Butyriboletus regius
Butyriboletus regius (formerly Boletus regius), commonly known as the royal bolete or red-capped butter bolete, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Butyriboletus found in China and Europe. B. regius has a pink cap, yellow flesh, and a reticulate pattern on the stem.[1] Harry D. Thiers described a similar mushroom from California as B. regius,[2] though it is not the same species. B. regius in Europe does not stain when exposed to air,[1] or stains weakly,[3] but the California species stains blue.[4] Both European and California species are considered choice edibles.[5]
| Butyriboletus regius | |
|---|---|
| Butyriboletus regius in Austria | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | Butyriboletus |
| Species: | B. regius |
| Binomial name | |
| Butyriboletus regius | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
| Butyriboletus Regius | |
|---|---|
| Pores on hymenium | |
| Cap is convex | |
| Hymenium is adnexed | |
| Stipe is bare | |
| Spore print is olive-brown | |
| Ecology is mycorrhizal | |
| Edibility is choice | |
Taxonomy edit
The species was first described and illustrated by Julius Vincenz von Krombholz in 1832.[6] Common names for the mushroom include the red-capped butter bolete[4] and the royal bolete.[7]
Butyriboletus regius was formerly classified as a member of the section Appendiculati of the genus Boletus.[8] Molecular analysis demonstrated that this and related "butter bolete" species, including Boletus appendiculatus, are phylogenetically distinct from Boletus, and the new genus Butyriboletus was created to contain them.[9]
Description edit
The fruit bodies of Butyriboletus regius have caps that are initially convex before flattening out in maturity, reaching a diameter of 7–20 cm (2.8–7.9 in) wide. The cap surface is pink to red, occasionally with hints of yellow or brown, more so around the margin. Initially velvety to slightly tomentose (hairy) when young, these minute hairs tend to slough off with age, and the cap develops wrinkles and pits. The cap flesh is yellow, and slowly and erratically bruises blue in North American specimens. The pores on the underside of the cap are angular, and measure about 1–2 per millimetre. The color of the pore surface is bright yellow to start, but eventually darkens somewhat, and will stain blue with damage. The depth of the tubes comprising the pores extends to 0.8–2.5 cm (0.3–1.0 in).[4]
The stem measures 5–13 cm (2.0–5.1 in) long by 2.5–5 cm (1.0–2.0 in) thick, and typically has a thick, bulbous base. It is solid (i.e., not hollow), and a bright yellow color, often with reddish tones, particularly near the base of the stem. The stem surface can be covered with fine yellow reticulations either throughout its length, or just on the upper portion. Butyriboletus regius produces an olive-brown spore print. Its smooth, hyaline (translucent) spores are roughly elliptical to somewhat fusoid (wider in the middle and tapering toward the ends) to more or less cylindrical, and have dimensions of 12–17 by 4–5 μm.[4]
Chemical tests can be used to help identify Butyriboletus regius in the field. The cap cuticle will stain a pale purple color if FeSO4 is applied; this same test will turn the flesh grayish.[4]
Habitat and distribution edit
Butyriboletus regius is an ectomycorrhizal species with a broad host range,[10] and associates with oak and conifers, particularly fir. Fruit bodies grow singly, scattered about, or grouped together. In North America, they usually appear from August to November, although they also appear between May and June. The North American distribution includes the Pacific Northwest states of California, Oregon, and Washington, where its frequency of occurrence ranges from "rare to locally abundant".[4] It is rare in Europe, appearing on the Regional Red List of several countries,[11] and is considered endangered in the Czech Republic.[12] The species has also been recorded from China.[13]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b Assyov, Boris. "Boletus regius Krombh". Boletales.com. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
- ^ Thiers, Harry D. (1975). California Mushrooms: A Field Guide to the Boletes. New York, New York: Hafner Press.
- ^ Ellis J.P. (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. Springer. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-412-36970-4.
- ^ a b c d e f Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000). North American Boletes. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1.
- ^ Wood, Michael; Stevens, Fred. . California Fungi. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
- ^ von Krombholz J.V. (1832). Naturgetreue Abblidungen und Beschreibungen der essbaren, schädlichen und verdächtigen Schwämme [Realistic Illustrations and Descriptions of Edible, Harmful, and Suspicious Fungi] (in German). Vol. 2. Prague: In Commission in der J. G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, 1831–1846. p. 3, t. 7.
- ^ (PDF). British Mycological Society. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
- ^ Snell, Walter; Dick, Esther A. (1970). The Boleti of Northeastern North America. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer. pp. 74–5. ISBN 978-0854860166.
- ^ Arora D, Frank JL (2014). "Clarifying the butter Boletes: a new genus, Butyriboletus, is established to accommodate Boletus sect. Appendiculati, and six new species are described". Mycologia. 106 (3): 464–80. doi:10.3852/13-052. PMID 24871600. S2CID 207708824.
- ^ Smith SE, Read DJ (2008). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-12-370526-6.
- ^ Koune J.-P. (2001). Threatened Mushrooms in Europe. Council of Europe. p. 29. ISBN 978-92-871-4666-3.
- ^ Mikšik M. (2012). "Rare and protected species of boletes of the Czech Republic". Field Mycology. 13 (1): 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2011.12.003.
- ^ Chiu W.F. (1948). "The boletes of Yunnan". Mycologia. 40 (2): 199–231 (see p. 224). doi:10.2307/3755085. JSTOR 3755085.
External links edit
- Media related to Butyriboletus regius at Wikimedia Commons
- Butyriboletus regius in Index Fungorum