
  11. ^ Alexander, Tamar. The Heart is a Mirror: The Sephardic Folktale. Raphael Patai series in Jewish folklore and anthropology. Wayne State University Press, 2008. pp. 366-367. ISBN 9780814329719.
  12. ^ "[...] Born from a Fish (Type 705). As in the tale of The Two Brothers (Type 303), a man catches a magic fish which he is to feed to his wife...". Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  13. ^ Lajoye, Patrice. "La conception du héros par ingestion. Un essai de typologie des versions eurasiatiques". In: Nouvelle Mythologie Comparée. numéro 5, 2019-2020. p. 10.
  14. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
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Further reading

General:

  • Bohler, Danielle, ed. (2011). La Souillure. doi:10.4000/books.pub.24036. ISBN 978-2-903440-92-3.
  • Bouchet, Florence; James-Raoul, Danièle, eds. (2015). Désir n'a repos. doi:10.4000/books.pub.15788. ISBN 979-10-91052-15-3.
  • Duggan, Anne E. "Persecuted Wife. Motifs S410-S441". In: Jane Garry and Hasan El-Shamy (eds.). Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature. A Handbook. Armonk / London: M.E. Sharpe, 2005. pp. 409–416.

The Maiden Without Hands:

  • Barbulescu, Corneliu. "The Maiden Without Hands: AT 706 in Romanian Folklore (1962)". In: Dégh, Linda. Studies In East European Folk Narrative. [s.l.]: American Folklore Society, 1978. pp. 319–365.
  • Baytchinska, Krassimira (2002). "Женският път към мъдростта („Девойката с отсечените ръце")" [Woman's Road to Wisdom ("The Maiden with Cut-off Arms")]. Български фолклор [Bulgarian Folklore] (in Bulgarian). Институт за етнология и фолклористика с Етнографски музей при БАН. XXVIII (3–4): 16–30.
  • Dundes, Alan (April 1987). "The Psychoanalytic Study of the Grimms' Tales with Special Reference to "The Maiden Without Hands" (AT 706)". The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory. 62 (2): 50–65. doi:10.1080/00168890.1987.9934192.
  • Gehrts, Heino. "Das Mädchen ohne Hände - Ein Märchen ohne Inzest". In: Märchenspiegel. Zeitschrift für internationale Märchenforschung und Märchenpflege (1995), H. 4, 13–15.
  • Jolicoeur, Catherine (1971). "BERNIER, Hélène, La fille aux mains coupées (conte-type 706). Québec, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1971, xii-192 p., 3 cartes, 1 schéma, 7 1/2 x 9 1/2 broché, (« Les Archives de Folklore » no 12) $10.00". Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française. 25 (3): 411. doi:10.7202/303100ar.
  • Lincoln, J. N. (July 1936). "The Legend of the Handless Maiden". Hispanic Review. 4 (3): 277–280. doi:10.2307/469919. JSTOR 469919.
  • Poorthuis, Marcel [in Dutch] (Apr 2023). "A Female Job: The Narrative about "the Girl Without Hands": Introducing the Story of Job in The Stories of the Prophets by the Turkish Author Al-Rabghūzī". NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion. 77 (1): 22–33. doi:10.5117/NTT2023.1.002.POOR.
  • Raufman, Ravit (2018). "The Affinity between Incest and Women's Mutilation in the Feminine Druze Versions of "The Maiden without Hands": An International Motif in a Local Context". Marvels & Tales. 32 (2): 265–295. doi:10.13110/marvelstales.32.2.0265. JSTOR 10.13110/marvelstales.32.2.0265. S2CID 191898531.

Our Lady's Child:

  • Belmont, Nicole (1988). "Vertu de discrétion et aveu de la faute A propos de la christianisation du conte type 710" (PDF). L'Homme. 28 (106): 226–236. doi:10.3406/hom.1988.368980.
  • Gehrts, Heino (de). "Das Marienkind - war's wirklich im Unrecht?". In: Märchenspiegel, 8 (1997), 2, 33–36.
  • Lacroix, Benoît (1973). "SCHMITZ, Nancy, La Mensongère (conte-type 710). Les Archives de Folklore, 14, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, Québec, 1972. Préface de Marie-Louise Tenèze. 310 p., graphiques et cartes (12). $12.00". Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française. 27 (3): 439. doi:10.7202/303296ar.

Crescentia:

  • Marzolph, Ulrich (2008). "Crescentia's Oriental Relatives: The 'Tale of the Pious Man and His Chaste Wife' in the 'Arabian Nights' and the Sources of Crescentia in Near Eastern Narrative Tradition". Marvels & Tales. 22 (2): 240–258. JSTOR 41388877.

Related tales:

  • Belmont, Nicole (2019). "Du bon usage des motifs légendaires. A propos du conte-type 713". Estudis de Literatura Oral Popular (in Catalan) (8): 11–23. doi:10.17345/elop201911-23. S2CID 213620914.
  • Dodds, Georges T. (2005). "Monkey-spouse sees children murdered, escapes to freedom!. A worldwide gathering and comparative analysis of Camarena-Chevalier type 714, II-IV tales". Estudos de Literatura Oral (11/12): 73–95. hdl:10400.1/1610.
  • Dodds, Georges T. (2007). "Monkey-spouse sees children murdered, escapes to freedom!: a worldwide gathering and comparative analysis of Camarena-Chevalier Type 714, II-IV tales". Estudos de Literatura Oral (13–14): 85–115. hdl:10400.1/1691.
  • Hansen, William (January 1996). "The Protagonist on the Pyre Herodotean Legend and Modern Folktale". Fabula. 37 (3–4): 272–285. doi:10.1515/fabl.1996.37.3-4.272. S2CID 162230417.
  • Laurent, Donatien (1982). "Brigitte, accoucheuse de la Vierge. Présentation d'un dossier". Le Monde alpin et rhodanien. Revue régionale d'ethnologie. 10 (1): 73–79. doi:10.3406/mar.1982.1143.

External links

  • Folktales of ATU type 706, "Girl Without Hands" by D. L. Ashliman
  • Other folktales of type ATU 706 at SurLaLune Fairy Tales
  • Folktales of ATU type 709, "Snow White" by D. L. Ashliman

May 19, 2023
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The Calumniated Wife is a motif in traditional narratives numbered K2110 1 in Stith Thompson s Motif Index of Folk Literature It entails a wife being falsely accused of and often punished for some crime or sin This motif is at the centre of a number of traditional plots being associated with tale types 705 712 in the Aarne Thompson Uther Index of tale types 1 a Contents 1 Overview 2 Tale types 2 1 ATU 705A Born of a Fruit Fish 2 1 1 Analysis 2 1 2 Distribution 2 1 3 Mythological parallels 2 2 ATU 706 The Maiden Without Hands 2 2 1 Origins 2 2 2 Distribution 2 2 3 Analysis 2 2 3 1 Motifs 2 2 4 Combinations 2 3 ATU 707 The Three Golden Children 2 4 ATU 708 The Wonder Child 2 5 ATU 709 Snow White 2 5 1 Distribution 2 5 2 Combinations 2 6 ATU 710 Our Lady s Child 2 6 1 Analysis 2 7 ATU 711 The Beautiful and the Ugly Twin Sisters 2 8 ATU 712 Crescentia 3 Related tales 3 1 ATU 706D St Wilgefortis and her Beard 3 2 ATU 709A The Sister of Nine Brothers 3 3 ATU 713 The Mother who did not Bear me but Nourished me 3 4 AT 714 The Stubborn Queen and her Son on Monkey Island 4 See also 5 Studies 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksOverview Edit The king finds a mysterious maiden in the woods Illustration for Mary s Child Before the edition of Antti Aarne s first folktale classification Svend Grundtvig developed and later Astrid Lunding translated a classification system for Danish folktales in comparison with other international compilations available at the time In this preliminary system four folktypes were grouped together based on essential characteristics folktypes 44 Den forskudte dronning og den talende fugl det syngende trae det rindende vand The Disowned Queen and the Talking Bird the Singing Tree the Flowing Water 45A Den stumme dronning The Mute Queen or The Fairy Godmother 45B Fodt af fisk Born from Fish and 46 Pigen uden haender The Maiden without Hands 3 The mother falsely accused of giving birth to strange children is in common between tale types 706 and 707 where the woman has married the king because she has said she would give birth to marvelous children as in The Dancing Water the Singing Apple and the Speaking Bird Princess Belle Etoile Ancilotto King of Provino The Wicked Sisters and The Three Little Birds 4 A related theme appears in Aarne Thompson type 710 where the heroine s children are stolen from her at birth leading to the slander that she killed them as in Mary s Child or The Lassie and Her Godmother 5 Stith Thompson remarked that the core narrative action of tale types ATU 705 ATU 706 ATU 707 and ATU 710 seemed so uniform as to transfer from one type to the other 6 However he glanced a possibility that these types may be further related to each other 7 In the same vein scholar Linda Degh suggested a common origin for tale types ATU 403 The Black and the White Bride ATU 408 The Three Oranges ATU 425 The Search for the Lost Husband ATU 706 The Maiden Without Hands and ATU 707 The Three Golden Sons since their variants cross each other constantly and because their blendings are more common than their keeping to their separate type outlines and even influence each other 8 b c d Tale types EditATU 705A Born of a Fruit Fish Edit Analysis Edit Comparative mythologist Patrice Lajoye and folklorist Stith Thompson both remarked on the similarity between the initial part of the tale type ATU 705A Born of a Fish with tale type ATU 303 The Twins or Blood Brothers a fisherman catches a fish in the sea and brings it home to his wife to eat Through the ingestion of the fish a miraculous gestation occurs and a child is born 12 13 Thompson described that the tale type involves a male pregnancy caused by the ingestion of the fish The pregnancy is carried on the father s thigh knee The child born of this unusual pregnancy a girl is carried off by birds and raised in a nest The maiden now an adult is found by a prince in the woods 14 15 16 This sequence exists as its own type in the Georgian Tale Index numbered 407 The Forest Girl the girl is born from the man s ankle and is raised on top of an oak tree or poplar by the eagle or the raven 17 At the end of the tale after the maiden is expelled from the palace she is summoned to the king s presence and narrates her tale in the form of a riddle or a story within a story by which the king recognizes her 18 19 Scholar Anna Angelopoulos sees the storyline as a process of humanization for the heroine of the tale albeit with participation of an evil female character the king s stepmother 15 Distribution Edit Stith Thompson in his book The Folktale claimed that the tale type was purely Scandinavian 20 since most of the available variants at the time were collected in Denmark 10 tales and Sweden 5 tales apart from 6 tales recorded in Greece and some tales sparsely collected in other countries 21 However Chilean folklorist Yolando Pino Saavedra es collected a Chilean tale with the initial episode of the male pregnancy with a fruit and his daughter being taken by an eagle to a treetop Saavedra supposed that if a variant exists in Chile then the tale type must exist in some form in Spain 22 e Also scholar Ornulf Hodne no in his book The Types of the Norwegian Folktale reported 3 Norwegian variants of type 705 Fiskebarnet The Fish Child 24 Further studies show a larger area of distribution of this tale type For example professor Hasan M El Shamy in Enzyklopadie des Marchens locates variants across the Mediterranean in North Africa in Asia Minor in the Middle East in the Near East even into Subsaharan Africa 25 In addition Anna Angelopoulou and Aigle Broskou editors of the Greek Folktale Catalogue list 55 variants found all over Greece 26 Scholars Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana remarked that the complete type with the episode of the ingestion of the fish is more common in Palestine 27 Mythological parallels Edit The unusual circumstances of the heroine s birth from a male body part are noted to resemble the births of Athena and Dionysus of Greek mythology 15 When analysing an Egyptian variant The Falcon s Daughter scholar Hasan M El Shamy saw that basic parts of the tale type found resonance with Ancient Egyptian religion the falcon represented solar deity Horus and the maiden on the tree Hathor a deity with solar traits believed to dwell in a holy sun tree the sycamore 28 29 30 31 32 f ATU 706 The Maiden Without Hands Edit This tale type is also known in folkloristics as belonging to the Constance cycle 34 Origins Edit The tale s origins according to the historical geographical study of Alexander H Krappe point to Eastern Europe 34 more precisely the tale is a migratory legend of Oriental i e Byzantine origin 35 On a similar note scholar Jack Zipes stated that motifs of Helene de Constantinopla including incest and bodily harm to the heroine stem from Byzantine and Greek tales and medieval legends 36 Professor Thomas Leek chronologically situates the birth of the story after the Fourth Crusade and the fragmentation of the then existent Byzantine Empire and suggests an interaction between eastern and western sources to form the tale 34 An early version of the tale type is said to be found in the compilation of The Arabian Nights 37 Versions of the tale were also known in medieval European literature since the 13th century 38 such as Manekine and Roman de la belle Helene de Constantinople from the 13th century 39 Another predecessor of the tale type is the Life of King Offa a European mediaeval tale that also shows that Offa s future wife has escaped an attempted incest by her father a motif close to Donkeyskin and variants 40 German scholar Ernst Tegethoff de suggested that the Normans mediated the transmission of the tale type between England and France 41 Distribution Edit Scholar Jack Haney stated that the tale type is widely distributed throughout Europe 37 Likewise researcher Theo Meder also stated that the tale can be found in the Middle East in Africa in India and in the Far East 42 According to Barbara Hillers tale type 706 also appears in Ireland and Scotland over a hundred variants are reported in the Irish Catalogue among them 46 from Kerry and 23 from Galway whereas nine are reported from Scotland as per an unpublished Catalogue of Scottish Folktales 43 The tale type is also present in the Russian tale corpus with the name Bezruchka The Girl Without Hands 44 A preliminary analysis by scholar Jack Haney points to 44 variants in Russia 37 A further analysis by Russian scholarship shows 50 variants some contaminated with tale type 707 44 Researcher Helene Bernier in her 1971 book about the tale type listed 48 variants in France 30 in Canada 18 in Quebec and 12 in the Provinces Maritimes and 5 in the United States 45 She concluded that the Franco Canadian versions were derived from oral versions of Brittany 42 Folklorist Jonas Balys lt reported 33 Lithuanian variants in his 1936 publication under the title Moteris nukirstomis rankomis 46 Romanian folklorist Corneliu Barbulescu tabulated 21 Romanian variants 9 from Transylvania 5 from Western Moldavia and 7 from Wallachia and 4 Macedo Romanian variants 47 Japanese scholar Kunio Yanagita listed some variants of The Girl Without Hands 手なし娘 Tenashi musume found in Japan 48 g Scholar Seki Keigo reported 33 variants in Japan and suggested a recent importation of the type into his country since he found no ancient literary version 50 Korean scholarship reports variants of the tale type in Korea with the name 손 없는 색시 Bride With no Hands 51 One variant of the tale type with the title The Girl with No Hands was collected from a Daghur source 52 Professor Charles R Bawden provided the summary of a Mongolian variant titled The Orphan Girl a man remarries a rich woman who gives birth to a son and becomes jealous of her step daughter So she lies to her husband that she has given birth to a litter of mice He orders two servants to kill his daughter and bring him her right hand but they cut off her hand and let her live The girl is found by a boy who marries her in secret She gives birth to his son while he is away but her step mother strikes again she falsifies a letter to tell the boy she has given birth to a monster The girl escapes with her son her hand is miraculously returned and she finds shelter with a beggar At the end of the tale her husband finds her and the family reunites 53 Variants have also been found in Africa 54 For instance Africanist Sigrid Schmidt asserted that the tale type 706 as well as types 707 Three Golden Children and 510 Cinderella found a home in Southern Africa for many generations 55 A line of scholarship argues for the existence of the tale type among Arctic peoples i e Inuit related to a legend about the origin of marine animal life 56 Analysis Edit Professor Jack Zipes states that the motif of the mutilation of a woman harks back to Antiquity and the mutilation of a daughter by a father occurs in tales about incest 57 As such remark scholars Anne Duggan and D L Ashliman in many variants of type ATU 706 the heroine is mutilated because she refuses her father s sexual advances 58 The female protagonist may lose her hands at the beginning of the story but regains them due to the divine intervention of a holy character such as the Virgin Mary 59 After the handless maiden is found by the prince king and marries him she is pregnant with child or with twins but her wicked mother in law writes her son his wife gave birth to a monster or to animals She is then banished to the forest with her sons 60 According to scholar Denise Paulme European versions of the tale type deal with the motif of the mother accused of giving birth to a monster in African variants the main theme involves the wrongdoings of a jealous co wife 61 This view is also supported by S Ruelland who published a study of 19 African variants of the tale type most of which contained the rivalry between cowives 62 Motifs Edit A motif that appears in some variants of the tale type is a thorn embedded in the body of the heroine s persecutor Helene Bernier s study on the tale type located the motif in Irish Breton and Canadian variants 45 Romanian folklorist Corneliu Barbulescu also found the motif in Romanian variants 63 Similar tales were collected in the United States 64 Algeria Argentina and Chile 65 66 The incident has been traced to Breton variants and is thought to derive ultimately from a Celtic source 67 Combinations Edit Professor Linda Degh stated that due to the proximity of the tales some versions of ATU 707 The Three Golden Children merge with episodes of type ATU 706 The Maiden Without Hands 68 In the same vein scholar Andreas John stated that type 706 in the East Slavic classification was clearly related to type 707 since the maiden loses her arm up to the elbow and the wonderful children show golden color in their arms up to the elbow 69 According to Hungarian ethnographer Akos Domotor tale type 706 A kalapvari kisasszony and 510B Csonkakezu lany are a well known combination in the Hungarian tale corpus 70 The Girl Without Hands Penta of the Chopped off Hands The One Handed Girl The Armless MaidenATU 707 The Three Golden Children Edit Ethnologist Verrier Elwin commented that the motif of jealous queens instead of jealous sisters is present in a polygamous context the queens replace the youngest queen s child children with animals or objects and accuse the woman of infidelity The queen is then banished and forced to work in a humiliating job As for the fate of the children they are either buried and become trees or are cast in the water river stream 71 In the same vein French ethnologue Paul Ottino fr noted that the motif of casting the children in the water vaguely resembles the Biblical story of Moses but in these stories the children are cast in a box in order to perish in the dangerous waters 72 In addition by analysing similar tales from Madagascar he concluded that the jealousy of the older co wives of the polygamous marriage motivate their attempt on the children and after the children are restored the co wives are duly punished paving the way for a monogamous family unit with the expelled queen 73 According to Daniel Aranda the tale type develops the narrative in two eras the tale of the calumniated wife as the first and the adventures of the children as the second wherein the mother becomes the object of their quest 74 The Dancing Water the Singing Apple and the Speaking Bird Ancilotto King of Provino Princess Belle Etoile and Prince Cheri The Three Little Birds The Bird of Truth The Water of Life Spanish fairy tale The Wicked Sisters The Tale of Tsar Saltan The Boys with the Golden Stars A String of Pearls Twined with Golden Flowers The Boy with the Moon on his Forehead The Hedgehog the Merchant the King and the Poor Man Silver Hair and Golden Curls Sun Moon and Morning Star The Golden Haired Children The Sisters Envious of Their Cadette Les Princes et la Princesse de Marinca Two Pieces of Nuts The Children with the Golden Locks The Pretty Little Calf The Rich Khan Badma The Story of Arab Zandiq The Bird that Spoke the Truth The Story of The Farmer s Three Daughters The Golden Fish The Wonder working Tree and the Golden Bird King Ravohimena and the Magic Grains Zarlik and Munglik Uzbek folktale The Child with a Moon on his Chest Sotho Dog and His Human Speech The Story of Lalpila Indian folktale Saat Bhai Champa The Youth and the Maiden with Stars on their Foreheads and Crescents on their Breasts Little Nightingale the Crier Maria Philippine fairy tale Molla Badji KiranmalaATU 708 The Wonder Child Edit In this tale type the heroine s evil stepmother curses her to give birth to a monster child the titular Wonder Child The son does possess magical powers and helps his mother when she is banished to the world at large Finally the heroine manages to find a human mate and her monstrous son changes into human form 75 76 74 According to the French folktale catalogue of Paul Delarue and Marie Louise Theneze tale type ATU 708 is less attested than type 707 but most of its variants are attested in Brittany 77 The tale type is also attested in Norway with the title Vidunderbarnet according to Ornulf Hodne no s The Types of the Norwegian Folktale with 14 variants recorded 78 In addition in his study Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman sv located it from Italy to Scandinavia and from Western Europe in Brittany Ireland and Scotland to Poland Hungary and Yugoslavia 79 ATU 709 Snow White Edit Distribution Edit This tale type is widespread in Europe in America in Africa and in some Turkic traditions 37 A primary analysis by Celtic folklorist Alfred Nutt in the 19th century established the tale type in Europe was distributed from the Balkan peninsula to Iceland and from Russia to Catalonia with the highest number of variants being found in Germany and Italy 80 In regards to the Turkic distribution of the tale parallels are also said to exist in Central Asia and Eastern Siberia among the Mongolians and Tungusian peoples 81 Studies by Sigrid Schmidt and Hasan El Shamy point to the presence of the tale type across the African continent North West Central East and Southeast often combined with other tale types 82 Combinations Edit According to scholarship the tale type ATU 709 Snow White appears combined or contaminated with closely related tales ATU 706 The Maiden Without Hands and ATU 707 The Three Golden Children 83 and even ATU 451 The Maiden who Seeks her Brothers or The Seven Ravens and ATU 480 The Kind and Unkind Girls 84 The tale also merges with other tales of the Persecuted Heroine genre a subcategory of tales postulated by scholar Steve Swann Jones a 85 Snow White Bella Venezia Myrsina Nourie Hadig Gold Tree and Silver Tree The Young Slave La petite Toute BelleATU 710 Our Lady s Child Edit The Virgin Mary halts the queen s execution by bringing the maiden s children In this tale type a poor peasant couple give their daughter to the Virgin Mary in more religious variants or to a kind fairy When the girl is under the tutelage of the magical or religious character the girl s curiosity impels her to take a gander inside a forbidden chamber against her benefactor s wishes Her godmother discovers the child s disobedience and expels her to the forest where she is found by a king 86 In the second part of the tale when the girl is found by the prince or king she cannot utter a single word either because she has made a vow of silence or because the shock of her experience with her caretaker has left her mute Under this lens the tale type shares similarities with ATU 451 The Maiden Who Seeks her Brothers e g The Six Swans wherein the heroine must promise to not say a word for a specific period of time as part of a spell to save her transformed brothers 87 Analysis Edit Scholarship suggests that the ambivalent character of the Virgin Mary both as a guardian and a merciless punisher of a girl may be due to Christian influence which superimposed Christian imagery onto the role previously held by fairies and other supernatural beings 88 In the same vein Stith Thompson mentioned that the heroine s benefactor pursuer may be the Virgin Mary a witch or even a man and this variation is reflected in defining the nature of the tale type a pious legend about the Virgin Mary or the story about a witch 89 Similarly Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman sv noted two cycles one involving the Virgin Mary and another involving a woman in Melusine form or a dark lady and he questioned the internal logic of the story since it would be uncharacteristic for the Virgin Mary to submit a child to such tribulations 90 Also he recognized a third tradition which exists in Sweden wherein the heroine s pursuer is a man named Grau mantel Gray Cloak 91 In some Slavic variants the role of the Virgin Mary is taken by a character named Jezibaba a variation on Baba Yaga the witch of Slavic folklore 92 Mary s Child The Lassie and Her Godmother The Goat Faced GirlATU 711 The Beautiful and the Ugly Twin Sisters Edit Tatterhood Kate CrackernutsATU 712 Crescentia Edit The story shows an Eastern origin with ancient literature attesting the episode such as the Book of Daniel and the Ramayana 93 The theme has also inspired tales and novellas about women s fidelity and chastity in the Middle Ages in highly fictionalized accounts of historical personages such as Bertrada Charlemagne s mother Other tales involve fictional queens and empresses 93 In this tale type the king s wife is accused of infidelity and abandoned in the woods with her sons in some variants She receives a magical plant of gift from the Virgin Mary and uses it to heal people Her husband finds her and they both reconcile 93 Scholar Ulrich Marzolph de points that the tale type ATU 712 is often connected with tale ATU 881 Oft Proved Fidelity 94 In addition the tale type is also connected to tale ATU 883A The Innocent Slandered Maiden 93 one of the most frequent tale types in Turkey 95 being also found in Greece Turkestan Palestine Egypt and the Balkans 95 Crescentia romance Related tales EditATU 706D St Wilgefortis and her Beard Edit A related tale to this cycle of stories is type ATU 706D St Wilgefortis and her Beard In some variants the protagonist is a male musician who plays to an image of the saint and receives a golden shoe as reward 96 The tale also appears as Die heilige Frau Kummernis de or as the legend of Saint Solicitous ATU 709A The Sister of Nine Brothers Edit A closely related type to ATU 709 Snow White 97 in this tale type the heroine who has been living with her brothers has to find a source of fire with a neighbour since her fire has been put out and finds a ghoul or ogress that gives her one later the ghoul or ogress comes after her and although it is killed one of its nails or tooth pierces the heroine s skin and she falls in a death like state her body is preserved in a glass case by her companions her brothers or storks until she is eventually brought back to life by a prince who marries her 98 In the second revision of the international type index Stith Thompson named it The Stork s Daughter a girl is abandoned in the forest but a flock of storks find her and raise her in a nest The story then segues into the episode of the borrowing of fire from the ghoul 99 ATU 713 The Mother who did not Bear me but Nourished me Edit French folklorist Paul Delarue drew attention to a series of tales he dubbed La mere qui ne m a pas porte mais m a nourri The Mother who did not Bear me but Nourished me and classified as type ATU 713 in the international Aarne Thompson Uther Index This type as analysed by Delarue and Nicole Belmont contains similarities to ATU 706 and ATU 708 wherein the heroine is expelled from home or from her village with her child 100 h According to scholarship the tale type is predominantly French since most of the known variants have been collected in Nivernais by Achille Millien and three come from Occitanie 100 i The heroine in some of the variants is called Brigite or a variation thereof 101 which hints at a connection to the legend of Irish Saint Brigid 100 AT 714 The Stubborn Queen and her Son on Monkey Island Edit Hispanists Julio Camarena and Maxime Chevalier fr identified another tale type which they termed type 714 La Reina Porfiada y su Hijo en la Isla de los Monos a queen is banished to a desert island in this island a monkey lives with the woman and she bears him a hybrid son the queen is rescued by a ship and the monkey kills its hybrid child 103 Variants of the proposed tale type are also found in Portuguese tradition 104 105 See also EditThe Horse Lurja The Golden EggplantStudies EditAarne Antti Thompson Stith The types of the folktale a classification and bibliography Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no 184 Helsinki Academia Scientiarum Fennica 1961 pp 240 248 Bernier Helene La fille aux mains coupees conte type 706 Quebec Les Presses de l Universite Laval 1971 Ashliman D L A Guide to Folktales in the English Language Based on the Aarne Thompson Classification System Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature vol 11 Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press 1987 pp 142 146 ISBN 0 313 25961 5 Bacchilega Cristina January 1993 An Introduction to the Innocent Persecuted Heroine Fairy Tale Western Folklore 52 1 1 12 doi 10 2307 1499490 JSTOR 1499490 Bawden C R September 1963 The Theme of the Calumniated Wife in Mongolian Popular Literature Folklore 74 3 488 497 doi 10 1080 0015587X 1963 9716922 Dan Ilana 1977 The Innocent Persecuted Heroine An Attempt at a Model for the Surface Level of the Narrative Structure of the Female Fairy Tale Patterns in Oral Literature pp 13 30 doi 10 1515 9783110810028 13 ISBN 978 90 279 7969 8 Stavsky Jonathan January 2013 Gode in all thynge The Erle of Tolous Susanna and the Elders and Other Narratives of Righteous Women on Trial Anglia 131 4 doi 10 1515 anglia 2013 0064 S2CID 163723306 Schmitz Nancy La Mensongere conte type 710 Les Archives de Folklore 14 Les Presses de l Universite Laval Quebec 1972 Preface de Marie Louise Teneze Jones Steven Swann January 1993 The Innocent Persecuted Heroine Genre An Analysis of Its Structure and Themes Western Folklore 52 1 13 41 doi 10 2307 1499491 JSTOR 1499491 Krappe Alexander Haggerty 1937 The Offa Constance Legend Anglia 1937 61 doi 10 1515 angl 1937 1937 61 361 S2CID 162566556 Orazio Veronica La fanciulla perseguitata motivo folclorico a struttura iterativa In Anafora Forme della ripetizione a cura di I Paccagnella et al Padova Esedra 2011 pp 77 97 Pephanes Giorgios P 2004 Diakeimenika kai an8rwpologika stoixeia sthn Eygena toy 8eodwroy Montseleze PDF Ellhnika 54 2 273 309 Schlauch Margaret Chaucer s Constance and Accused Queens New York New York University 1927 Repr New York AMS 1973 ISBN 9780404056049 Uther Hans Jorg 2004 The Types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Academia Scientiarum Fennica pp 377 387 ISBN 978 951 41 0963 8 Wood J 1985 The Calumniated Wife in Medieval Welsh Literature The Calumniated Wife in Medieval Welsh Literature 10 25 38 INIST 11905234 Zipes Jack 2012 The Tales of Innocent Persecuted Heroines and Their Neglected Female Storytellers and Collector The Irresistible Fairy Tale The Cultural and Social History of a Genre Princeton University Press pp 80 108 ISBN 978 0 691 15338 4 JSTOR j ctt7sknm 10 Footnotes Edit a b Scholar Steven Swann postulated that these tales are part of a larger block of stories that he called The Innocent Persecuted Heroine Other tales types he included in this group belonging to the section of Tales of Magic are AT 310 Rapunzel AT 403 The Black and White Bride AT 410 Sleeping Beauty AT 437 The Supplanted Bride The Neddle Prince AT 450 Little Brother and Little Sister AT 480 The Kind and Unkind Girls AT 500 Rumpelstiltskin AT 510A Cinderella AT 510B Cap o Rushes AT 511 One Eye Two Eyes Three Eyes the last three grouped together due to their close relations and AT 533 The Speaking Horsehead Falada Apart from this selection the following types are highlighted among the Realistic Tales as belonging to this classification AT 870 The Princess Confined in the Mound AT 870A The Little Goose Girl AT 883A The Innocent Slandered Maiden and AT 923 Love Like Salt King Lear 2 On a related note Stith Thompson commented that the episode of the heroine bribing the false bride for three nights with her husband occurs in variants of types ATU 425 and ATU 408 9 For instance professor Michael Meraklis commented that despite the general stability of tale type AaTh 403A in Greek variants the tale sometimes appeared mixed up with tale type AaTh 408 The Girl in the Citrus Fruit 10 Scholar Tamar Alexander noted that in some variants of Cinderella the heroine s beautification results in her producing pearls and leaving strips of gold and silver with every step according to her a parallel that appears with the wonder children in type 707 the boy with a silver star on the brow and a girl whose bathwater turns to gold 11 In that regard at least two Bolivian variants were collected and published in the 1980s Both tales begin with the heroine being born from the man s body after he drinks from a bottle in the first tale after ingesting some herbs in the second and a condor takes the baby girl to raise 23 However an opposite view is held by Nils Billing who states that sarcophagus iconography depicts Hathor in a garden or surrounded by trees not as a tree 33 Professor Yanagita mentioned this was one of the tales speculated to have been imported into Japan and even remarked that everything of the Japanese variant can be found in foreign lands 49 Je propose de lui attribuer au voisinage des contes types de la serie the banished wife or maiden I propose to attribute it number 713 next to the series the banished wife or maiden 101 Another 5 French variants exist from Southwestern France and Herault and one from Mallorca 102 References Edit Raynaud Jean 1984 Macario une version franco italienne de la Chanson de la Reine Sebile Reforme Humanisme Renaissance 19 1 73 79 Jones Steven Swann January 1993 The Innocent Persecuted Heroine Genre An Analysis of Its Structure and Themes Western Folklore 52 1 13 41 doi 10 2307 1499491 JSTOR 1499491 Lunding Astrid The System of Tales in the Folklore Collection of Copenhagen In Folklore Fellows Communications FFC nº 2 1910 pp 17 18 Stith Thompson The Folktale p 121 2 University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London 1977 Stith Thompson The Folktale p 122 3 University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London 1977 The main action of the four tales which we have just examined the discovery of the persecuted maiden in the woods or a tree her marriage to the king the slander concerning the birth of her children the loss of the children the abandonment of the queen the eventual discovery of the truth and the reunion of the family is so uniform that there has been much transfer from one tale to the other Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 123 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 if indeed they are all essentially different stories Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 123 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Degh Linda Narratives in Society A Performer Centered Study of Narration FF Communications 255 Pieksamaki Finnish Academy of Science and Letters 1995 p 41 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 117 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Merakles Michales G Studien zum griechischen Marchen Eingeleitet ubers und bearb von Walter Puchner Raabser Marchen Reihe Bd 9 Wien Osterr Museum fur Volkskunde 1992 p 144 ISBN 3 900359 52 0 Alexander Tamar The Heart is a Mirror The Sephardic Folktale Raphael Patai series in Jewish folklore and anthropology Wayne State University Press 2008 pp 366 367 ISBN 9780814329719 Born from a Fish Type 705 As in the tale of The Two Brothers Type 303 a man catches a magic fish which he is to feed to his wife Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 123 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Lajoye Patrice La conception du heros par ingestion Un essai de typologie des versions eurasiatiques In Nouvelle Mythologie Comparee numero 5 2019 2020 p 10 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 123 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 a b c Angelopoulos Anna 31 December 2013 Les comptines a caractere enigmatique dans le conte de tradition orale Estudis de Literatura Oral Popular 2 9 22 doi 10 17345 elop20139 22 Uther Hans Jorg The types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson Volume 1 Animal tales tales of magic religious tales and realistic tales with an introduction Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Academia Scientiarum Fennica 2004 p 377 ISBN 9789514109560 Kurdovanidze Teimuraz Botsvadze Tsisana Zhamutashvili Maia Chichinadze Sofie 2000 The index of Georgian folktale plot types systematic directory according to the system of Aarne Thompson Tbilisi Merani pp 39 40 Liungman Waldemar Die Schwedischen Volksmarchen Herkunft und Geschichte Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2022 1961 p 193 https doi org 10 1515 9783112618004 Angelopoulos Anna and Kaplanoglou Marianthi Greek Magic Tales aspects of research in Folklore Studies and Anthropology In FF Network 2013 Vol 43 p 15 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 186 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Aarne Antti Thompson Stith The types of the folktale a classification and bibliography Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no 184 Helsinki Academia Scientiarum Fennica 1961 p 240 Pino Saavedra Yolando Cuentos folkloricos de Chile Tomo II Santiago Chile Editorial Universitaria 1961 pp 316 317 Cuento popular andino Bolivia Quito Instituto Andino de Artes Populares IADAP 1983 pp 76 81 Hodne Ornulf The Types of the Norwegian Folktale Universitetsforlaget 1984 p 152 Frontmatter Enzyklopadie des Marchens Band 4 Ente Forster 1984 doi 10 1515 9783110886276 fm ISBN 978 3 11 088627 6 Angelopoulou Anna Brouskou Aigle CATALOGUE RAISONNE DES CONTES GRECS TYPES ET VERSIONS AT700 749 ARCHIVES GEORGES A MEGAS CATALOGUE DU CONTE GREC 2 Athenes CENTRE DE RECHERCHES NEOHELLENIQUES FONDATION NATIONALE DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE 1995 p 52 ISBN 960 7138 13 9 Muhawi Ibrahim and Sharif Kanaana Speak Bird Speak Again Palestinian Arab Folktales Berkeley University of California Press 1989 p 330 ISBN 0 520 06292 2 Dorson Richard M Folktales told around the world Chicago London University of Chicago Press 1978 p 159 ISBN 0 226 15874 8 Buhl Marie Louise 1947 The Goddesses of the Egyptian Tree Cult Journal of Near Eastern Studies 6 2 80 97 doi 10 1086 370820 JSTOR 542585 S2CID 161368920 Amongst the ancient Egyptians trees were enthusiastically worshipped as the homes of various divinities The splendid green sycamores were accounted divine and earnestly worshipped by Egyptians of every rank The most famous of these sycamores the sycamore of the South was regarded as the living body of Hathor upon earth Philpot Mrs J H 1897 The Sacred Tree or the tree in religion and myth London MacMillan amp Co pp 9 10 Hathor Aserah 1986 pp 217 221 doi 10 1163 9789004369436 017 ISBN 978 1 55540 046 0 Yakar Jak December 1974 The Twin Shrines of Beycesultan Anatolian Studies 24 151 161 doi 10 2307 3642606 JSTOR 3642606 S2CID 178331447 Billing Nils 2004 Writing an Image The Formulation of the Tree Goddess Motif in the Book of the Dead Ch 59 Studien zur Altagyptischen Kultur 32 35 50 JSTOR 25152905 a b c Leek Thomas 2012 On the Question of Orality behind Medieval Romance The Example of the Constance Group Folklore 123 3 293 309 doi 10 1080 0015587X 2012 716577 JSTOR 41721561 S2CID 162381914 Krappe Alexander Haggerty 1937 The Offa Constance Legend Anglia 1937 61 doi 10 1515 angl 1937 1937 61 361 S2CID 162566556 Pitre Giuseppe Zipes Jack David Russo Joseph The collected Sicilian folk and fairy tales of Giuseppe Pitre New York Routledge 2013 2009 p 847 ISBN 9781136094347 a b c d Haney Jack V 2015 Commentaries The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume II Black Art and the Neo Ancestral Impulse University Press of Mississippi pp 536 556 ISBN 978 1 4968 0278 1 Marzolph Ulrich van Leewen Richard The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia Vol I California ABC Clio 2004 p 452 ISBN 1 85109 640 X e book Trinquet Charlotte Le conte de fees francais 1690 1700 Traditions italiennes et origines aristocratiques Narr Verlag 2012 p 216 ISBN 978 3 8233 6692 8 Gardner Fletcher Newell W W October 1906 Filipino Tagalog Versions of Cinderella The Journal of American Folklore 19 75 265 doi 10 2307 534434 JSTOR 534434 Tegethoff Ernst Franzosische Volksmarchen Zweiter Band Aus neueren Sammlungen Jena Eugen Diederichs 1923 pp 324 325 a b Meder Theo Het meisje zonder handen In Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan Lexicon van sprookjes ontstaan ontwikkeling variaties 1ste druk Ton Dekker amp Jurjen van der Kooi amp Theo Meder Kritak Sun 1997 p 243 Hillers Barbara 2011 The Knight of the Green Cloak and Other Irish Folklore Marvels in Harvard Libraries Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 31 137 157 JSTOR 41759259 a b Evgenevna Dobrovolskaya Varvara 2020 Syuzhetnyj tip SUS 706 Bezruchka v russkoj skazochnoj tradicii doi 10 24411 9999 022A 2020 00014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Bernier Nancy 1971 Helene BERNIER La fille aux mains coupees Recherches Sociographiques 12 3 399 400 doi 10 7202 055553ar Balys Jonas Lietuviu pasakojamosios tautosakos motyvu katalogas Motif index of Lithuanian narrative folk lore Tautosakos darbai Folklore studies Vol II Kaunas Lietuviu tautosakos archyvo leidinys 1936 p 69 Barbulescu Corneliu The Maiden Without Hands AT 706 in Romanian Folklore 1962 In Degh Linda Studies In East European Folk Narrative s l American Folklore Society 1978 pp 319 365 Yanagita Kunio Translated by Fanny Hagin Meyer 1986 Yanagita Kunio Guide to the Japanese Folk Tale Indiana University Press pp 58 59 ISBN 0 253 36812 X Yanagita Kunio Translated by Fanny Hagin Meyer 1986 Yanagita Kunio Guide to the Japanese Folk Tale Indiana University Press pp xxiii 59 ISBN 0 253 36812 X Seki Keigo Folktales of Japan Translated by Robert J Adams University of Chicago Press 1963 pp 98 99 ISBN 9780226746142 The National Folk Museum of Korea South Korea Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture Vol III 길잡이미디어 2014 pp 248 249 Kevin Stuart Xuewei Li Shelear China s Dagur Minority Society Shamanism amp Folklore University of Pennsylvania Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 1994 pp 134 135 Bawden C R September 1963 The Theme of the Calumniated Wife in Mongolian Popular Literature Folklore 74 3 488 497 doi 10 1080 0015587X 1963 9716922 Tremearne Arthur John Newman Hausa superstitions and customs an introduction to the folk lore and the folk London Bale 1913 p 322 Schmidt Sigrid 1995 Review of The World and the Word Anthropos 90 1 3 311 313 JSTOR 40463177 Alaktif Jamila Callens Stephane 2020 Migration and Climate Change doi 10 1002 9781119751144 ISBN 978 1 78630 479 7 S2CID 225757635 The Robber with a Witch s Head Translated by Zipes Jack Collected by Laura Gozenbach Routledge 2004 pp 215 216 ISBN 0 415 97069 5 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Ashliman D L and Duggan Anne E Incest Various Motifs in A and T In Jane Garry and Hasan El Shamy eds Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature A Handbook Armonk London M E Sharpe 2005 p 435 Lajoye Patrice 18 October 2010 Panagia Tricherousa A Celtic Myth among the Slavic Popular Beliefs Studia mythologica Slavica 13 249 doi 10 3986 sms v13i0 1651 Latry Vergniaud Marie Claire Le Pardon des Sept Saints a Vieux Marche en Plouaret Cotes d Armor In Entre Orient et Occident La Legende des Sept Dormants Garona Cahiers du CECAES n 18 Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux dec 2007 p 134 ISBN 9782867814860 Paulme Denise 1972 Morphologie du conte africain PDF Cahiers d etudes africaines 12 45 131 163 doi 10 3406 cea 1972 2775 Alvarez Pereyre Franck 1974 Ruelland S La fille sans mains Journal des Africanistes 44 2 215 216 Barbulescu Corneliu The Maiden Without Hands AT 706 in Romanian Folklore 1962 In Degh Linda Studies In East European Folk Narrative s l American Folklore Society 1978 pp 325 326 328 330 331 Thomas Rosemary Hyde It s good to tell you French folktales from Missouri Columbia University of Missouri Press 1981 pp 133 138 English translation 139 142 Franco Missourian text Pino Saavedra Yolando Cuentos folkloricos de Chile Tomo II Santiago Chile Editorial Universitaria 1961 p 318 Lenz Rodolfo 1912 Un grupo de consejas chilenas Los anales de la Universidad de Chile in Spanish Vol Tomo CXXIX Santiago de Chile Imprenta Cervantes pp 37 48 Ermacora Davide 2 July 2020 Botanical Bosom Serpent Traditions Folklore 131 3 244 267 doi 10 1080 0015587X 2019 1690258 S2CID 221538859 Degh Linda 1996 Hungarian Folktales The Art of Zsuzsanna Palko New York and London Garland Publishing p 249 ISBN 0 8153 1337 3 Johns Andreas 2010 Baba Yaga The Ambiguous Mother and Witch of the Russian Folktale New York Peter Lang p 244 ISBN 978 0 8204 6769 6 Domotor Akos Sarkadi Nepmesek A Gyulai Erkel Ferenc Muzeum Kiadvanyai 34 36 Gyula 1962 p 94 Elwin Verrier Folk tales of Mahakoshal London Pub for Man in India by H Milford Oxford University Press 1944 pp 189 193 Ottino Paul L abandon aux eaux et L introduction de l Islam en Indonesie et a Madagascar In Paul Ottino ed Etudes sur l Ocean Indien Les cahiers de l Universite de la Reunion Saint Denis de la Reunion 1984 pp 195 196 Ottino Paul Le theme indo malgache des enfants abandonnes aux eaux In Paul Ottino ed Etudes sur l Ocean Indien Les cahiers de l Universite de la Reunion Saint Denis de la Reunion 1984 pp 187 189 a b Aranda Daniel 15 December 2011 Anthropologie et narratologie croisees a propos des heros de conte folklorique Pratiques 151 152 89 100 doi 10 4000 pratiques 1795 Aarne Antti Thompson Stith The types of the folktale a classification and bibliography Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no 184 Helsinki Academia Scientiarum Fennica 1961 pp 244 245 Uther Hans Jorg 2004 The Types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Academia Scientiarum Fennica p 383 ISBN 978 951 41 0963 8 Milin Gael 1990 La legende bretonne de Saint Azenor et les variantes medievales du conte de la femme calomniee elements pour une archeologie du motif du bateau sans voiles et sans rames In Memoires de la Societe d Histoire et d Archeologie de Bretagne 67 p 311 Hodne Ornulf The Types of the Norwegian Folktale Universitetsforlaget 1984 p 153 Liungman Waldemar 1961 Die Schwedischen Volksmarchen Herkunft und Geschichte Berlin Boston De Gruyter p 198 doi 10 1515 9783112618004 ISBN 9783112618004 S2CID 250711307 Nutt Alfred The Lai of Eliduc and the Marchen of Little Snow White In Folk Lore Volume 3 London David Nutt 1892 p 30 Backer Jorg December 2008 Zhaos Mergen und Zhanglihua Kato Weibliche Initiation Schamanismus und Barenkult in einer daghuro mongolischen Schneewittchen Vorform Fabula 49 3 4 288 324 doi 10 1515 FABL 2008 022 S2CID 161591972 Schmidt Sigrid December 2008 Snow White in Africa Fabula 49 3 4 268 287 doi 10 1515 FABL 2008 021 S2CID 161823801 Oriol Carme December 2008 The Innkeeper s Beautiful Daughter A Study of Sixteen Romance Language Versions of ATU 709 Fabula 49 3 4 246 253 254 doi 10 1515 FABL 2008 019 S2CID 162252358 Domokos Mariann 2020 A Holeany tortenete Egy Grimm mese megjelenese a magyar nyelvu nyomtatott irasbelisegben es a folklorban Doromb 7 Szerk Csorsz Rumen Istvan Artese Charlotte Shakespeare s Folktale Sources University of Delaware Press 2015 p 194 ISBN 978 1 61149 556 0 Ashliman D L Tabu Forbidden Chambers Motif C611 In Jane Garry and Hasan El Shamy eds Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature A Handbook Armonk London M E Sharpe 2005 pp 118 119 Slekonyte Jurate 2015 Lietuviu pasaku tyrimu simtmetis nuo tradicines komparatyvistikos iki siuolaikiniu metodu Tautosakos darbai 123 144 doi 10 51554 TD 2015 29009 S2CID 253532111 Slekonyte Jurate Svc Mergele Marija lietuviu liaudies pasakoje Dievo Motinos augintine Blessed Virgin Mary in the Lithuanian folk tale Our Lady s child In Virgo venerabilis Marijos paveikslas Lietuvos kulturoje sudarytoja Gabija Surdokaite Vilnius Lietuvos kulturos tyrimu institutas 2011 pp 125 244 ISBN 9789955868361 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press pp 122 123 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Liungman Waldemar Die Schwedischen Volksmarchen Herkunft und Geschichte Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2022 1961 p 203 https doi org 10 1515 9783112618004 004 Liungman Waldemar Die Schwedischen Volksmarchen Herkunft und Geschichte Berlin Boston De Gruyter 2022 1961 p 204 https doi org 10 1515 9783112618004 004 Johns Andreas Baba Yaga The Ambiguous Mother and Witch of the Russian Folktale New York Peter Lang 2010 2004 p 311 ISBN 978 0 8204 6769 6 a b c d Campos Camino Noia 2015 Contes de la femme convoitee et calomniee A propos de la classification de contes nouvelles Estudis de Literatura Oral Popular 4 81 93 doi 10 17345 elop201581 93 Marzolph Ulrich van Leewen Richard The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia Vol I California ABC Clio 2004 p 167 ISBN 1 85109 640 X e book a b Neuman Dov 1954 Review of Typen Tuerkischer Volksmaerchen Midwest Folklore 4 4 254 259 JSTOR 4317494 Folktales and Fairy Tales Traditions and Texts from around the World 2nd edition Edited by Anne E Duggan and Donald Haase with Helen J Callow Volume II ABC CLIO 2016 p 679 ISBN 978 1 61069 253 3 Artese Charlotte Shakespeare and the Folktale An Anthology of Stories Princeton University Press 2019 p 250 ISBN 9780691197920 Uther Hans Jorg The types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson Volume 1 Animal tales tales of magic religious tales and realistic tales with an introduction Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Academia Scientiarum Fennica 2004 p 384 ISBN 9789514109560 Aarne Antti Thompson Stith The types of the folktale a classification and bibliography Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no 184 Helsinki Academia Scientiarum Fennica 1961 p 246 a b c Belmont Nicole Biebuyck Brunhilde 1983 Myth and Folklore in Connection with AT 403 and 713 Journal of Folklore Research 20 2 3 185 196 JSTOR 3814531 a b Delarue Paul January 1959 Le conte de Brigitte la maman qui m a pas fait mais m a nourri Fabula 2 2 254 264 doi 10 1515 fabl 1959 2 2 254 S2CID 201850769 Nieres Chevrel Isabelle 15 March 2021 Petit Poucet reveur La poesie des contes merveilleux Strenae 17 doi 10 4000 strenae 6088 S2CID 233626541 Camarena Julio Chevalier Maxime Cuento Tipo 714 La Reina Porfiada y su Hijo en la Isla de los Monos In Catalogo Tipologico del Cuento Folklorico Espanol Cuentos Maravillosos Madrid Gredos 1995 734 736 Contos Maravilhosos Adversarios Sobrenaturais 300 99 in Portuguese p 183 Archived from the original on June 29 2022 Correia Paulo Jorge CONTOS TRADICIONAIS PORTUGUESES com as versoes analogas dos paises lusofonos IELT Instituto de Estudos de Literatura e Tradicao Faculdade de Ciencias Sociais e Humanas Universidade NOVA de Lisboa 2021 p 131 ISBN 978 989 8968 08 1 Further reading EditGeneral Bohler Danielle ed 2011 La Souillure doi 10 4000 books pub 24036 ISBN 978 2 903440 92 3 Bouchet Florence James Raoul Daniele eds 2015 Desir n a repos doi 10 4000 books pub 15788 ISBN 979 10 91052 15 3 Duggan Anne E Persecuted Wife Motifs S410 S441 In Jane Garry and Hasan El Shamy eds Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature A Handbook Armonk London M E Sharpe 2005 pp 409 416 The Maiden Without Hands Barbulescu Corneliu The Maiden Without Hands AT 706 in Romanian Folklore 1962 In Degh Linda Studies In East European Folk Narrative s l American Folklore Society 1978 pp 319 365 Baytchinska Krassimira 2002 Zhenskiyat pt km mdrostta Devojkata s otsechenite rce Woman s Road to Wisdom The Maiden with Cut off Arms Blgarski folklor Bulgarian Folklore in Bulgarian Institut za etnologiya i folkloristika s Etnografski muzej pri BAN XXVIII 3 4 16 30 Dundes Alan April 1987 The Psychoanalytic Study of the Grimms Tales with Special Reference to The Maiden Without Hands AT 706 The Germanic Review Literature Culture Theory 62 2 50 65 doi 10 1080 00168890 1987 9934192 Gehrts Heino Das Madchen ohne Hande Ein Marchen ohne Inzest In Marchenspiegel Zeitschrift fur internationale Marchenforschung und Marchenpflege 1995 H 4 13 15 Jolicoeur Catherine 1971 BERNIER Helene La fille aux mains coupees conte type 706 Quebec Les Presses de l Universite Laval 1971 xii 192 p 3 cartes 1 schema 7 1 2 x 9 1 2 broche Les Archives de Folklore no 12 10 00 Revue d histoire de l Amerique francaise 25 3 411 doi 10 7202 303100ar Lincoln J N July 1936 The Legend of the Handless Maiden Hispanic Review 4 3 277 280 doi 10 2307 469919 JSTOR 469919 Poorthuis Marcel in Dutch Apr 2023 A Female Job The Narrative about the Girl Without Hands Introducing the Story of Job in The Stories of the Prophets by the Turkish Author Al Rabghuzi NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion 77 1 22 33 doi 10 5117 NTT2023 1 002 POOR Raufman Ravit 2018 The Affinity between Incest and Women s Mutilation in the Feminine Druze Versions of The Maiden without Hands An International Motif in a Local Context Marvels amp Tales 32 2 265 295 doi 10 13110 marvelstales 32 2 0265 JSTOR 10 13110 marvelstales 32 2 0265 S2CID 191898531 Our Lady s Child Belmont Nicole 1988 Vertu de discretion et aveu de la faute A propos de la christianisation du conte type 710 PDF L Homme 28 106 226 236 doi 10 3406 hom 1988 368980 Gehrts Heino de Das Marienkind war s wirklich im Unrecht In Marchenspiegel 8 1997 2 33 36 Lacroix Benoit 1973 SCHMITZ Nancy La Mensongere conte type 710 Les Archives de Folklore 14 Les Presses de l Universite Laval Quebec 1972 Preface de Marie Louise Teneze 310 p graphiques et cartes 12 12 00 Revue d histoire de l Amerique francaise 27 3 439 doi 10 7202 303296ar Crescentia Marzolph Ulrich 2008 Crescentia s Oriental Relatives The Tale of the Pious Man and His Chaste Wife in the Arabian Nights and the Sources of Crescentia in Near Eastern Narrative Tradition Marvels amp Tales 22 2 240 258 JSTOR 41388877 Related tales Belmont Nicole 2019 Du bon usage des motifs legendaires A propos du conte type 713 Estudis de Literatura Oral Popular in Catalan 8 11 23 doi 10 17345 elop201911 23 S2CID 213620914 Dodds Georges T 2005 Monkey spouse sees children murdered escapes to freedom A worldwide gathering and comparative analysis of Camarena Chevalier type 714 II IV tales Estudos de Literatura Oral 11 12 73 95 hdl 10400 1 1610 Dodds Georges T 2007 Monkey spouse sees children murdered escapes to freedom a worldwide gathering and comparative analysis of Camarena Chevalier Type 714 II IV tales Estudos de Literatura Oral 13 14 85 115 hdl 10400 1 1691 Hansen William January 1996 The Protagonist on the Pyre Herodotean Legend and Modern Folktale Fabula 37 3 4 272 285 doi 10 1515 fabl 1996 37 3 4 272 S2CID 162230417 Laurent Donatien 1982 Brigitte accoucheuse de la Vierge Presentation d un dossier Le Monde alpin et rhodanien Revue regionale d ethnologie 10 1 73 79 doi 10 3406 mar 1982 1143 External links EditFolktales of ATU type 706 Girl Without Hands by D L Ashliman Other folktales of type ATU 706 at SurLaLune Fairy Tales Folktales of ATU type 709 Snow White by D L Ashliman Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Calumniated Wife amp oldid 1155575840, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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