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Big cat

January 01, 1970

The term "big cat" is typically used to refer to any of the five living members of the genus Panthera, namely the tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, and snow leopard, as well as the non-pantherine cheetah and cougar.[1][2]

Big cats
Images of the members of the genus Panthera, from top to bottom: the tiger, the lion, the jaguar, the leopard, and the snow leopard.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Superfamily: Feloidea
Family: Felidae
Species

All cats descend from the Felidae family, sharing similar musculature, cardiovascular systems, skeletal frames, and behaviour. Both the cheetah and cougar differ physically from fellow big cats, and to a greater extent, other small cats. As obligate carnivores, big cats are considered apex predators, topping their food chain without natural predators of their own.[3][4] Native ranges include the Americas, Africa, and Asia; the range of the leopard and tiger also extends into Europe, specifically in Russia.[5]

Species edit

See also: List of felids

Evolution edit

It is estimated that the ancestors of most big cats split away from the Felinae about 6.37 million years ago.[6] The Felinae, on the other hand, comprises mostly small to medium-sized cats, including domestic cats, but also some larger cats such as the cougar and cheetah.[7]

A 2010 study published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution has given insight into the exact evolutionary relationships of the big cats.[8] The study reveals that the snow leopard and the tiger are sister species, while the lion, leopard, and jaguar are more closely related to each other. The tiger and snow leopard diverged from the ancestral big cats approximately 3.9 Ma. The tiger then evolved into a unique species towards the end of the Pliocene epoch, approximately 3.2 Ma. The ancestor of the lion, leopard, and jaguar split from other big cats from 4.3–3.8 Ma. Between 3.6 and 2.5 Ma, the jaguar diverged from the ancestor of lions and leopards. Lions and leopards split from one another approximately 2 Ma.[9] The earliest big cat fossil, Panthera blytheae, dating to 4.1−5.95 MA, was discovered in southwest Tibet.[10]

3.9 Ma
3.2 Ma
3.6 Ma

Description and abilities edit

Roaring edit

The ability to roar comes from an elongated and specially adapted larynx and hyoid apparatus.[11] The larynx is attached to the hyoid bone that is hanging from a sequence of bones. This sequence of bones the hyoid hangs from are tympanohyal, stylohyal, epihyal, and ceratohyal; these are located in the mandible and skull.[12] In the larynx, there are vocal folds that produce the structure needed to stretch the ligament to a length that creates the roar effect. This tissue is made of thick collagen and elastic fiber that becomes denser as it approaches the epithelial mucosal lining.[13] When this large pad folds it creates a low natural frequency, causing the cartilage walls of the larynx to vibrate. When it begins to vibrate the sound moves from a high to low air resistance which makes the roaring.

The lion's larynx is the longest, giving it the most robust roar. The roar in good conditions can be heard 8 or even 10 km (5 or 6 mi) away.[14] All five extant members of the genus Panthera contain this elongated hyoid but owing to differences in the larynx the snow leopard cannot roar. Unlike the roaring cats in their family, the snow leopard is distinguished by the lack of a large pad of fibro-elastic tissue that allows for a large vocal fold.

Weight range edit

The range of weights exhibited by the species is large. At the bottom, adult snow leopards usually weigh 22 to 55 kg (49 to 121 lb), with an exceptional specimen reaching 75 kg (165 lb).[15][16]

Male and female lions typically weigh 150–250 kg (330–550 lb) and 110–182 kg (243–401 lb) respectively,[17][18] and male and female tigers 100–306 kg (220–675 pounds) and 75–167 kg (165–368 lb) respectively.[19] Exceptionally heavy male lions and tigers have been recorded to exceed 306 kg (675 pounds) in the wilderness,[20][21] and weigh around 1,000 pounds (450 kg) in captivity.[20][22]

The liger, a hybrid of a lion and tiger, can grow to be much larger than its parent species. In particular, a liger called 'Nook' is reported to have weighed over 550 kg (1,210 lb).[23][24]

Interaction with humans edit

Conservation edit

For the population of the big cats, see List of carnivorans by population

An animal sanctuary provides a refuge for animals to live out their natural lives in a protected environment. Usually, these animal sanctuaries are the organizations which provide a home to big cats whose private owners are no longer able or willing to care for their big cats. However, the use of the word sanctuary in an organization's name is by itself no guarantee that it is a true animal sanctuary in the sense of a refuge. To be accepted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) as a bona fide animal sanctuary and to be eligible for an exemption from the prohibition of interstate movement of big cats under the Captive Wildlife Safety Act (CWSA), organizations must meet the following criteria:[25]

  • Must be a non-profit entity that is tax-exempt under section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code
  • Cannot engage in commercial trade in big cat species, including their offspring, parts, and products made from them
  • Cannot breed big cats
  • Cannot allow direct contact between big cats and the public at their facilities
  • Must keep records of transactions involving covered cats
  • Must allow the service to inspect their facilities, records, and animals at reasonable hours

Internationally, a variety of regulations are placed on big cat possession.[26] In Austria, big cats may only be owned in a qualified zoo which is overseen by a zoologist or veterinarian.[27] Requirements must also be met for enclosures, feeding, and training practices. Both Russia and South Africa regulate private ownership of big cats native to each country. Some countries, including Denmark, Thailand and India, prohibit all private ownership of big cats.[26]

Threats edit

The members of the Panthera genus are classified as some level of threatened by the IUCN Red List: the lion,[28] leopard[5] and snow leopard[29] are categorized as Vulnerable; the tiger is listed as Endangered;[30] and the jaguar is listed as Near Threatened.[31] Cheetahs are also classified as Vulnerable,[32] and the cougar is of Least Concern.[33] All species currently have populations that are decreasing. The principal threats to big cats vary by geographic location but primarily consist of habitat destruction and poaching. In Africa, many big cats are hunted by pastoralists or government "problem animal control" officers. Certain protected areas exist that shelter large and exceptionally visible populations of African leopards, lions and cheetahs, such as Botswana's Chobe, Kenya's Masai Mara, and Tanzania's Serengeti; outside these conservation areas, hunting poses the dominant threat to large carnivores.[34]

In the United States, 19 states have banned ownership of big cats and other dangerous exotic animals as pets, and the Captive Wildlife Safety Act bans the interstate sale and transportation of these animals.[35] The initial Captive Wildlife Safety Act (CWSA) was signed into law on December 19, 2003.[36] To address problems associated with the increasing trade in certain big cat species, the CWSA regulations were strengthened by a law passed on September 17, 2007.[37] The big cat species addressed in these regulations are the lion, tiger, leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopard, cheetah, jaguar, cougar, and any hybrid of these species (liger, tigon, etc.). Private ownership is not prohibited, but the law makes it illegal to transport, sell, or purchase such animals in interstate or foreign commerce. Although these regulations seem to provide a strong legal framework for controlling the commerce involving big cats, international organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) have encouraged the U.S. to further strengthen these laws. The WWF is concerned that weaknesses in the existing U.S. regulations could be unintentionally helping to fuel the black market for tiger parts.[38]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Davis, B.W.; Li, G.; Murphy, W.J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 64−76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224.
  2. ^ Turner, Alan; Anton, Mauricio (1997). The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives (Illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 79–81. ISBN 978-0-231-10228-5. OCLC 34283113.
  3. ^ Balme, G. (2005). (PDF). Africa Geographic (13): 36−43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-13.
  4. ^ Ordiz, Andrés; Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E. (2013-12-01). "Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator?". Biological Conservation. 168: 128–133. Bibcode:2013BCons.168..128O. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.024. hdl:11250/2492589. ISSN 0006-3207.
  5. ^ a b Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J.F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  6. ^ Joseph Stromberg (2013-11-12). "This Fossil Skull Unearthed in Tibet Is the Oldest Big Cat Ever Found". Smithsonian Institution.
  7. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  8. ^ Davis, Brian W.; Li, Gang & Murphy, William J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 64–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224.
  9. ^ "Tiger's ancient ancestry revealed". BBC News. 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
  10. ^ Z. Jack Tseng; Xiaoming Wang; Graham J. Slater; Gary T. Takeuchi; Qiang Li; Juan Liu; Guangpu Xie (7 January 2014). "Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (177 4): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.
  11. ^ Weissengruber, GE; G Forstenpointner; G Peters; A Kübber-Heiss; WT Fitch (September 2002). "Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), liger (Panthera leo × Panthera tigris), Tigon (Panthera tigris x Panthera leo) and the domestic cat. (Felis silvestris f. catus)". Journal of Anatomy. 201 (3): 195–209. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x. PMC 1570911. PMID 12363272.
  12. ^ Hast, M H (April 1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy. 163: 117–121. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 1256521. PMID 2606766.
  13. ^ Erickson-DiRenzo, Elizabeth; Sivasankar, M. Preeti; Thibeault, Susan L. (2014-12-15). "Utility of cell viability assays for use with ex vivo vocal fold epithelial tissue". The Laryngoscope. 125 (5): E180–E185. doi:10.1002/lary.25100. ISSN 0023-852X. PMC 4414688. PMID 25511412.
  14. ^ Kathy Darling (1 January 2000). Lions. Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-1-57505-404-9.
  15. ^ Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). "Snow leopard". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 377–394. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
  16. ^ Boitani, L. (1984). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1.
  17. ^ Nowell, Kristin; Jackson, Peter (1996). Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 1–334. ISBN 978-2-8317-0045-8.
  18. ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  19. ^ Mazák, V. (1981). "Panthera tigris". Mammalian Species (152): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504004. JSTOR 3504004.
  20. ^ a b Wood, G. L. (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  21. ^ "East African Business Digest", University Press of Africa, with contributions from the Kenya National Chamber of Commerce & Industry, 1963, retrieved 2018-03-18
  22. ^ "The Nineteenth Century and After". Vol. 130. Leonard Scott Publishing Company. 1941. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  23. ^ "The Liger - Meet the World's Largest Cat". Liger Facts. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  24. ^ "Liger Nook - Liger Profile". Liger World. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
  25. ^ "Captive Wildlife Safety Act - What Big Cat Owners Need to Know" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement.
  26. ^ a b Zhang, Laney; Palmer (2013). "Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats: Comparative Analysis | Law Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Palmer, Edith (2013). "Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats: Austria| Law Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  28. ^ Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P.F.; Henschel, P.; Nowell, K. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15951A115130419. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en.
  29. ^ McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22732A50664030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en.
  30. ^ Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y.; Karanth, U. (2015). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15955A50659951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en.
  31. ^ Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. "Panthera onca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15953A123791436. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.en.
  32. ^ Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015). "Acinonyx jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T219A50649567. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en.
  33. ^ Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A. (2016) [errata version of 2015 assessment]. "Puma concolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T18868A97216466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.en. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  34. ^ Hunter, Luke (June 2004). (PDF). Africa Geographic: 28–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 15, 2010.
  35. ^ Pacelle, Wayne. . The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from the original on 19 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  36. ^ (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2024-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  37. ^ (PDF). Federal Register. 72 (158). U.S. Congress. August 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2024.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  38. ^ Braun, David (October 21, 2010). . News Watch. National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2023.

Further reading edit

External links edit

 
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January 01, 1970
term, typically, used, refer, five, living, members, genus, panthera, namely, tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, snow, leopard, well, pantherine, cheetah, cougar, images, members, genus, panthera, from, bottom, tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard, snow, leopard, scientifi. The term big cat is typically used to refer to any of the five living members of the genus Panthera namely the tiger lion jaguar leopard and snow leopard as well as the non pantherine cheetah and cougar 1 2 Big cats Images of the members of the genus Panthera from top to bottom the tiger the lion the jaguar the leopard and the snow leopard Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Suborder Feliformia Superfamily Feloidea Family Felidae Species Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Cougar Puma concolor Jaguar Panthera onca Leopard Panthera pardus Lion Panthera leo Snow leopard Panthera uncia Tiger Panthera tigris All cats descend from the Felidae family sharing similar musculature cardiovascular systems skeletal frames and behaviour Both the cheetah and cougar differ physically from fellow big cats and to a greater extent other small cats As obligate carnivores big cats are considered apex predators topping their food chain without natural predators of their own 3 4 Native ranges include the Americas Africa and Asia the range of the leopard and tiger also extends into Europe specifically in Russia 5 Contents 1 Species 2 Evolution 3 Description and abilities 3 1 Roaring 3 2 Weight range 4 Interaction with humans 4 1 Conservation 4 2 Threats 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksSpecies editSee also List of felids Family Felidae Subfamily Pantherinae Genus Panthera Tiger Panthera tigris Lion Panthera leo Jaguar Panthera onca Leopard Panthera pardus Snow leopard Panthera uncia Subfamily Felinae Genus Acinonyx Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Genus Puma Cougar Puma concolor Evolution editIt is estimated that the ancestors of most big cats split away from the Felinae about 6 37 million years ago 6 The Felinae on the other hand comprises mostly small to medium sized cats including domestic cats but also some larger cats such as the cougar and cheetah 7 A 2010 study published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution has given insight into the exact evolutionary relationships of the big cats 8 The study reveals that the snow leopard and the tiger are sister species while the lion leopard and jaguar are more closely related to each other The tiger and snow leopard diverged from the ancestral big cats approximately 3 9 Ma The tiger then evolved into a unique species towards the end of the Pliocene epoch approximately 3 2 Ma The ancestor of the lion leopard and jaguar split from other big cats from 4 3 3 8 Ma Between 3 6 and 2 5 Ma the jaguar diverged from the ancestor of lions and leopards Lions and leopards split from one another approximately 2 Ma 9 The earliest big cat fossil Panthera blytheae dating to 4 1 5 95 MA was discovered in southwest Tibet 10 3 9 Ma 3 2 Ma Snow leopard Tiger 3 6 Ma Jaguar 2 Ma Lion LeopardDescription and abilities editRoaring edit The ability to roar comes from an elongated and specially adapted larynx and hyoid apparatus 11 The larynx is attached to the hyoid bone that is hanging from a sequence of bones This sequence of bones the hyoid hangs from are tympanohyal stylohyal epihyal and ceratohyal these are located in the mandible and skull 12 In the larynx there are vocal folds that produce the structure needed to stretch the ligament to a length that creates the roar effect This tissue is made of thick collagen and elastic fiber that becomes denser as it approaches the epithelial mucosal lining 13 When this large pad folds it creates a low natural frequency causing the cartilage walls of the larynx to vibrate When it begins to vibrate the sound moves from a high to low air resistance which makes the roaring The lion s larynx is the longest giving it the most robust roar The roar in good conditions can be heard 8 or even 10 km 5 or 6 mi away 14 All five extant members of the genus Panthera contain this elongated hyoid but owing to differences in the larynx the snow leopard cannot roar Unlike the roaring cats in their family the snow leopard is distinguished by the lack of a large pad of fibro elastic tissue that allows for a large vocal fold Weight range edit The range of weights exhibited by the species is large At the bottom adult snow leopards usually weigh 22 to 55 kg 49 to 121 lb with an exceptional specimen reaching 75 kg 165 lb 15 16 Male and female lions typically weigh 150 250 kg 330 550 lb and 110 182 kg 243 401 lb respectively 17 18 and male and female tigers 100 306 kg 220 675 pounds and 75 167 kg 165 368 lb respectively 19 Exceptionally heavy male lions and tigers have been recorded to exceed 306 kg 675 pounds in the wilderness 20 21 and weigh around 1 000 pounds 450 kg in captivity 20 22 The liger a hybrid of a lion and tiger can grow to be much larger than its parent species In particular a liger called Nook is reported to have weighed over 550 kg 1 210 lb 23 24 Interaction with humans editConservation edit For the population of the big cats see List of carnivorans by population An animal sanctuary provides a refuge for animals to live out their natural lives in a protected environment Usually these animal sanctuaries are the organizations which provide a home to big cats whose private owners are no longer able or willing to care for their big cats However the use of the word sanctuary in an organization s name is by itself no guarantee that it is a true animal sanctuary in the sense of a refuge To be accepted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS as a bona fide animal sanctuary and to be eligible for an exemption from the prohibition of interstate movement of big cats under the Captive Wildlife Safety Act CWSA organizations must meet the following criteria 25 Must be a non profit entity that is tax exempt under section 501 a of the Internal Revenue Code Cannot engage in commercial trade in big cat species including their offspring parts and products made from them Cannot breed big cats Cannot allow direct contact between big cats and the public at their facilities Must keep records of transactions involving covered cats Must allow the service to inspect their facilities records and animals at reasonable hours Internationally a variety of regulations are placed on big cat possession 26 In Austria big cats may only be owned in a qualified zoo which is overseen by a zoologist or veterinarian 27 Requirements must also be met for enclosures feeding and training practices Both Russia and South Africa regulate private ownership of big cats native to each country Some countries including Denmark Thailand and India prohibit all private ownership of big cats 26 Threats edit The members of the Panthera genus are classified as some level of threatened by the IUCN Red List the lion 28 leopard 5 and snow leopard 29 are categorized as Vulnerable the tiger is listed as Endangered 30 and the jaguar is listed as Near Threatened 31 Cheetahs are also classified as Vulnerable 32 and the cougar is of Least Concern 33 All species currently have populations that are decreasing The principal threats to big cats vary by geographic location but primarily consist of habitat destruction and poaching In Africa many big cats are hunted by pastoralists or government problem animal control officers Certain protected areas exist that shelter large and exceptionally visible populations of African leopards lions and cheetahs such as Botswana s Chobe Kenya s Masai Mara and Tanzania s Serengeti outside these conservation areas hunting poses the dominant threat to large carnivores 34 In the United States 19 states have banned ownership of big cats and other dangerous exotic animals as pets and the Captive Wildlife Safety Act bans the interstate sale and transportation of these animals 35 The initial Captive Wildlife Safety Act CWSA was signed into law on December 19 2003 36 To address problems associated with the increasing trade in certain big cat species the CWSA regulations were strengthened by a law passed on September 17 2007 37 The big cat species addressed in these regulations are the lion tiger leopard snow leopard clouded leopard cheetah jaguar cougar and any hybrid of these species liger tigon etc Private ownership is not prohibited but the law makes it illegal to transport sell or purchase such animals in interstate or foreign commerce Although these regulations seem to provide a strong legal framework for controlling the commerce involving big cats international organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund WWF have encouraged the U S to further strengthen these laws The WWF is concerned that weaknesses in the existing U S regulations could be unintentionally helping to fuel the black market for tiger parts 38 See also editMegafauna List of largest cats Apex predator Panthera hybrid International Big Cat AllianceReferences edit Davis B W Li G Murphy W J 2010 Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats Panthera Carnivora Felidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 1 64 76 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2010 01 036 PMID 20138224 Turner Alan Anton Mauricio 1997 The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives Illustrated ed Columbia University Press pp 79 81 ISBN 978 0 231 10228 5 OCLC 34283113 Balme G 2005 Counting Cats PDF Africa Geographic 13 36 43 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 09 13 Ordiz Andres Bischof Richard Swenson Jon E 2013 12 01 Saving large carnivores but losing the apex predator Biological Conservation 168 128 133 Bibcode 2013BCons 168 128O doi 10 1016 j biocon 2013 09 024 hdl 11250 2492589 ISSN 0006 3207 a b Stein A B Athreya V Gerngross P Balme G Henschel P Karanth U Miquelle D Rostro Garcia S Kamler J F Laguardia A Khorozyan I Ghoddousi A 2020 amended version of 2019 assessment Panthera pardus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T15954A163991139 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 1 RLTS T15954A163991139 en Retrieved 20 April 2021 Joseph Stromberg 2013 11 12 This Fossil Skull Unearthed in Tibet Is the Oldest Big Cat Ever Found Smithsonian Institution Wozencraft W C 2005 Order Carnivora In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 532 545 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Davis Brian W Li Gang amp Murphy William J 2010 Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats Panthera Carnivora Felidae Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 1 64 76 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2010 01 036 PMID 20138224 Tiger s ancient ancestry revealed BBC News 2010 02 12 Retrieved 2010 04 26 Z Jack Tseng Xiaoming Wang Graham J Slater Gary T Takeuchi Qiang Li Juan Liu Guangpu Xie 7 January 2014 Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281 177 4 20132686 doi 10 1098 rspb 2013 2686 PMC 3843846 PMID 24225466 Weissengruber GE G Forstenpointner G Peters A Kubber Heiss WT Fitch September 2002 Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion Panthera leo jaguar Panthera onca tiger Panthera tigris cheetah Acinonyx jubatus liger Panthera leo Panthera tigris Tigon Panthera tigris x Panthera leo and the domestic cat Felis silvestris f catus Journal of Anatomy 201 3 195 209 doi 10 1046 j 1469 7580 2002 00088 x PMC 1570911 PMID 12363272 Hast M H April 1989 The larynx of roaring and non roaring cats Journal of Anatomy 163 117 121 ISSN 0021 8782 PMC 1256521 PMID 2606766 Erickson DiRenzo Elizabeth Sivasankar M Preeti Thibeault Susan L 2014 12 15 Utility of cell viability assays for use with ex vivo vocal fold epithelial tissue The Laryngoscope 125 5 E180 E185 doi 10 1002 lary 25100 ISSN 0023 852X PMC 4414688 PMID 25511412 Kathy Darling 1 January 2000 Lions Lerner Publications ISBN 978 1 57505 404 9 Sunquist M Sunquist F 2002 Snow leopard Wild Cats of the World Chicago University of Chicago Press pp 377 394 ISBN 978 0 226 77999 7 Boitani L 1984 Simon amp Schuster s Guide to Mammals Simon amp Schuster Touchstone Books ISBN 978 0 671 42805 1 Nowell Kristin Jackson Peter 1996 Wild Cats Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan PDF Gland Switzerland IUCN SSC Cat Specialist Group pp 1 334 ISBN 978 2 8317 0045 8 Nowak Ronald M 1999 Walker s Mammals of the World Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 5789 8 Mazak V 1981 Panthera tigris Mammalian Species 152 1 8 doi 10 2307 3504004 JSTOR 3504004 a b Wood G L 1983 The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats Sterling Publishing ISBN 978 0 85112 235 9 East African Business Digest University Press of Africa with contributions from the Kenya National Chamber of Commerce amp Industry 1963 retrieved 2018 03 18 The Nineteenth Century and After Vol 130 Leonard Scott Publishing Company 1941 Retrieved 2018 03 17 The Liger Meet the World s Largest Cat Liger Facts Retrieved 2016 07 17 Liger Nook Liger Profile Liger World Retrieved 2018 04 23 Captive Wildlife Safety Act What Big Cat Owners Need to Know PDF U S Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement a b Zhang Laney Palmer 2013 Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats Comparative Analysis Law Library of Congress www loc gov Retrieved 2021 04 20 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Palmer Edith 2013 Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats Austria Law Library of Congress www loc gov Retrieved 2021 04 20 Bauer H Packer C Funston P F Henschel P Nowell K 2017 errata version of 2016 assessment Panthera leo IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T15951A115130419 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T15951A107265605 en McCarthy T Mallon D Jackson R Zahler P McCarthy K 2017 Panthera uncia IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T22732A50664030 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 2 RLTS T22732A50664030 en Goodrich J Lynam A Miquelle D Wibisono H Kawanishi K Pattanavibool A Htun S Tempa T Karki J Jhala Y Karanth U 2015 Panthera tigris IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T15955A50659951 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 2 RLTS T15955A50659951 en Quigley H Foster R Petracca L Payan E Salom R Harmsen B 2018 errata version of 2017 assessment Panthera onca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T15953A123791436 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 3 RLTS T15953A50658693 en Durant S Mitchell N Ipavec A Groom R 2015 Acinonyx jubatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T219A50649567 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T219A50649567 en Nielsen C Thompson D Kelly M Lopez Gonzalez C A 2016 errata version of 2015 assessment Puma concolor IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T18868A97216466 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T18868A50663436 en Retrieved 20 April 2021 Hunter Luke June 2004 Carnivores in Crisis The Big Cats PDF Africa Geographic 28 41 Archived from the original PDF on April 15 2010 Pacelle Wayne Captive Wildlife Safety Act A Good Start in Banning Exotics as Pets The Humane Society of the United States Archived from the original on 19 April 2007 Retrieved 2007 04 01 Captive Wildlife Safety Act What Big Cat Owners Need to Know PDF U S Fish and Wildlife Service Archived from the original on 2008 09 22 Retrieved 2024 04 17 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Regulations To Implement the Captive Wildlife Safety Act PDF Federal Register 72 158 U S Congress August 16 2007 Archived from the original on September 22 2008 Retrieved April 17 2024 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Braun David October 21 2010 America s 5 000 Backyard Tigers a Ticking Time Bomb WWF Says News Watch National Geographic Archived from the original on May 15 2011 Retrieved November 20 2023 Further reading editTurner A Anton M 1997 The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 10228 5 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big cats People Not Poaching The Communities and IWT Learning Platform Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Big cat amp oldid 1219447415, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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