A ballast tractor is a specially weighted tractor unit of a heavy hauler combination. It is designed to utilize a drawbar to pull or push heavy or exceptionally large trailer loads which are loaded in a hydraulic modular trailer. When feasible, lowboy-style semi-trailers are used to minimize a load's center of gravity. Typical drivetrains are 6×4 and 6×6 but also available in 8×6 and 8×8. Typical ballast tractor loads include oil rig modules, bridge sections, buildings, ship sections, and industrial machinery such as generators and turbines.
Only a handful of manufacturers produce dedicated ballast tractors. Extra-heavy-duty chassis versions of mass-production tractor units are fitted with drawbar hitches and a separate ballast box as an alternative. These units are classified as N3 Category of Large goods vehicle. Ballast tractors can be traced back to the 1940s when heavy haulers from the UK started employing purpose-built Scammell Showtracs a short wheelbase 4x2 ballast tractor.
Increasingly, remote-controlled, self-propelled modular transporters (SPMT) are being employed in traditional ballast tractor/trailer roles.
MAN ballast tractor hooked via drawbar to 92,000 kg (203,000 lb) transformer on Nicolas modular axles
Titan Spezialfahrzeugbau GmbH Ballast tractors with Mercedes-Benz Actros cab.
The ballast tractor's name derives from the nautical term “sailing ballast” describing heavy material added to a vessel to improve stability. For a ballast tractor, ballast is added over the driving wheels to maximize traction. The additional weight increases the friction between the tyres and the road surface, allowing the tractor to overcome the inertia and friction of moving a heavy trailed load. Without it, there would be unproductive wheelspin.
With a semi-trailer, ballast is added in the form of the weight of the attached trailer pressing down upon the tractor's fifth wheel. Since the load is separate from a ballast tractor, it provides no ballast: the drawbar only transmits a horizontal force.
High inertia is encountered when starting to move a heavy load. To overcome this, ballast tractors tend to have high-powered, low geared engines that provide substantial torque, especially at low speeds. Additionally, ballast tractors are often fitted with heavy-duty hub reduction axles, a combination resulting in exceptionally low maximum speeds.
A strong chassis is required to both support the extra ballast weight and pulling forces transmitted by the drawbar. A reinforced chassis also allows multiple tractors to be coupled together to maximize power and traction. Heavy-duty versions of commercial tractor units may be fitted with a ballast box and suitable draw gear, or a ballast tractor may be purpose-built. Ballast is placed above the driving axle, or spread out over multiple driving axles to maximize traction on each and evenly distribute its load. Conversion from a regular tractor to a ballast tractor may require some modifications like chassis alteration, extra axle, larger tires, ballast box, and a heavy-duty gearbox so that it can handle the extra weight.[1] The heavy-duty tractors which are usually converted into ballast tractors have 6x4, 8x6 axle configuration, hub reduction, better suspension and a powerful engine ranging from 300 to 1000hp.
A purpose built ballast tractor tends to be the heaviest class of on-road trucks. In some cases, its kerb weight can be greater than their axle configuration's legal Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) permits, requiring special permission to use public roads. Some nations have categorized these tractors in a different category than conventional tractors because of higher GVW permits and HMT configuration.
Typical ballast tractor configurations employ an independent drawbar trailer, hydraulic modular trailer, or dolly trailer. An advantage of using ballast tractors is the ability to push-steer a trailer around a corner. A girder trailer, for example, is double-articulated, so the front tractor can pull the load around a corner while the rear tractor pushes it through, thereby making the load more manoeuvrable than a simple towing configuration. Use of a following tractor also can increase control and brake force descending an incline.
The ballast box is a metal box installed on the rear chassis of the tractor instead of the fifth wheel coupling. Earlier heavy haulers unmounted the fifth wheel and used merely a piece or two of heavy rocks, stones or concrete blocks which weighted enough to avoid wheel spin, later builders and heavy haulers developed metal boxes of different designs to match the tractor layout. These boxes were filled with concrete or steel to increase the weight of the tractor. The problem with ballast tractors was the weight of ballast itself weighted over 10, 20 or even 40 tons in some scenario. Other designs also included sleeping cabins in the ballast for the drivers and the crew for longer journeys and harsh weather conditions,[2] This made the height of the tractors increase significantly, these units are still used today in the gulf area due to extreme heat. Some units have factory fitted ballast box with appropriate weight to meet with the regional guidelines, these tractors units do not have fifth wheel and drive out from the factory with a ballast box. Heavy haul operators convert heavy-duty tractors to ballast tractors with an aftermarket ballast box built by a builder or by themselves.
New age power boosters which are external engine an accessory of hydraulic modular trailer can also be mounted on the tractor chassis to act as a ballast, saving a lot of space on the trailer itself for the loads and most important avoid application of extra tractors. Mammoet and Scheuerle (Member of the TII Group) have proved this configuration in 2019 on a difficult terrain in Norway.[3] Almost all HMT manufacturers have their own variant of power booster.
Drawbar coupling
Drawbar coupling is a special tow hitch mounted on the front end or rear end of the tractor, sometimes both, it connects the HMT to the ballast tractor. Earlier coupling consisted of in house made metal hitch which had loops to lock drawbar eyes with a pin. Later fifth wheel manufacturers like Jost Rockinger and Ringfeder developed heavy-duty drawbar couplings with a 50 mm loop, drawbars and drawbar eyes which were built with higher quality and standards this increase the safety significantly. These couplings can be mounted on both ends of the tractor for push or pull applications. Some manufacturers also provide tractors with drawbar coupling fitted from the factory.[4]
Manufacturers
Only a handful of manufacturers produce dedicated ballast tractors. Most high-volume manufacturers offer heavy-duty chassis versions of certain tractor units, which enable a ballast box to be fitted. In Europe, manufacturers tend to send some of their products to another company (owned by the parent) to be converted into a special heavy-duty version.[citation needed]
Three ballast tractors from JB Rawcliffe & Sons (two MAN pulling and one Mercedes pushing) with 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) transformer on Nicolas modular-5 Greiner bed 5-axle trailer en route to a wind farm substation
Most heavy haulage and heavy lift engineering firms employ heavy duty tractor-unit models that can accommodate a ballast box. Countries where modernization is taking place, such as regions of the Middle East and South Africa and Asia, operate larger number of ballast tractors due to the greater frequency of heavy loads (such as power station components) and infrastructure projects.
Apart from being used by fairgrounds as a direct replacement for the steam-powered showman's engine, specialist moving and haulage companies use ballast tractors. These include:
^"The importance of ballast!". Heritage Machines. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^"Mammoet uses new road solution to navigate dangerous route". Project Cargo Journal. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^"Heavy metal in special transport". www.transportengineer.org.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^Trucks, Volvo. "Volvo Trucks India launches next-generation trucks". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^"Scania R 580 6×4 truck receives on-road Puller certification from ARAI – Motorindia". Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^ ab"Thimbleby & Shorland - commercial vehicles spares and accessories memorabilia, models, literature pictures and prints auction Saturday 25th March 2006" (PDF). 25 March 2006. p. 16. (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-14. This very smart tri axle [Scammell Junior Constructor] ballast tractor was one of six supplied new to Pickfords in 1958.
^"Heavy Haulage Move in Thornton". Railpage. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
^"DAF N 3300 NT 3326 DKX «Sarens» ballast tractor with crane, cab Magirus Deutz — Каталог К.В.Х." (in Russian). Retrieved 24 March 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ballast tractors.
Extremely large collection of heavy haulage photos (in German)
April 27, 2023
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For other uses see Ballast disambiguation A ballast tractor is a specially weighted tractor unit of a heavy hauler combination It is designed to utilize a drawbar to pull or push heavy or exceptionally large trailer loads which are loaded in a hydraulic modular trailer When feasible lowboy style semi trailers are used to minimize a load s center of gravity Typical drivetrains are 6 4 and 6 6 but also available in 8 6 and 8 8 Typical ballast tractor loads include oil rig modules bridge sections buildings ship sections and industrial machinery such as generators and turbines Hayes WHDX 70 170 6 6 tractor Only a handful of manufacturers produce dedicated ballast tractors Extra heavy duty chassis versions of mass production tractor units are fitted with drawbar hitches and a separate ballast box as an alternative These units are classified as N3 Category of Large goods vehicle Ballast tractors can be traced back to the 1940s when heavy haulers from the UK started employing purpose built Scammell Showtracs a short wheelbase 4x2 ballast tractor Increasingly remote controlled self propelled modular transporters SPMT are being employed in traditional ballast tractor trailer roles Contents 1 Description 2 Equipment 2 1 Ballast box 2 2 Drawbar coupling 3 Manufacturers 4 Operators 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDescription EditThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message MAN ballast tractor hooked via drawbar to 92 000 kg 203 000 lb transformer on Nicolas modular axles Titan Spezialfahrzeugbau GmbH Ballast tractors with Mercedes Benz Actros cab The ballast tractor s name derives from the nautical term sailing ballast describing heavy material added to a vessel to improve stability For a ballast tractor ballast is added over the driving wheels to maximize traction The additional weight increases the friction between the tyres and the road surface allowing the tractor to overcome the inertia and friction of moving a heavy trailed load Without it there would be unproductive wheelspin With a semi trailer ballast is added in the form of the weight of the attached trailer pressing down upon the tractor s fifth wheel Since the load is separate from a ballast tractor it provides no ballast the drawbar only transmits a horizontal force High inertia is encountered when starting to move a heavy load To overcome this ballast tractors tend to have high powered low geared engines that provide substantial torque especially at low speeds Additionally ballast tractors are often fitted with heavy duty hub reduction axles a combination resulting in exceptionally low maximum speeds A strong chassis is required to both support the extra ballast weight and pulling forces transmitted by the drawbar A reinforced chassis also allows multiple tractors to be coupled together to maximize power and traction Heavy duty versions of commercial tractor units may be fitted with a ballast box and suitable draw gear or a ballast tractor may be purpose built Ballast is placed above the driving axle or spread out over multiple driving axles to maximize traction on each and evenly distribute its load Conversion from a regular tractor to a ballast tractor may require some modifications like chassis alteration extra axle larger tires ballast box and a heavy duty gearbox so that it can handle the extra weight 1 The heavy duty tractors which are usually converted into ballast tractors have 6x4 8x6 axle configuration hub reduction better suspension and a powerful engine ranging from 300 to 1000hp A purpose built ballast tractor tends to be the heaviest class of on road trucks In some cases its kerb weight can be greater than their axle configuration s legal Gross Vehicle Weight GVW permits requiring special permission to use public roads Some nations have categorized these tractors in a different category than conventional tractors because of higher GVW permits and HMT configuration Typical ballast tractor configurations employ an independent drawbar trailer hydraulic modular trailer or dolly trailer An advantage of using ballast tractors is the ability to push steer a trailer around a corner A girder trailer for example is double articulated so the front tractor can pull the load around a corner while the rear tractor pushes it through thereby making the load more manoeuvrable than a simple towing configuration Use of a following tractor also can increase control and brake force descending an incline Equipment EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Ballast box Edit The ballast box is a metal box installed on the rear chassis of the tractor instead of the fifth wheel coupling Earlier heavy haulers unmounted the fifth wheel and used merely a piece or two of heavy rocks stones or concrete blocks which weighted enough to avoid wheel spin later builders and heavy haulers developed metal boxes of different designs to match the tractor layout These boxes were filled with concrete or steel to increase the weight of the tractor The problem with ballast tractors was the weight of ballast itself weighted over 10 20 or even 40 tons in some scenario Other designs also included sleeping cabins in the ballast for the drivers and the crew for longer journeys and harsh weather conditions 2 This made the height of the tractors increase significantly these units are still used today in the gulf area due to extreme heat Some units have factory fitted ballast box with appropriate weight to meet with the regional guidelines these tractors units do not have fifth wheel and drive out from the factory with a ballast box Heavy haul operators convert heavy duty tractors to ballast tractors with an aftermarket ballast box built by a builder or by themselves New age power boosters which are external engine an accessory of hydraulic modular trailer can also be mounted on the tractor chassis to act as a ballast saving a lot of space on the trailer itself for the loads and most important avoid application of extra tractors Mammoet and Scheuerle Member of the TII Group have proved this configuration in 2019 on a difficult terrain in Norway 3 Almost all HMT manufacturers have their own variant of power booster Drawbar coupling Edit Drawbar coupling is a special tow hitch mounted on the front end or rear end of the tractor sometimes both it connects the HMT to the ballast tractor Earlier coupling consisted of in house made metal hitch which had loops to lock drawbar eyes with a pin Later fifth wheel manufacturers like Jost Rockinger and Ringfeder developed heavy duty drawbar couplings with a 50 mm loop drawbars and drawbar eyes which were built with higher quality and standards this increase the safety significantly These couplings can be mounted on both ends of the tractor for push or pull applications Some manufacturers also provide tractors with drawbar coupling fitted from the factory 4 Manufacturers EditOnly a handful of manufacturers produce dedicated ballast tractors Most high volume manufacturers offer heavy duty chassis versions of certain tractor units which enable a ballast box to be fitted In Europe manufacturers tend to send some of their products to another company owned by the parent to be converted into a special heavy duty version citation needed BelarusVolatBelgiumMOLCanadaHayes PacificCzech RepublicTatraFranceNicolas Tractomas 8 8 and 10 10 ultra heavy duty tractors PRP WillemeGermanyTadano Faun GmbH MAN OAF Mercedes Benz Titan IndiaVolvo Trucks India 5 Scania India 6 ItalyAstra SIVI Iveco NetherlandsDAF GINAF Russia formerly Soviet Union MAZ NAMISpainTBO Trabosa TMUSwitzerlandNAWUKAEC Atkinson Vehicles ERF Foden Trucks Rotinoff Motors 35 heavy haulage tractors were built by the company between 1952 and 1959 of which 11 are known to survive Scammell 7 Many early examples now used and seen as showman s vehicles originally served with the army Thornycroft such as Thornycroft Antar UnipowerUSADiamond T Ex army Diamond T M20 tank transports were popular post World War II with heavy hauliers in the UK Kenworth Mack White Oshkosh CorporationOperators Edit Three ballast tractors from JB Rawcliffe amp Sons two MAN pulling and one Mercedes pushing with 100 000 kg 220 000 lb transformer on Nicolas modular 5 Greiner bed 5 axle trailer en route to a wind farm substation Most heavy haulage and heavy lift engineering firms employ heavy duty tractor unit models that can accommodate a ballast box Countries where modernization is taking place such as regions of the Middle East and South Africa and Asia operate larger number of ballast tractors due to the greater frequency of heavy loads such as power station components and infrastructure projects Apart from being used by fairgrounds as a direct replacement for the steam powered showman s engine specialist moving and haulage companies use ballast tractors These include Alstom Mammoet 8 Pickfords 7 Sarens 9 Gallery Edit Mercedes Benz Actros Ballast Tractor pulling Goldhofer hydraulic modular trailer with FTV 300 blade lifer carrying a Windmill blade Ballast Tractor Pushing Goldhofer hydraulic modular trailer with Faktor 5 girder bridge Scammell Contractor ballast tractor pulling specialist trailer at a fair Atkinson ballast tractor Scammell ballast tractor Note the front drawbar coupling for pushing heavy loads Three of the 11 surviving Rotinoff Atlantic ballast tractors Two MAN ballast tractors pulling load on TII hydraulic modular trailer TII Nicolas Tractomas ballast tractor TII Nicolas Tractomas ballast tractors pulling hydraulic modular trailer with girder bridge MAN ballat tractor pushing hydraulic modular trailer with bolster configuration ALE Faun custom ballast tractor ALE Trojan ballast tractor pushing hydraulic modular trailer with girder bridge configuration ALE MAN ballast tractor with drawbar connected to a hydraulic modular trailer MAN ballast tractor pulling hydraulic modular trailer See also Edit Transport portalHeavy hauler Prime mover Ringfeder Road locomotive steam powered fore runner of the ballast tractor Toter Tractor unit Sisu K 50SS Hydraulic modular trailerReferences Edit Extra heavy duty trucks featuring Allison transmissions expand Megatranz fleet ATI InternetBlank Retrieved 24 March 2022 The importance of ballast Heritage Machines 2 September 2021 Retrieved 25 March 2022 Mammoet uses new road solution to navigate dangerous route Project Cargo Journal Retrieved 25 March 2022 Heavy metal in special transport www transportengineer org uk Retrieved 25 March 2022 Trucks Volvo Volvo Trucks India launches next generation trucks www prnewswire com Retrieved 24 March 2022 Scania R 580 6 4 truck receives on road Puller certification from ARAI Motorindia Retrieved 24 March 2022 a b Thimbleby amp Shorland commercial vehicles spares and accessories memorabilia models literature pictures and prints auction Saturday 25th March 2006 PDF 25 March 2006 p 16 Archived PDF from the original on 26 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 09 14 This very smart tri axle Scammell Junior Constructor ballast tractor was one of six supplied new to Pickfords in 1958 Heavy Haulage Move in Thornton Railpage Retrieved 24 March 2022 DAF N 3300 NT 3326 DKX Sarens ballast tractor with crane cab Magirus Deutz Katalog K V H in Russian Retrieved 24 March 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ballast tractors Extremely large collection of heavy haulage photos in German Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ballast tractor amp oldid 1151794247, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
