Carya cordiformis, the bitternut hickory,[2] also called bitternut, yellowbud hickory, or swamp hickory, is a large pecan hickory with commercial stands located mostly north of the other pecan hickories. Bitternut hickory is cut and sold in mixture with the true hickories. It is the shortest-lived of the hickories, living to about 200 years.[3]
It is a large deciduoustree, growing up to 35 m (115 ft) tall (exceptionally to 47 m or 154 ft), with a trunk up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) diameter. The leaves are 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long, pinnate, with 7–11 leaflets, each leaflet lanceolate, 7–13 cm (2+3⁄4–5 in) long, with the apical leaflets the largest but only slightly so. The flowers are small wind-pollinated catkins, produced in spring. The fruit is a very bitter nut, 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long with a green four-valved cover which splits off at maturity in the fall, and a hard, bony shell. Another identifying characteristic is its bright sulfur-yellow winter bud.
It is closely related to the pecan, sharing similar leaf shape and being classified in the same section of the genus Carya sect. Apocarya, but unlike the pecan, it does not have edible nuts. It is most readily distinguished from the pecan by the smaller number of leaflets, with many leaves having only 7 leaflets (rarely fewer than 9, and often 11–13, in the pecan). Hybrids with the pecan are known, and named Carya × brownii. A hybrid between the shagbark hickory (C. ovata) is also recognized, and is known as Laney's hickory (Carya ×laneyi).[4]
Habitatedit
Bitternut hickory grows in moist mountain valleys along streambanks and in swamps. Although it is usually found on wet bottom lands, it grows on dry sites and also grows well on poor soils low in nutrients. The species is not included as a titled species in the Society of American Foresters forest cover types because it does not grow in sufficient numbers.
Rangeedit
Bitternut hickory grows throughout the eastern United States from southwestern New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, and southern Quebec; west to southern Ontario, central Michigan, and northern Minnesota; south to eastern Texas; and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. It is most common, however, from southern New England west to Iowa and from southern Michigan south to Kentucky. It is probably the most abundant and most uniformly distributed of all the hickories. It is most commonly found in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, in high elevations.[5]
Usesedit
Bitternut is used for lumber and pulpwood. Because bitternut hickory wood is hard and durable, it is used for furniture, paneling, dowels, tool handles and ladders. Like other hickories, the wood is used for smokingmeat, and by Native Americans for making bows. Bitternut hickory seeds are eaten by rabbits,[6] and both its seeds and bark are eaten by other wildlife.
Geneticsedit
Bitternut hickory is a diploid species with two sets of sixteen chromosomes that readily hybridizes with other diploid hickory species with a few named hican varieties available. The pecan variety 'Major' has bitternut alleles at two simple sequence repeat loci indicating a cryptic cross that may also have involved C. ovata.
Galleryedit
US range map of Carya cordiformis
Bud
Bud
Leaf
Catkins of male flowers
Bark
Branch of a bitternut hickory with developing nuts
Maturing fruit
Carya cordiformis, 1940 accession, in fall
Referencesedit
^Stritch, L. (2018). "Carya cordiformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62019598A62019600. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62019598A62019600.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Carya cordiformis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^Sargent, C. S. (September 1918). "Notes on North American Trees. II. Carya". Botanical Gazette. 66 (3): 229–258. doi:10.1086/332332. ISSN 0006-8071. S2CID 84479715.
^Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 346. ISBN0-394-50760-6.
External linksedit
Carya cordiformis images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database
Enzenbacher, Tiffany. "Plant Collecting in the Wisconsin Wilds - Part 2." Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 6 September 2017. Accessed 21 May 2020.
"Roads, winter, Valley Road, hickories, 1900." Library Featured Images, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website, 5 February 2019. Accessed 21 May 2020.
Media related to Carya cordiformis (category) at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Carya cordiformis at Wikispecies
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April 11, 2024
carya, cordiformis, bitternut, hickory, also, called, bitternut, yellowbud, hickory, swamp, hickory, large, pecan, hickory, with, commercial, stands, located, mostly, north, other, pecan, hickories, bitternut, hickory, sold, mixture, with, true, hickories, sho. Carya cordiformis the bitternut hickory 2 also called bitternut yellowbud hickory or swamp hickory is a large pecan hickory with commercial stands located mostly north of the other pecan hickories Bitternut hickory is cut and sold in mixture with the true hickories It is the shortest lived of the hickories living to about 200 years 3 Bitternut hickoryBitternut hickory foliageConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FagalesFamily JuglandaceaeGenus CaryaSection Carya sect ApocaryaSpecies C cordiformisBinomial nameCarya cordiformis Wangenh K KochNatural range Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat 3 Range 4 Uses 5 Genetics 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External linksDescription edit nbsp Twig of a bitternutIt is a large deciduous tree growing up to 35 m 115 ft tall exceptionally to 47 m or 154 ft with a trunk up to 1 m 3 ft 3 in diameter The leaves are 15 30 cm 6 12 in long pinnate with 7 11 leaflets each leaflet lanceolate 7 13 cm 2 3 4 5 in long with the apical leaflets the largest but only slightly so The flowers are small wind pollinated catkins produced in spring The fruit is a very bitter nut 2 3 cm 3 4 1 1 4 in long with a green four valved cover which splits off at maturity in the fall and a hard bony shell Another identifying characteristic is its bright sulfur yellow winter bud It is closely related to the pecan sharing similar leaf shape and being classified in the same section of the genus Carya sect Apocarya but unlike the pecan it does not have edible nuts It is most readily distinguished from the pecan by the smaller number of leaflets with many leaves having only 7 leaflets rarely fewer than 9 and often 11 13 in the pecan Hybrids with the pecan are known and named Carya brownii A hybrid between the shagbark hickory C ovata is also recognized and is known as Laney s hickory Carya laneyi 4 Habitat editBitternut hickory grows in moist mountain valleys along streambanks and in swamps Although it is usually found on wet bottom lands it grows on dry sites and also grows well on poor soils low in nutrients The species is not included as a titled species in the Society of American Foresters forest cover types because it does not grow in sufficient numbers Range editBitternut hickory grows throughout the eastern United States from southwestern New Hampshire Vermont Maine and southern Quebec west to southern Ontario central Michigan and northern Minnesota south to eastern Texas and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia It is most common however from southern New England west to Iowa and from southern Michigan south to Kentucky It is probably the most abundant and most uniformly distributed of all the hickories It is most commonly found in the Southern Appalachian Mountains in high elevations 5 Uses editBitternut is used for lumber and pulpwood Because bitternut hickory wood is hard and durable it is used for furniture paneling dowels tool handles and ladders Like other hickories the wood is used for smoking meat and by Native Americans for making bows Bitternut hickory seeds are eaten by rabbits 6 and both its seeds and bark are eaten by other wildlife Genetics editBitternut hickory is a diploid species with two sets of sixteen chromosomes that readily hybridizes with other diploid hickory species with a few named hican varieties available The pecan variety Major has bitternut alleles at two simple sequence repeat loci indicating a cryptic cross that may also have involved C ovata Gallery edit nbsp US range map of Carya cordiformis nbsp Bud nbsp Bud nbsp Leaf nbsp Catkins of male flowers nbsp Bark nbsp Branch of a bitternut hickory with developing nuts nbsp Maturing fruit nbsp Carya cordiformis 1940 accession in fallReferences edit Stritch L 2018 Carya cordiformis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T62019598A62019600 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 1 RLTS T62019598A62019600 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 USDA NRCS n d Carya cordiformis The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 1 October 2016 Smith H Clay 1990 Carya cordiformis In Burns Russell M Honkala Barbara H eds Hardwoods Silvics of North America Vol 2 Washington D C United States Forest Service USFS United States Department of Agriculture USDA Retrieved 14 December 2009 via Southern Research Station Carya cordiformis X Carya ovata Archived from the original on 2012 03 31 Sargent C S September 1918 Notes on North American Trees II Carya Botanical Gazette 66 3 229 258 doi 10 1086 332332 ISSN 0006 8071 S2CID 84479715 Little Elbert L 1980 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees Eastern Region New York Knopf p 346 ISBN 0 394 50760 6 External links editCarya cordiformis images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database Enzenbacher Tiffany Plant Collecting in the Wisconsin Wilds Part 2 Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website 6 September 2017 Accessed 21 May 2020 Roads winter Valley Road hickories 1900 Library Featured Images Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website 5 February 2019 Accessed 21 May 2020 nbsp Media related to Carya cordiformis category at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Carya cordiformis at Wikispecies Carya cordiformis images at bioimages vanderbilt edu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carya cordiformis amp oldid 1191425295, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
