The Permian period is characterized by the presence of a single supercontinent called Pangea. Pangaea stretched from pole to pole, and thus created a single great ocean called Panthalassa, and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, which was located between Asia and Gondwana. The single gigantic continental landmass created extreme climates, which are characterized by extreme variations of heat and cold, as well as highly seasonal monsoon conditions in some parts of the supercontinent. Not all regions received abundant rainfalls, and deserts were widespread on Pangaea. Such climate patterns favored gymnosperms over plants that use spore dispersion.
Historical information / discoveryedit
The first Bolosaurus was described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1878. His article "Descriptions of Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian Formation of Texas" mentioned the findings of crushed skull and few vertebrae of Bolosaurus striatus and Bolosaurus rapidens (Cope 1878). The imperfect skull of Bolosaurus major was found by Robert Broom in 1911 and was published in his article "On the structure and Affinities of Bolosaurus" in 1913 (Broom, 1913). In 1974 a bolosaurid maxilla was found by Tartarinov in Mylva River, Komi, Russia and was named Bolosaurus traati (Tartarinov 1974). The most recent Bolosaurus species to have been discovered was by Robert R. Reisz, who found the jawbones of Bolosaurus grandis and published it in 2002 (Reisz 2002).
Description and paleobiologyedit
jaw and teeth
Skull: The skulls of Bolosaurus are basically triangular in form. The skull is wider and higher in the posterior region, while the anterior snout terminates bluntly. The orbits are large and circular in outline. Teeth: Tooth planted in shallow cavity with its crowns expanded transversely to the jaw axis. In the upper jaw, the posterior internal half of the maxillary series is low and horizontal, forming a ledge. The anterior external part forms into a cusp. The teeth of the lower jaw are different from those of the upper jaw via reversed position of ledge and cusp. This pattern suggests that Bolosaurus was herbivorous in diet. (Cope, 1878) The best preserved specimen showed a total of 16 teeth. (Case 1907)
Referencesedit
^Marcello Ruta; Juan C. Cisneros; Torsten Liebrect; Linda A. Tsuji; Johannes Muller (2011). "Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction". Palaeontology. 54 (5): 1117–1137. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x.
Berman, DS, RR Reisz, D Scott, AC Henrici, SS Sumida & T Martens (2000), Early Permian bipedal reptile. Science 290: 969–972. H. Bolosauridae.
Cope, Edward Drinker. "Descriptions of extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian formation of Texas." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (1878): 505–530.
Broom, Robert, Edward Drinker Cope, and Ermine Cowles Case. "On the structure and affinities of Bolosaurus. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 32, article 33." (1913).
Case, Ermine Cowles. "Description of the skull of Bolosaurus striatus Cope. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 23, article 28." (1907).
Reisz, Robert R., Vaia Barkas, and Diane Scott. "A new Early Permian bolosaurid reptile from the Richards Spur Dolese Brothers Quarry, near Fort Sill, Oklahoma." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22.1 (2002): 23–28.
Watson, David Meredith Seares. On Bolosaurus and the origin and classification of reptiles. The Museum, 1954.
bolosaurus, from, ancient, greek, bolos, lump, sauros, lizard, extinct, genus, bolosaurid, ankyramorph, parareptile, from, cisuralian, epoch, middle, sakmarian, early, kungurian, stages, north, asia, north, america, beds, texas, oklahoma, temporal, range, earl. Bolosaurus from Ancient Greek bolos lump sauros lizard is an extinct genus of bolosaurid ankyramorph parareptile from the Cisuralian epoch middle Sakmarian to early Kungurian stages of North Asia and North America Red Beds of Texas and Oklahoma 1 BolosaurusTemporal range Early Permian 289 5 273 6 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Clade Parareptilia Order Procolophonomorpha Family Bolosauridae Genus BolosaurusCope 1878 Species B striatus Cope 1878 type B major Broom 1913 B traati Tatarinov 1974 B grandis Reisz et al 2002 Contents 1 Geological and environmental information 2 Historical information discovery 3 Description and paleobiology 4 ReferencesGeological and environmental information edit nbsp Life reconstruction of Bolosaurus striatus The Permian period is characterized by the presence of a single supercontinent called Pangea Pangaea stretched from pole to pole and thus created a single great ocean called Panthalassa and the Paleo Tethys Ocean which was located between Asia and Gondwana The single gigantic continental landmass created extreme climates which are characterized by extreme variations of heat and cold as well as highly seasonal monsoon conditions in some parts of the supercontinent Not all regions received abundant rainfalls and deserts were widespread on Pangaea Such climate patterns favored gymnosperms over plants that use spore dispersion Historical information discovery editThe first Bolosaurus was described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1878 His article Descriptions of Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian Formation of Texas mentioned the findings of crushed skull and few vertebrae of Bolosaurus striatus and Bolosaurus rapidens Cope 1878 The imperfect skull of Bolosaurus major was found by Robert Broom in 1911 and was published in his article On the structure and Affinities of Bolosaurus in 1913 Broom 1913 In 1974 a bolosaurid maxilla was found by Tartarinov in Mylva River Komi Russia and was named Bolosaurus traati Tartarinov 1974 The most recent Bolosaurus species to have been discovered was by Robert R Reisz who found the jawbones of Bolosaurus grandis and published it in 2002 Reisz 2002 Description and paleobiology edit nbsp nbsp jaw and teeth Skull The skulls of Bolosaurus are basically triangular in form The skull is wider and higher in the posterior region while the anterior snout terminates bluntly The orbits are large and circular in outline Teeth Tooth planted in shallow cavity with its crowns expanded transversely to the jaw axis In the upper jaw the posterior internal half of the maxillary series is low and horizontal forming a ledge The anterior external part forms into a cusp The teeth of the lower jaw are different from those of the upper jaw via reversed position of ledge and cusp This pattern suggests that Bolosaurus was herbivorous in diet Cope 1878 The best preserved specimen showed a total of 16 teeth Case 1907 References edit Marcello Ruta Juan C Cisneros Torsten Liebrect Linda A Tsuji Johannes Muller 2011 Amniotes through major biological crises faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end Permian mass extinction Palaeontology 54 5 1117 1137 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4983 2011 01051 x Berman DS RR Reisz D Scott AC Henrici SS Sumida amp T Martens 2000 Early Permian bipedal reptile Science 290 969 972 H Bolosauridae Cope Edward Drinker Descriptions of extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian formation of Texas Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1878 505 530 Broom Robert Edward Drinker Cope and Ermine Cowles Case On the structure and affinities of Bolosaurus Bulletin of the AMNH v 32 article 33 1913 Case Ermine Cowles Description of the skull of Bolosaurus striatus Cope Bulletin of the AMNH v 23 article 28 1907 Reisz Robert R Vaia Barkas and Diane Scott A new Early Permian bolosaurid reptile from the Richards Spur Dolese Brothers Quarry near Fort Sill Oklahoma Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 1 2002 23 28 Watson David Meredith Seares On Bolosaurus and the origin and classification of reptiles The Museum 1954 nbsp Paleontology portal nbsp This article about a Permian reptile is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bolosaurus amp oldid 1174853087, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
