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Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)

December 20, 2023

The Spanish occupation of Tangier between 1940 and 1945 was a temporary enlargement of the Spanish Morocco during World War II.

Location of the Tangier International Zone relative to Spanish Morocco before the occupation

History edit

 
Map of the Spanish Morocco in 1925, showing the Tangier zone in dark brown color

During World War II, the Tangier International Zone was invaded and occupied by Francoist Spain.

On 14 June 1940, a few days after the Italian declaration of war after the German invasion of France, Spain seized the opportunity and, amid the collapse of the French Third Republic, a contingent of 4,000 Moorish soldiers based in the Spanish Morocco occupied the Tangier International Zone, meeting no resistance.[1]

Historians claim that it was done with the excuse that it was a prevention of a possible Italian conquest of Tangier.

Despite the claim that the occupation was a "provisional" measure, the operation was the realization of a long-standing wish[2][n. 1] and prelude to a potential occupation of French Morocco that did not happen because Rabat ultimately rallied to the new Vichy regime.[4] The Mendoub, the sultan's representative, was expelled in March 1941, further undermining French influence in Tangier's affairs.[5]

Despite calls by the writer Rafael Sánchez Mazas and other Spanish nationalists to annex Tangier, the Franco regime publicly considered the occupation a temporary wartime measure.[6] A diplomatic dispute between Britain and Spain over the latter's abolition of the city's international institutions in November 1940 led to a further guarantee of British rights and a Spanish promise not to fortify the area.[7] In May 1944, although it had served as a contact point between him and the later Axis Powers during the Spanish Civil War, Franco expelled all German diplomats from the area.[8]

Following the August 1945 Paris Conference on Tangier between the United Kingdom, France, the United States and the Soviet Union, an isolated Spain accepted the conditions lined up in the former on 19 September 1945 and retired from Tangier on 11 October 1945.[9]

Tangier then returned to the pre-war status of an international zone.[10]

See also edit

References edit

Notes
  1. ^ Already since 1912, the so-called "Liga Africanista Española" had lobbied in favour of a "Tánger para España" (transl. "Tangier for Spain").[3]
Citations
  1. ^ Sueiro 1994, pp. 136–137.
  2. ^ Sueiro 1994, pp. 137–138.
  3. ^ Madariaga 2007, p. 177.
  4. ^ Sueiro 1994, p. 138.
  5. ^ Sueiro 1994, p. 141.
  6. ^ Payne 1987, p. 268.
  7. ^ Payne 1987, p. 274, note 28.
  8. ^ Beevor 2006, pp. 152, 464.
  9. ^ Dunthorn 2005, pp. 127–128.
  10. ^ Hamouda 2016, p. 109.

Bibliography edit

  • Dunthorn, David J. (2005). "The Paris Conference on Tangier, August 1945: The British Response to Soviet Interest in the 'Tangier Question'". Diplomacy and Statecraft. Routledge. 16 (1): 117–137. doi:10.1080/09592290590916167. ISSN 0959-2296. S2CID 155051496.
  • Hamouda, Zeinab (2016). "Tangier under Spanish Occupation (1940–1945)". Ostour. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. 2 (4): 109–124. ISSN 2410-0870.
  • Madariaga, María Rosa de (2007). "El Protectorado Español en Marruecos: algunos rasgos distintivos y su proyección en el presente". Anales de Historia Contemporánea. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones. 23. ISSN 0212-6559.
  • Sueiro, Susana (1994). "España en Tánger durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial: la consumación de un viejo anhelo". Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporánea. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (7). doi:10.5944/etfv.7.1994.3011. ISSN 1130-0124.

Further reading edit

  • Spencer, Claire (1993). "The Spanish Protectorate and the Occupation of Tangier in 1940". In Joffé, George (ed.). North Africa: Nation, State, and Region. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415091626.
  • Halstead, C (1978). "Aborted Imperialism: Spain's Occupation of Tangier, 1940–1945". Iberian Studies. 7 (2): 53–71.

December 20, 2023
spanish, occupation, tangier, 1940, 1945, spanish, occupation, tangier, between, 1940, 1945, temporary, enlargement, spanish, morocco, during, world, location, tangier, international, zone, relative, spanish, morocco, before, occupation, contents, history, als. The Spanish occupation of Tangier between 1940 and 1945 was a temporary enlargement of the Spanish Morocco during World War II Location of the Tangier International Zone relative to Spanish Morocco before the occupation Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 3 1 Bibliography 4 Further readingHistory edit nbsp Map of the Spanish Morocco in 1925 showing the Tangier zone in dark brown colorDuring World War II the Tangier International Zone was invaded and occupied by Francoist Spain On 14 June 1940 a few days after the Italian declaration of war after the German invasion of France Spain seized the opportunity and amid the collapse of the French Third Republic a contingent of 4 000 Moorish soldiers based in the Spanish Morocco occupied the Tangier International Zone meeting no resistance 1 Historians claim that it was done with the excuse that it was a prevention of a possible Italian conquest of Tangier Despite the claim that the occupation was a provisional measure the operation was the realization of a long standing wish 2 n 1 and prelude to a potential occupation of French Morocco that did not happen because Rabat ultimately rallied to the new Vichy regime 4 The Mendoub the sultan s representative was expelled in March 1941 further undermining French influence in Tangier s affairs 5 Despite calls by the writer Rafael Sanchez Mazas and other Spanish nationalists to annex Tangier the Franco regime publicly considered the occupation a temporary wartime measure 6 A diplomatic dispute between Britain and Spain over the latter s abolition of the city s international institutions in November 1940 led to a further guarantee of British rights and a Spanish promise not to fortify the area 7 In May 1944 although it had served as a contact point between him and the later Axis Powers during the Spanish Civil War Franco expelled all German diplomats from the area 8 Following the August 1945 Paris Conference on Tangier between the United Kingdom France the United States and the Soviet Union an isolated Spain accepted the conditions lined up in the former on 19 September 1945 and retired from Tangier on 11 October 1945 9 Tangier then returned to the pre war status of an international zone 10 See also editSpain during World War II Meeting at Hendaye 23 October 1940 Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II June 1940 References editNotes Already since 1912 the so called Liga Africanista Espanola had lobbied in favour of a Tanger para Espana transl Tangier for Spain 3 Citations Sueiro 1994 pp 136 137 Sueiro 1994 pp 137 138 Madariaga 2007 p 177 Sueiro 1994 p 138 Sueiro 1994 p 141 Payne 1987 p 268 sfn error no target CITEREFPayne1987 help Payne 1987 p 274 note 28 sfn error no target CITEREFPayne1987 help Beevor 2006 pp 152 464 sfn error no target CITEREFBeevor2006 help Dunthorn 2005 pp 127 128 Hamouda 2016 p 109 Bibliography edit Dunthorn David J 2005 The Paris Conference on Tangier August 1945 The British Response to Soviet Interest in the Tangier Question Diplomacy and Statecraft Routledge 16 1 117 137 doi 10 1080 09592290590916167 ISSN 0959 2296 S2CID 155051496 Hamouda Zeinab 2016 Tangier under Spanish Occupation 1940 1945 Ostour Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies 2 4 109 124 ISSN 2410 0870 Madariaga Maria Rosa de 2007 El Protectorado Espanol en Marruecos algunos rasgos distintivos y su proyeccion en el presente Anales de Historia Contemporanea Murcia Universidad de Murcia Servicio de Publicaciones 23 ISSN 0212 6559 Sueiro Susana 1994 Espana en Tanger durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial la consumacion de un viejo anhelo Espacio Tiempo y Forma Serie V Historia Contemporanea Madrid Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia 7 doi 10 5944 etfv 7 1994 3011 ISSN 1130 0124 Further reading editSpencer Claire 1993 The Spanish Protectorate and the Occupation of Tangier in 1940 In Joffe George ed North Africa Nation State and Region London Routledge ISBN 9780415091626 Halstead C 1978 Aborted Imperialism Spain s Occupation of Tangier 1940 1945 Iberian Studies 7 2 53 71 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spanish occupation of Tangier 1940 1945 amp oldid 1183421042, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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