This article is missing information about the specie's taxonomy, behavior, and venom. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page.(October 2015)
Hydrophis belcheri, commonly known as the faint-banded sea snake or Belcher's sea snake, is an extremely venomousspecies of elapidsea snake. It has a timid temperament and would normally have to be subjected to severe mistreatment before biting. Usually those bitten are fishermen handling nets, although only one-quarter of those bitten are envenomated since the snake rarely injects much of its venom. Although not much is known about the venom of this species,[3] its LD50 toxicity in mice has been determined to be 0.24 mg/kg[4] when delivered intramuscularly.
Belcher's sea snake, which many times is mistakenly called the hook-nosed sea snake (Enhydrina schistosa), has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world, due to Ernst and Zug's published book Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book from 1996. Associate Professor Bryan Grieg Fry, a prominent venom expert, has clarified the error: "The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, its apples and rocks.".[5] Studies on mice[6][7][8] and human cardiac cellculture[5][9][10] shows that venom of the inland taipan, drop by drop, is the most toxic among all snakes; land or sea. The most venomous sea snake is actually Dubois' seasnake (Aipysurus duboisii).
The belcher's sea snake is of moderate size, ranging from 0.5 to 1 meter (about 20–40 inches) in adult length. Its thin body is usually chrome yellowish in colour with dark greenish crossbands. The dorsal pattern does not extend onto the venter. The head is short and has bands of the same colours. Its mouth is very small but suitable for aquatic life. Its body, when viewed out of water, appears to have a faint yellow colour. Its scales are different from most other snakes in that they overlap each other. Each dorsal scale has a central tubercle. The body is strongly laterally compressed posteriorly. The ventral scales are very narrow, only slightly wider than the dorsal scales.
H. belcheri is also referred to as Belcher's ocean snake. Belcher's sea snake has been mistakenly called the "hook-nosed sea snake" (which is actually Enhydrina schistosa) and in one instance was called the "blue-banded sea snake" (which is actually one common name for Hydrophis cyanocinctus).
Referencesedit
^Rasmussen, A.; Sanders, K. (2010). "Hydrophis belcheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T176751A7297371. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176751A7297371.en. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ abSpecies Hydrophis belcheri at The Reptile Database www.reptile-database.com.
^Tamiya N, Puffer H (1974). Lethality of sea snake venoms. Toxicon, 12:85-87.
^ abFry, Bryan 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine (February 08, 2005) Most Venomous 2014-10-17 at the Wayback Machine,"Q;I was wondering what snakes venom is the most potent to humans A:Drop for drop it is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes." venomdoc.com Forums, Retrieved April 17, 2014
^* The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). "Which snakes are the most venomous?" 2014-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute. Frequently Asked Questions -What is the most venomous snake? 2018-07-15 at the Wayback Machine. "Many experts answer that it is the Inland Taipan of Australia, because its drop-by-drop concentration of venom has great potency when measured by its ability to kill rodents" . University of Arizona. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Frequently Asked Questions About Venomous Snakes. "A comparative study found that the snake venom that is most toxic to mice (of the species tested) is that of the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), found in Australia". University of Florida. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
Hodgson WC, Dal Belo CA, Rowan EG (2007). "The neuromuscular activity of paradoxin: a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)". Neuropharmacology. 52 (5): 1229–36. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.002. PMID 17313963. S2CID 19532337. The inland taipan is the world's most venomous snake
Bell, Karen L; Sutherland, Struan K; Hodgson, Wayne C (1998). "Some pharmacological studies of venom from the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)". Toxicon. 36 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00060-3. PMID 9604283. The Inland Taipan is believed to have the most toxic venom in the world (Sutherland, 1994)
Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus Oxyuranus. "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
LISTS . Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes. "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom - Oxyuranus microlepidotus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
BBC Nature Wildlife. Inland Taipan page. "Australia's inland taipan is considered to be the most venomous snake in the world". BBC. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Steve Irwin presentation .Australia Zoo Tour with Steve Irwin (1m54s) "..the number 1 most venomous snake in the entire world, the fierce snake". Australia Zoo (official Youtube Channel). Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Oakley, Cecily (2011). Interview with Associate Professor Bryan Fry Biochemist and molecular biologist 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine. "...For my PhD, I worked on the inland taipan, which is the world’s most venomous snake..." . Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
kingsnake.com September Guest Chatter (September 16, 2006).Q&A with Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry, Deputy Director, Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne 2012-10-15 at the Wayback Machine. "Q: In retrospect to the LD50 charts, what do you personally feel is the hottest snake, in regards to potency, defensiveness, means of injection, etc.? A: It is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus). Not, as is popularised, any of the sea snakes." connectedbypets.com. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
Garden of Eden Exotics (May 2, 2012) Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry – Interview "...The inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus') is far and away the most toxic, much more so than even sea snakes." nyexotics.blogspot.com Retrieved October 14, 2013
^Seymour, Jamie, World's Worst Venom, (Min 44.33) "Among the reptiles tested, the most toxic venom belongs to inland taipan, killing over 60% of heart cells in the first 10 minutes" National Geographic Channel Retrieved April 17, 2014
^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN978-1-4214-0135-5. (Hydrophis belcheri, p. 22).
External linksedit
Todo sobre la serpiente marina Blecher
Listen to this article (4 minutes)
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 3 October 2019 (2019-10-03), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
Further readingedit
Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ), ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I- XXV. (Distira belcheri, pp. 296–297 + Plate XVII, Figure 2).
Gray JE (1849). Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Edward Newman, printer). xv + 125 pp. (Aturia belcheri, new species, p. 46).
McCarthy CJ, Warrel DA (1991). "A collection of sea snakes from Thailand with new records of Hydrophis belcheri (Gray)". Bull. British Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.)57 (2): 161-166.
McCoy M (2000). Reptiles of the Solomon Islands. Kuranda, Australia: ZooGraphics. CD-ROM.
April 11, 2024
hydrophis, belcheri, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, missing, information, about, specie, taxonomy, behavior, venom, please, expand, arti. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article is missing information about the specie s taxonomy behavior and venom Please expand the article to include this information Further details may exist on the talk page October 2015 Some of this article s listed sources may not be reliable Please help improve this article by looking for better more reliable sources Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed July 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Hydrophis belcheri commonly known as the faint banded sea snake or Belcher s sea snake is an extremely venomous species of elapid sea snake It has a timid temperament and would normally have to be subjected to severe mistreatment before biting Usually those bitten are fishermen handling nets although only one quarter of those bitten are envenomated since the snake rarely injects much of its venom Although not much is known about the venom of this species 3 its LD50 toxicity in mice has been determined to be 0 24 mg kg 4 when delivered intramuscularly Hydrophis belcheriConservation statusData Deficient IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder SquamataSuborder SerpentesFamily ElapidaeGenus HydrophisSpecies H belcheriBinomial nameHydrophis belcheri Gray 1849 Synonyms 2 Aturia belcheri Gray 1849Hydrophis belcheri Gunther 1864Distira belcheri Boulenger 1888Hydrophis belcheri Cogger 1983Chitulia belcheri Kharin 2005Hydrophis belcheri Cogger 2014Belcher s sea snake which many times is mistakenly called the hook nosed sea snake Enhydrina schistosa has been erroneously popularized as the most venomous snake in the world due to Ernst and Zug s published book Snakes in Question The Smithsonian Answer Book from 1996 Associate Professor Bryan Grieg Fry a prominent venom expert has clarified the error The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called Snakes in question In there all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together regardless of the mode of testing e g subcutaneous vs intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal As the mode can influence the relative number venoms can only be compared within a mode Otherwise its apples and rocks 5 Studies on mice 6 7 8 and human cardiac cell culture 5 9 10 shows that venom of the inland taipan drop by drop is the most toxic among all snakes land or sea The most venomous sea snake is actually Dubois seasnake Aipysurus duboisii Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomic history 3 Etymology 4 Common names 5 References 6 External links 7 Further readingDescription editThe belcher s sea snake is of moderate size ranging from 0 5 to 1 meter about 20 40 inches in adult length Its thin body is usually chrome yellowish in colour with dark greenish crossbands The dorsal pattern does not extend onto the venter The head is short and has bands of the same colours Its mouth is very small but suitable for aquatic life Its body when viewed out of water appears to have a faint yellow colour Its scales are different from most other snakes in that they overlap each other Each dorsal scale has a central tubercle The body is strongly laterally compressed posteriorly The ventral scales are very narrow only slightly wider than the dorsal scales Taxonomic history editThis species was first described and named by John Edward Gray in 1849 Etymology editHydrophis comes from Greek ὕdwr hydōr water ὄfis ophis serpent The specific name belcheri commemorates the Nova Scotian Royal Navy Captain later Admiral Sir Edward Belcher KCB RN 1799 1877 11 who collected the holotype 2 Common names editH belcheri is also referred to as Belcher s ocean snake Belcher s sea snake has been mistakenly called the hook nosed sea snake which is actually Enhydrina schistosa and in one instance was called the blue banded sea snake which is actually one common name for Hydrophis cyanocinctus References edit Rasmussen A Sanders K 2010 Hydrophis belcheri IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010 e T176751A7297371 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2010 4 RLTS T176751A7297371 en Retrieved 19 August 2023 a b Species Hydrophis belcheri at The Reptile Database www reptile database com WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources Hydrophis belcheri Tamiya N Puffer H 1974 Lethality of sea snake venoms Toxicon 12 85 87 a b Fry Bryan Archived 2014 04 19 at the Wayback Machine February 08 2005 Most Venomous Archived 2014 10 17 at the Wayback Machine Q I was wondering what snakes venom is the most potent to humans A Drop for drop it is the inland taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes venomdoc com Forums Retrieved April 17 2014 The Australian venom research unit August 25 2007 Which snakes are the most venomous Archived 2014 06 26 at the Wayback Machine University of Melbourne Retrieved October 14 2013 Venom Immunochemistry Pharmacology and Emergency Response VIPER Institute Frequently Asked Questions What is the most venomous snake Archived 2018 07 15 at the Wayback Machine Many experts answer that it is the Inland Taipan of Australia because its drop by drop concentration of venom has great potency when measured by its ability to kill rodents University of Arizona Retrieved October 14 2013 Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Frequently Asked Questions About Venomous Snakes A comparative study found that the snake venom that is most toxic to mice of the species tested is that of the Inland Taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus found in Australia University of Florida Retrieved November 5 2013 Hodgson WC Dal Belo CA Rowan EG 2007 The neuromuscular activity of paradoxin a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the inland taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus Neuropharmacology 52 5 1229 36 doi 10 1016 j neuropharm 2007 01 002 PMID 17313963 S2CID 19532337 The inland taipan is the world s most venomous snake Bell Karen L Sutherland Struan K Hodgson Wayne C 1998 Some pharmacological studies of venom from the inland taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus Toxicon 36 1 63 74 doi 10 1016 S0041 0101 97 00060 3 PMID 9604283 The Inland Taipan is believed to have the most toxic venom in the world Sutherland 1994 Journal of Herpetology Vol 17 no 1 1983 Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes the Australian Genus Oxyuranus the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus 218 000 mice than for any other snakes including sea snakes investigated to date Broad Sutherland and Coulter 1979 page 1 University of Sydney Retrieved November 8 2013 LISTS Nine of the World s Deadliest Snakes 1 The snake with the world s deadliest venom Oxyuranus microlepidotus Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved November 5 2013 BBC Nature Wildlife Inland Taipan page Australia s inland taipan is considered to be the most venomous snake in the world BBC Retrieved October 15 2013 Cecilie Beatson November 29 2011 ANIMAL SPECIES Inland Taipan The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice Australian Museum Retrieved October 14 2013 Steve Irwin presentation Australia Zoo Tour with Steve Irwin 1m54s the number 1 most venomous snake in the entire world the fierce snake Australia Zoo official Youtube Channel Retrieved October 14 2013 Inland Taipan Venom vs Sea Snakes Venom most notable Belcher s sea snake Oakley Cecily 2011 Interview with Associate Professor Bryan Fry Biochemist and molecular biologist Archived 2013 10 22 at the Wayback Machine For my PhD I worked on the inland taipan which is the world s most venomous snake Australian Academy of Science Retrieved October 14 2013 kingsnake com September Guest Chatter September 16 2006 Q amp A with Dr Bryan Grieg Fry Deputy Director Australian Venom Research Unit University of Melbourne Archived 2012 10 15 at the Wayback Machine Q In retrospect to the LD50 charts what do you personally feel is the hottest snake in regards to potency defensiveness means of injection etc A It is the inland taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus Not as is popularised any of the sea snakes connectedbypets com Retrieved October 14 2013 Garden of Eden Exotics May 2 2012 Dr Bryan Grieg Fry Interview The inland taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus is far and away the most toxic much more so than even sea snakes nyexotics blogspot com Retrieved October 14 2013 Seymour Jamie World s Worst Venom Min 44 33 Among the reptiles tested the most toxic venom belongs to inland taipan killing over 60 of heart cells in the first 10 minutes National Geographic Channel Retrieved April 17 2014 Seymour Jamie Venom deathmatch They have the most toxic venom towards humans than any other snake in the world min 1 49 National Geographic Channel Retrieved April 17 2014 Beolens Bo Watkins Michael Grayson Michael 2011 The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press xiii 296 pp ISBN 978 1 4214 0135 5 Hydrophis belcheri p 22 External links editTodo sobre la serpiente marina BlecherListen to this article 4 minutes source source nbsp This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 3 October 2019 2019 10 03 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles Further reading editBoulenger GA 1896 Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum Natural History Volume III Containing the Colubridae Opisthoglyphae and Proteroglyphae London Trustees of the British Museum Natural History Taylor and Francis printers xiv 727 pp Plates I XXV Distira belcheri pp 296 297 Plate XVII Figure 2 Gray JE 1849 Catalogue of the Specimens of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum London Trustees of the British Museum Edward Newman printer xv 125 pp Aturia belcheri new species p 46 McCarthy CJ Warrel DA 1991 A collection of sea snakes from Thailand with new records of Hydrophis belcheri Gray Bull British Mus Nat Hist Zool 57 2 161 166 McCoy M 2000 Reptiles of the Solomon Islands Kuranda Australia ZooGraphics CD ROM Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hydrophis belcheri amp oldid 1186832058, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
