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Boreoeutheria

August 26, 2023

Boreoeutheria (/boʊˌriːoʊjuːˈθɛriə/, "northern true beasts") is a magnorder of placental mammals that groups together superorders Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.[1][2][5] With a few exceptions[a] male animals in the clade have a scrotum, an ancestral feature of the clade.[6][7] The sub-clade Scrotifera was named after this feature.[8]

Boreoeutheria
Temporal range: Paleocene–Recent
From top to right: European hedgehog, Lyle's flying fox, Siberian tiger, Indian pangolin, Red deer and White rhino. Representing the orders: Eulipotyphla, Chiroptera, Carnivora, Pholidota, Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla, comprising Laurasiatheria.
From top to left: Sunda colugo, Desmarest's hutia, Lar gibbon, European hare, Brown rat, Common treeshrew, Ring-tailed lemur, and Human playing with Rabbit. Representing the orders: Dermoptera, Rodentia, Primates, Lagomorpha, and Scandentia, comprising Euarchontoglires.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Clade: Eutheria
Infraclass: Placentalia
Magnorder: Boreoeutheria
Springer & de Jong, 2001;[1] Murphy et al., 2001[2]
Superorders
Synonyms
  • Boreoplacentalia (Arnason, 2008)[3]
  • Boreotheria (Waddell, 2001)[4]

Etymology Edit

The name of this magnorder comes from Ancient Greek words:

  • Βορέας (Boreas) meaning 'north wind' or 'the North',
  • εὐ- (eu-) meaning 'good', 'right', or 'true',
  • and θηρίον (thēríon) meaning 'beast'.

Boreoeutherian ancestor Edit

The majority of earliest known fossils belonging to this group date to about 66 million years ago, shortly after the K-Pg extinction event, though molecular data suggest they may have originated earlier, during the Cretaceous period.[9][10] This is further supported with fossils of Altacreodus magnus and two species from genus Protungulatum dated about 70.6 million years ago.

The common ancestor of Boreoeutheria lived between 107 and 90 million years ago.[9] The boreoeutherian ancestor gave rise to species as diverse as giraffes, dogs, mice, bats, whales, and humans. The concept of a boreoeutherian ancestor was first proposed in 2004 in the journal Genome Research.[11][12] The paper's authors claimed that the genome sequence of the boreoeutherian ancestor could be computationally predicted with 98% accuracy, but would "take a few years and a lot of money". It is estimated to contain three billion base pairs.[11]

Classification and phylogeny Edit

Taxonomy Edit

Phylogeny Edit

The phylogenetic relationships of magnorder Boreoeutheria are shown in the following cladogram, reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and protein characters, as well as the fossil record.[4][9][10][13][14][15][16]

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Exceptional clades whose males lack the usual boreoeutherian scrotum are moles, hedgehogs, pangolins, some pinnipeds, rhinoceroses, tapirs, hippopotamuses, and cetaceans.

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Springer MS, de Jong WW (2001). "Which mammalian supertree to bark up?". Science. 291 (5509): 1709–1711. doi:10.1126/science.1059434. PMID 11253193. S2CID 82844572.
  2. ^ a b Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Madsen O, Scally M, Douady CJ, et al. (December 2001). "Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics". Science. 294 (5550): 2348–2351. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2348M. doi:10.1126/science.1067179. PMID 11743200. S2CID 34367609.
  3. ^ Arnason U., Adegoke J. A., Gullberg A., Harley E. H., Janke A., Kullberg M. (2008.) "Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences." Gene.; 421(1-2):37–51
  4. ^ a b Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics. 12: 141–154. PMID 11791233.
  5. ^ Scally M, Madsen O, Douady CJ, de Jong WW, Stanhope MJ, Springer MS (2001). "Molecular evidence for the major clades of placental mammals". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 8 (4): 239–277. doi:10.1023/A:1014446915393. S2CID 24199924.
  6. ^ Mills, D. S.; Marchant-Forde, Jeremy N. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare. CABI. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-85199-724-7. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  7. ^ Drew, Liam (8 July 2013). "Why are testicles kept in a vulnerable dangling sac?". slate.com. Between these branches, however, is where it gets interesting, for there are numerous groups, our descended but a-scrotal cousins, whose testes drop down away from the kidneys but don't exit the abdomen. Almost certainly, these animals evolved from ancestors whose testes were external, which means at some point they backtracked ... , evolving anew gonads inside the abdomen. They are a ragtag bunch including hedgehogs, moles, rhinos and tapirs, hippopotamuses, dolphins and whales, some seals and walruses, and scaly anteaters.
  8. ^ Waddell; et al. (1999). "Using novel phylogenetic methods to evaluate mammalian mtDNA, including amino acid-invariant sites-LogDet plus site stripping, to detect internal conflicts in the data, with special reference to the positions of hedgehog, armadillo, and elephant". Systematic Biology. 48 (1): 31–53. doi:10.1080/106351599260427. PMID 12078643. The name comes from the word scrotum a pouch in which the testes permanently reside in the adult male. All members of the group have a postpenile scrotum, often prominently displayed, except for some aquatic forms and pangolins (which have the testes just below the skin). It appears to be an ancestral character for this group, yet other orders generally lack this as an ancestral feature, with the probable exception of Primates.
  9. ^ a b c Zhou, X.; Xu, S.; Xu, J.; Chen, B.; Zhou, K.; Yang, G. (2012). "Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 61 (1): 150–164. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089. ISSN 1063-5157. PMC 3243735. PMID 21900649.
  10. ^ a b O'Leary, M. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Flynn, J. J.; Gaudin, T. J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N. P.; Cirranello, A. L. (2013). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776.
  11. ^ a b John Roach (25 Jan 2005). "Scientists recreate genome of ancient human ancestor". National Geographic. Retrieved 14 Feb 2015.
  12. ^ Mathieu Blanchette; Eric D. Green; Webb Miller; David Haussler (2004). "Reconstructing large regions of an ancestral mammalian genome in silico". Genome Research. 14 (12): 2412–2423. doi:10.1101/gr.2800104. PMC 534665. PMID 15574820.
  13. ^ Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C. (19 July 2016). "Mammal madness: Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 371 (1699): 20150140. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4920340. PMID 27325836.
  14. ^ Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Swanson, Mark T.; Faircloth, Brant C. (2017-08-26). "Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements". Genome Biology and Evolution. 9 (9): 2308–2321. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 5604124. PMID 28934378.
  15. ^ Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31-48)
  16. ^ Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157

Additional references Edit

  • Waddell, P. J.; Kishino, H.; Ota, R. (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Inform Ser Workshop Genome Inform. 12: 141–154. PMID 11791233.
  • Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; Springer, Mark S.; et al. (2001). "Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics". Science. 294 (5550): 2348–2351. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2348M. doi:10.1126/science.1067179. PMID 11743200. S2CID 34367609.
  • Blanchette, M.; Green, E. D.; Miller, W.; Haussler, D (Dec 2004). "Reconstructing large regions of an ancestral mammalian genome in silico". Genome Research. 14 (12): 2412–2423. doi:10.1101/gr.2800104. PMC 534665. PMID 15574820.
  • Kriegs; Ole, Jan; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Juergen; Schmitz, Juergen (2006). "Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals". PLOS Biology. 4 (4): e91. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091. PMC 1395351. PMID 16515367.
  • Ma, J.; Zhang, L.; Suh, B. B.; Raney, B. J.; Burhans, R. C.; Kent, W. J.; Blanchette, M.; Haussler, D.; Miller, W. (Dec 2006). "Reconstructing contiguous regions of an ancestral genome". Genome Research. 16 (12): 1557–1565. doi:10.1101/gr.5383506. PMC 1665639. PMID 16983148.

External links Edit

  • Gross, Liza (14 March 2006). "Resolving the family tree of placental mammals". PLOS Biology. 4 (4): e111. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040111. PMC 1395350. PMID 20076552.
  • Olson, Steve (April 2006). "Bringing back the brontosaurus". Wired.

August 26, 2023
boreoeutheria, northern, true, beasts, magnorder, placental, mammals, that, groups, together, superorders, euarchontoglires, laurasiatheria, with, exceptions, male, animals, clade, have, scrotum, ancestral, feature, clade, clade, scrotifera, named, after, this. Boreoeutheria b oʊ ˌ r iː oʊ j uː ˈ 8 ɛr i e northern true beasts is a magnorder of placental mammals that groups together superorders Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria 1 2 5 With a few exceptions a male animals in the clade have a scrotum an ancestral feature of the clade 6 7 The sub clade Scrotifera was named after this feature 8 BoreoeutheriaTemporal range Paleocene Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NFrom top to right European hedgehog Lyle s flying fox Siberian tiger Indian pangolin Red deer and White rhino Representing the orders Eulipotyphla Chiroptera Carnivora Pholidota Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla comprising Laurasiatheria From top to left Sunda colugo Desmarest s hutia Lar gibbon European hare Brown rat Common treeshrew Ring tailed lemur and Human playing with Rabbit Representing the orders Dermoptera Rodentia Primates Lagomorpha and Scandentia comprising Euarchontoglires Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaClade EutheriaInfraclass PlacentaliaMagnorder BoreoeutheriaSpringer amp de Jong 2001 1 Murphy et al 2001 2 SuperordersEuarchontoglires LaurasiatheriaSynonymsBoreoplacentalia Arnason 2008 3 Boreotheria Waddell 2001 4 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Boreoeutherian ancestor 3 Classification and phylogeny 3 1 Taxonomy 3 2 Phylogeny 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Additional references 7 External linksEtymology EditThe name of this magnorder comes from Ancient Greek words Boreas Boreas meaning north wind or the North eὐ eu meaning good right or true and 8hrion therion meaning beast Boreoeutherian ancestor EditThe majority of earliest known fossils belonging to this group date to about 66 million years ago shortly after the K Pg extinction event though molecular data suggest they may have originated earlier during the Cretaceous period 9 10 This is further supported with fossils of Altacreodus magnus and two species from genus Protungulatum dated about 70 6 million years ago The common ancestor of Boreoeutheria lived between 107 and 90 million years ago 9 The boreoeutherian ancestor gave rise to species as diverse as giraffes dogs mice bats whales and humans The concept of a boreoeutherian ancestor was first proposed in 2004 in the journal Genome Research 11 12 The paper s authors claimed that the genome sequence of the boreoeutherian ancestor could be computationally predicted with 98 accuracy but would take a few years and a lot of money It is estimated to contain three billion base pairs 11 Classification and phylogeny EditTaxonomy Edit Magnorder Boreoeutheria Springer amp de Jong 2001 Superorder Euarchontoglires Murphy 2001 Superorder Laurasiatheria Waddell 1999 Phylogeny Edit The phylogenetic relationships of magnorder Boreoeutheria are shown in the following cladogram reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and protein characters as well as the fossil record 4 9 10 13 14 15 16 Placentalia Atlantogenata Taeniodonta Boreoeutheria Euarchontoglires Glires Euarchonta Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera See also EditMammal classification PlacentaliaNotes Edit Exceptional clades whose males lack the usual boreoeutherian scrotum are moles hedgehogs pangolins some pinnipeds rhinoceroses tapirs hippopotamuses and cetaceans References Edit a b Springer MS de Jong WW 2001 Which mammalian supertree to bark up Science 291 5509 1709 1711 doi 10 1126 science 1059434 PMID 11253193 S2CID 82844572 a b Murphy WJ Eizirik E O Brien SJ Madsen O Scally M Douady CJ et al December 2001 Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics Science 294 5550 2348 2351 Bibcode 2001Sci 294 2348M doi 10 1126 science 1067179 PMID 11743200 S2CID 34367609 Arnason U Adegoke J A Gullberg A Harley E H Janke A Kullberg M 2008 Mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences Gene 421 1 2 37 51 a b Waddell Peter J Kishino Hirohisa Ota Rissa 2001 A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics Genome Informatics 12 141 154 PMID 11791233 Scally M Madsen O Douady CJ de Jong WW Stanhope MJ Springer MS 2001 Molecular evidence for the major clades of placental mammals Journal of Mammalian Evolution 8 4 239 277 doi 10 1023 A 1014446915393 S2CID 24199924 Mills D S Marchant Forde Jeremy N 2010 The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare CABI p 293 ISBN 978 0 85199 724 7 Retrieved 20 June 2019 Drew Liam 8 July 2013 Why are testicles kept in a vulnerable dangling sac slate com Between these branches however is where it gets interesting for there are numerous groups our descended but a scrotal cousins whose testes drop down away from the kidneys but don t exit the abdomen Almost certainly these animals evolved from ancestors whose testes were external which means at some point they backtracked evolving anew gonads inside the abdomen They are a ragtag bunch including hedgehogs moles rhinos and tapirs hippopotamuses dolphins and whales some seals and walruses and scaly anteaters Waddell et al 1999 Using novel phylogenetic methods to evaluate mammalian mtDNA including amino acid invariant sites LogDet plus site stripping to detect internal conflicts in the data with special reference to the positions of hedgehog armadillo and elephant Systematic Biology 48 1 31 53 doi 10 1080 106351599260427 PMID 12078643 The name comes from the word scrotum a pouch in which the testes permanently reside in the adult male All members of the group have a postpenile scrotum often prominently displayed except for some aquatic forms and pangolins which have the testes just below the skin It appears to be an ancestral character for this group yet other orders generally lack this as an ancestral feature with the probable exception of Primates a b c Zhou X Xu S Xu J Chen B Zhou K Yang G 2012 Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals PDF Systematic Biology 61 1 150 164 doi 10 1093 sysbio syr089 ISSN 1063 5157 PMC 3243735 PMID 21900649 a b O Leary M A Bloch J I Flynn J J Gaudin T J Giallombardo A Giannini N P Cirranello A L 2013 The placental mammal ancestor and the post K Pg radiation of placentals Science 339 6120 662 667 Bibcode 2013Sci 339 662O doi 10 1126 science 1229237 hdl 11336 7302 PMID 23393258 S2CID 206544776 a b John Roach 25 Jan 2005 Scientists recreate genome of ancient human ancestor National Geographic Retrieved 14 Feb 2015 Mathieu Blanchette Eric D Green Webb Miller David Haussler 2004 Reconstructing large regions of an ancestral mammalian genome in silico Genome Research 14 12 2412 2423 doi 10 1101 gr 2800104 PMC 534665 PMID 15574820 Foley Nicole M Springer Mark S Teeling Emma C 19 July 2016 Mammal madness Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371 1699 20150140 doi 10 1098 rstb 2015 0140 ISSN 0962 8436 PMC 4920340 PMID 27325836 Esselstyn Jacob A Oliveros Carl H Swanson Mark T Faircloth Brant C 2017 08 26 Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements Genome Biology and Evolution 9 9 2308 2321 doi 10 1093 gbe evx168 ISSN 1759 6653 PMC 5604124 PMID 28934378 Frank Zachos 2020 Mammalian Phylogenetics A Short Overview of Recent Advances In book Mammals of Europe Past Present and Future pp 31 48 Xue Lv Jingyang Hu Yiwen Hu Yitian Li Dongming Xu Oliver A Ryder David M Irwin Li Yu 2021 Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Volume 157 Additional references Edit Waddell P J Kishino H Ota R 2001 A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics Genome Inform Ser Workshop Genome Inform 12 141 154 PMID 11791233 Murphy William J Eizirik Eduardo Springer Mark S et al 2001 Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics Science 294 5550 2348 2351 Bibcode 2001Sci 294 2348M doi 10 1126 science 1067179 PMID 11743200 S2CID 34367609 Blanchette M Green E D Miller W Haussler D Dec 2004 Reconstructing large regions of an ancestral mammalian genome in silico Genome Research 14 12 2412 2423 doi 10 1101 gr 2800104 PMC 534665 PMID 15574820 Kriegs Ole Jan Churakov Gennady Kiefmann Martin Jordan Ursula Brosius Juergen Schmitz Juergen 2006 Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals PLOS Biology 4 4 e91 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0040091 PMC 1395351 PMID 16515367 Ma J Zhang L Suh B B Raney B J Burhans R C Kent W J Blanchette M Haussler D Miller W Dec 2006 Reconstructing contiguous regions of an ancestral genome Genome Research 16 12 1557 1565 doi 10 1101 gr 5383506 PMC 1665639 PMID 16983148 External links EditGross Liza 14 March 2006 Resolving the family tree of placental mammals PLOS Biology 4 4 e111 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 0040111 PMC 1395350 PMID 20076552 Olson Steve April 2006 Bringing back the brontosaurus Wired Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Boreoeutheria amp oldid 1171167188, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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