fbpx
Wikipedia

Ball (association football)

March 05, 2024

A football (also known as a football ball, soccer ball, or association football ball specifically in the United Kingdom) is the ball used in the sport of association football. The name of the ball varies according to whether the sport is called "football", "soccer", or "association football". The ball's spherical shape, as well as its size, weight, mass, and material composition, are specified by Law 2 of the Laws of the Game maintained by the International Football Association Board.[1] Additional, more stringent standards are specified by FIFA and other big governing bodies for the balls used in the competitions they sanction.

Adidas Telstar-style ball, with the familiar black and white spherical truncated icosahedron pattern, introduced in 1970

Early footballs began as animal bladders or stomachs that would easily fall apart if kicked too much. Improvements became possible in the 19th century with the introduction of rubber and discoveries of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear. The modern 32-panel ball design was developed in 1962 by Eigil Nielsen, and technological research continues to develop footballs with improved performance. The 32-panel ball design was soon joined by 24-panel balls as well as 42-panel balls, both of which improved on performance prior to 2007.[citation needed]

A black-and-white patterned spherical truncated icosahedron design, brought to prominence by the Adidas Telstar, has become a symbol of association football.[2] Many different designs of balls exist, varying both in appearance and physical characteristics.[3]

History edit

First years of football codes edit

 
Early football ball (with its leather lace) used in the 1930 FIFA World Cup Final
 
Leather ball used in the football tournament at the 1936 Summer Olympics

In the year 1863, the first specifications for footballs were set by the Football Association. Previous to this, footballs were made out of inflated animal bladder, with later leather coverings to help footballs maintain their shapes.[4] In 1872 the specifications were revised, and have been kept essentially unchanged by the International Football Association Board. Differences in footballs made since this rule came into effect have been with the material used to create them.

Footballs have dramatically changed over time. During medieval times balls were normally made from an outer shell of leather filled with cork shavings.[5] Another method of creating a ball was using animal bladders to make it inflatable inside. However, these two styles of footballs were easy to puncture and were inadequate for kicking. It was not until the 19th century that footballs developed a more modern appearance.

Vulcanization edit

In 1838, Charles Goodyear introduced vulcanized rubber, which dramatically improved football.[6] Vulcanization is the treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities such as strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents. Vulcanization of rubber also helps the football resist moderate heat and cold. Vulcanization helped create inflatable bladders that pressurize the outer panel arrangement of the football. Charles Goodyear's innovation increased the bounce ability of the ball and made it easier to kick. Most balls of this time had tanned leather with eighteen sections stitched together. These were arranged in six panels of three strips each.[7][8]

Reasons for improvement edit

During the 1900s, footballs were made out of leather with a lace of the same material (known as tiento in Spanish) used to stitch the panels. Although leather was perfect for bouncing and kicking the ball, when heading the football (hitting it with the player's head) it was usually painful. This problem was most probably due to water absorption of the leather from rain, which caused a considerable increase in weight, causing head or neck injury. By around 2017, this had also been associated with dementia in former players.[9] Another problem of early footballs was that they deteriorated quickly, as the plastic used in manufacturing the basketballs varied in thickness and in quality.[7]

The ball without the leather lace was developed and patented by Romano Polo, Antonio Tossolini and Juan Valbonesi in 1931 in Bell Ville, Córdoba Province, Argentina.[10][11] This innovative ball (named Superball) was adopted by the Argentine Football Association as the official ball for its competitions since 1932.[12]

Latest developments edit

 
Adidas Torfabrik football used in the Bundesliga in 2011

The deformation of the football when it is kicked or when the ball hits a surface is tested. Two styles of footballs have been tested by the Sports Technology Research Group of Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering in Loughborough University; these two models are called the Basic FE model and the Developed FE model of the football. The basic model considered the ball as a spherical shell with isotropic material properties. The developed model also used isotropic material properties but included an additional stiffer stitching seam region.

Manufacturers are experimenting with microchips and even cameras embedded inside the ball. The microchip technology was considered for the goal-line technology. The ball used in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia had an embedded chip which did not provide any measurements, but provided 'user experience' via smartphone after connecting with the ball via NFC.[13][14][15]

Future developments edit

Companies such as Umbro, Mitre, Adidas, Nike, Select and Puma are releasing footballs made out of new materials which are intended to provide more accurate flight and more power to be transferred to the football.[16][17]

Specification edit

Construction edit

Modern footballs are much more complex than past footballs. Most footballs consist of twelve regular pentagonal and twenty regular hexagonal panels positioned in a truncated icosahedron spherical geometry.[5] Some premium-grade 32-panel balls use non-regular polygons to give a closer approximation to sphericality.[18] The inside of the football is made up of a latex or butyl rubber bladder which enables the football to be pressurised. The ball's outside is made of leather, synthetic leather, polyurethane or PVC panels. The surface can be textured, weaved or embossed for greater control and touch. The panel pairs are either machine-stitched, hand-stitched or thermo-bonded (glued and bonded by heat) along the edge.[6] To prevent water absorption balls may be specially coated, or the stitches bonded with glue. The size of a football is roughly 22 cm (8.66 inches) in diameter for a regulation size 5 ball. Rules state that a size 5 ball must be 68 to 70 cm (27 to 28 in) in circumference.[19] Averaging that to 69 cm (27 in) and then dividing by π gives a diameter of about 22 cm (8.7 in).

Size and weight edit

Regulation size and weight for a football is a circumference of 68–70 cm (27–28 in) and a weight of between 410–450 g (14–16 oz). The ball is inflated to a pressure of 0.6–1.1 bars (8.7–16.0 psi) at sea level.[20] This is known as "Size 5". Smaller balls, sizes 1, 3 and 4 are also produced for younger players or as training tools.[20]

Types of ball edit

There are different types of football balls depending on the match and turf including training footballs, match footballs, professional match footballs, beach footballs, street footballs, indoor footballs, turf balls, futsal footballs and mini/skills footballs.[21]

 
A professional/premium match soccer ball
  • Professional/premium match footballs are developed with top professional clubs to maximize players natural abilities and skills. They are FIFA-approved for use at the highest professional and international levels and designed for performance, exact specifications, great accuracy, speed and control. Air retention, water-resistance, and performance are far superior when compared to a training ball. They are intended for all natural and artificial turf surfaces and all climates. These are the most expensive footballs.
  • Matchday footballs are high performance range of balls for all playing surfaces. The outer casing is either leather or an approved synthetic and it will typically be water-resistant as well. They are guaranteed to conform to official size, weight, and texture regulations, designed to suit all levels of play and all age groups. These balls cost more than turf or training balls, which is offset by their superior level of quality.
  • Recreational/practice/training footballs are tough and highly durable balls for extended use. Made of robust materials for use on all playing surfaces and used by players at any level. Practice balls are the least expensive balls when compared with match type footballs.
  • Turf balls are specifically designed to work on artificial surfaces that mimic grass. They are durable and reasonably affordable, but tend to skip more when used on a natural pitch.
  • Promotional balls are usually made to promote a name brand, organization or event.
  • Indoor footballs come in the same sizes as the outdoor soccer balls, but are designed to have less bounce and rebound in them, making it possible to control the ball on a smaller court or indoor arena. The cover of an indoor ball is also the strongest of any category, so it can withstand the hard rebound impact on the court flooring and wall surfaces.
  • Futsal footballs differ from typical footballs in that the bladder is filled with foam. That makes the ball heavier and with less bounce for use on the hard futsal playing surface. A futsal football is smaller in size than a football used on the football pitch.

Suppliers edit

See also: List of FIFA World Cup official match balls, List of UEFA European Championship official match balls, List of AFC Asian Cup official match balls, and List of Olympic Football official match balls

Many companies throughout the world produce footballs. The earliest balls were made by local suppliers where the game was played. It is estimated that 40% of all footballs are made in Sialkot, Pakistan with other major producers being China and India.[22]

As a response to the problems with the balls in the 1962 FIFA World Cup,[clarification needed] Adidas created the Adidas Santiago[23] – this led to Adidas winning the contract to supply the match balls for all official FIFA and UEFA matches, which they have held since the 1970s, and also for the Olympic Games.[24] They also supply the ball for the UEFA Champions League which is called the Adidas Finale.

FIFA World Cup edit

Main article: FIFA World Cup official match balls

In early FIFA World Cups, match balls were mostly provided by the hosts from local suppliers. Records indicate a variety of models being used within individual tournaments and even, on some occasions, individual games. Over time, FIFA took more control over the choice of ball used. Since 1970 Adidas have supplied official match balls (all of which were made in Sialkot, Pakistan) for every tournament.[25]

League balls edit

The most up-to-date balls used in various club football competitions as of 2023–24 season are:

Unicode edit

The association football symbol (U+26BD ⚽ SOCCER BALL) was introduced by computing standard Unicode.[29] The symbol was representable in HTML as ⚽ or ⚽.[citation needed] The addition of this symbol follows a 2008 proposal by Karl Pentzlin.[30]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ UEFA Champions League only
  2. ^ UEFA Women's Champions League only
  3. ^ a b c EFL Championship, Leagues One and Two only

References edit

  1. ^ Mazhar, Talha. "citation". fifa.com. Fifa. from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  2. ^ Kotschick, Dieter (2006). "The Topology and Combinatorics of Soccer Balls". American Scientist. 94 (4): 350–357. doi:10.1511/2006.60.1001. from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  3. ^ Hong, Sungchan; Asai, Takeshi (29 May 2014). "Effect of panel shape of soccer ball on its flight characteristics". Scientific Reports. 4 (1): 5068. Bibcode:2014NatSR...4E5068H. doi:10.1038/srep05068. PMC 4038026. PMID 24875291.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 June 2006. Retrieved 9 June 2006. (Accessed 9 June 2006)
  5. ^ a b Price, D. S., Jones, R.Harland, A. R. 2006. Computational modeling of manually stitched footballs. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers – Part L — Journal of Materials: Design & Applications. Vol. 220 Issue 4, p259-268.
  6. ^ a b Materials Science and Engineering: A Volume 420, Issues 1–2, 25 March 2006, Pages 100–108
  7. ^ a b Viscoelasticity of multi-layer textile reinforced polymer composites used in footballs. Journal of Materials Science. Volume 43, Number 8 / April 2008. 2833–2843.
  8. ^ "Oldest Soccer Ball". soccerballworld.com. 2013. from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  9. ^ Ling, Helen; Morris, Huw R.; Neal, James W.; Lees, Andrew J.; Hardy, John; Holton, Janice L.; Revesz, Tamas; Williams, David D. R. (March 2017). "Mixed pathologies including chronic traumatic encephalopathy account for dementia in retired association football (soccer) players". Acta Neuropathologica. 133 (3): 337–352. doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1680-3. PMC 5325836. PMID 28205009.
  10. ^ "La primera fábrica argentina de pelotas". iProfesional (in Spanish). Emprendimientos Corporativos S.A. 18 July 2018. from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  11. ^ Wall, Alejandro (July 2013). "Los avances tecnológicos en el fútbol". Conexión Brando (in Spanish). from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  12. ^ "Pelota sin tientos". La Nueva Provincia (in Spanish). 5 February 2012. from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  13. ^ Victor, Daniel (18 December 2017). "Why Doesn't the N.F.L. Use Tracking Technology for First-Down Calls? - The New York Times". The New York Times. from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  14. ^ "World Cup: A closer look at the technology inside the 2018 World Cup soccer ball - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 21 May 2018. from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  15. ^ "How Does The NFC Tech In The 2018 adidas Telstar Ball Work? - SoccerBible". from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
  16. ^ "The History of the Soccer Ball Part 2". Soccer Football World. Rig-Tech Inc. 9 June 2006. from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  17. ^ "World's First Intelligent Soccer Ball Receives FIFA Recognition". Cision. PR Newswire. 6 July 2012. from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  18. ^ Eastaway, Rob; Haigh, John (15 October 2005). "Balls; and why theyaren't quite spherical". How to Take a Penalty: The Hidden Mathematics of Sport. Robson. pp. 4–5. ISBN 9781861058362.
  19. ^ "IFAB".[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
  21. ^ . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013., "Soccer". from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2013. , 14 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-14.
  22. ^ Wright, Tom (28 April 2010). "A Soccer Sore Point". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  23. ^ . Blizzard Media Limited. 2012. ISBN 978-1-908940-06-3. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012.
  24. ^ . Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2006. (Accessed 9 June 2006)
  25. ^ Platt, Oli. "FIFA World Cup balls: From the Tango to the Jabulani | Goal.com". goal.com. from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  26. ^ "DERBYSTAR unveils 2023/24 official match balls" (Press release). Frankfurt: Deutsche Fußball Liga. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  27. ^ Eredivisie, Eerste Divisie and Tweede Divisie only
  28. ^ KNVB Cup and Johan Cruyff Shield only
  29. ^ "Miscellaneous Symbols Range: 2600–26FF, The Unicode Standard, Version 12.0" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. 2009. (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  30. ^ Pentzlin, Karl (2 April 2008). "Proposal to encode a SOCCER BALL symbol in Unicode" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2010.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football balls.
  • New York Times interactive feature on the evolution of the world cup ball
  • van Rheenen, Erik (16 August 2013). "Why Are Soccer Balls Made of Hexagons?". Mental Floss. Retrieved 16 August 2013.

March 05, 2024
ball, association, football, football, also, known, football, ball, soccer, ball, association, football, ball, specifically, united, kingdom, ball, used, sport, association, football, name, ball, varies, according, whether, sport, called, football, soccer, ass. A football also known as a football ball soccer ball or association football ball specifically in the United Kingdom is the ball used in the sport of association football The name of the ball varies according to whether the sport is called football soccer or association football The ball s spherical shape as well as its size weight mass and material composition are specified by Law 2 of the Laws of the Game maintained by the International Football Association Board 1 Additional more stringent standards are specified by FIFA and other big governing bodies for the balls used in the competitions they sanction Adidas Telstar style ball with the familiar black and white spherical truncated icosahedron pattern introduced in 1970Early footballs began as animal bladders or stomachs that would easily fall apart if kicked too much Improvements became possible in the 19th century with the introduction of rubber and discoveries of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear The modern 32 panel ball design was developed in 1962 by Eigil Nielsen and technological research continues to develop footballs with improved performance The 32 panel ball design was soon joined by 24 panel balls as well as 42 panel balls both of which improved on performance prior to 2007 citation needed A black and white patterned spherical truncated icosahedron design brought to prominence by the Adidas Telstar has become a symbol of association football 2 Many different designs of balls exist varying both in appearance and physical characteristics 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 First years of football codes 1 2 Vulcanization 1 3 Reasons for improvement 1 4 Latest developments 1 5 Future developments 2 Specification 2 1 Construction 2 2 Size and weight 2 3 Types of ball 3 Suppliers 3 1 FIFA World Cup 3 2 League balls 4 Unicode 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksHistory editFirst years of football codes edit nbsp Early football ball with its leather lace used in the 1930 FIFA World Cup Final nbsp Leather ball used in the football tournament at the 1936 Summer OlympicsIn the year 1863 the first specifications for footballs were set by the Football Association Previous to this footballs were made out of inflated animal bladder with later leather coverings to help footballs maintain their shapes 4 In 1872 the specifications were revised and have been kept essentially unchanged by the International Football Association Board Differences in footballs made since this rule came into effect have been with the material used to create them Footballs have dramatically changed over time During medieval times balls were normally made from an outer shell of leather filled with cork shavings 5 Another method of creating a ball was using animal bladders to make it inflatable inside However these two styles of footballs were easy to puncture and were inadequate for kicking It was not until the 19th century that footballs developed a more modern appearance Vulcanization edit In 1838 Charles Goodyear introduced vulcanized rubber which dramatically improved football 6 Vulcanization is the treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities such as strength elasticity and resistance to solvents Vulcanization of rubber also helps the football resist moderate heat and cold Vulcanization helped create inflatable bladders that pressurize the outer panel arrangement of the football Charles Goodyear s innovation increased the bounce ability of the ball and made it easier to kick Most balls of this time had tanned leather with eighteen sections stitched together These were arranged in six panels of three strips each 7 8 Reasons for improvement edit During the 1900s footballs were made out of leather with a lace of the same material known as tiento in Spanish used to stitch the panels Although leather was perfect for bouncing and kicking the ball when heading the football hitting it with the player s head it was usually painful This problem was most probably due to water absorption of the leather from rain which caused a considerable increase in weight causing head or neck injury By around 2017 this had also been associated with dementia in former players 9 Another problem of early footballs was that they deteriorated quickly as the plastic used in manufacturing the basketballs varied in thickness and in quality 7 The ball without the leather lace was developed and patented by Romano Polo Antonio Tossolini and Juan Valbonesi in 1931 in Bell Ville Cordoba Province Argentina 10 11 This innovative ball named Superball was adopted by the Argentine Football Association as the official ball for its competitions since 1932 12 Latest developments edit nbsp Adidas Torfabrik football used in the Bundesliga in 2011The deformation of the football when it is kicked or when the ball hits a surface is tested Two styles of footballs have been tested by the Sports Technology Research Group of Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering in Loughborough University these two models are called the Basic FE model and the Developed FE model of the football The basic model considered the ball as a spherical shell with isotropic material properties The developed model also used isotropic material properties but included an additional stiffer stitching seam region Manufacturers are experimenting with microchips and even cameras embedded inside the ball The microchip technology was considered for the goal line technology The ball used in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia had an embedded chip which did not provide any measurements but provided user experience via smartphone after connecting with the ball via NFC 13 14 15 Future developments edit Companies such as Umbro Mitre Adidas Nike Select and Puma are releasing footballs made out of new materials which are intended to provide more accurate flight and more power to be transferred to the football 16 17 Specification editConstruction edit Modern footballs are much more complex than past footballs Most footballs consist of twelve regular pentagonal and twenty regular hexagonal panels positioned in a truncated icosahedron spherical geometry 5 Some premium grade 32 panel balls use non regular polygons to give a closer approximation to sphericality 18 The inside of the football is made up of a latex or butyl rubber bladder which enables the football to be pressurised The ball s outside is made of leather synthetic leather polyurethane or PVC panels The surface can be textured weaved or embossed for greater control and touch The panel pairs are either machine stitched hand stitched or thermo bonded glued and bonded by heat along the edge 6 To prevent water absorption balls may be specially coated or the stitches bonded with glue The size of a football is roughly 22 cm 8 66 inches in diameter for a regulation size 5 ball Rules state that a size 5 ball must be 68 to 70 cm 27 to 28 in in circumference 19 Averaging that to 69 cm 27 in and then dividing by p gives a diameter of about 22 cm 8 7 in Size and weight edit Regulation size and weight for a football is a circumference of 68 70 cm 27 28 in and a weight of between 410 450 g 14 16 oz The ball is inflated to a pressure of 0 6 1 1 bars 8 7 16 0 psi at sea level 20 This is known as Size 5 Smaller balls sizes 1 3 and 4 are also produced for younger players or as training tools 20 Types of ball edit There are different types of football balls depending on the match and turf including training footballs match footballs professional match footballs beach footballs street footballs indoor footballs turf balls futsal footballs and mini skills footballs 21 nbsp A professional premium match soccer ballProfessional premium match footballs are developed with top professional clubs to maximize players natural abilities and skills They are FIFA approved for use at the highest professional and international levels and designed for performance exact specifications great accuracy speed and control Air retention water resistance and performance are far superior when compared to a training ball They are intended for all natural and artificial turf surfaces and all climates These are the most expensive footballs Matchday footballs are high performance range of balls for all playing surfaces The outer casing is either leather or an approved synthetic and it will typically be water resistant as well They are guaranteed to conform to official size weight and texture regulations designed to suit all levels of play and all age groups These balls cost more than turf or training balls which is offset by their superior level of quality Recreational practice training footballs are tough and highly durable balls for extended use Made of robust materials for use on all playing surfaces and used by players at any level Practice balls are the least expensive balls when compared with match type footballs Turf balls are specifically designed to work on artificial surfaces that mimic grass They are durable and reasonably affordable but tend to skip more when used on a natural pitch Promotional balls are usually made to promote a name brand organization or event Indoor footballs come in the same sizes as the outdoor soccer balls but are designed to have less bounce and rebound in them making it possible to control the ball on a smaller court or indoor arena The cover of an indoor ball is also the strongest of any category so it can withstand the hard rebound impact on the court flooring and wall surfaces Futsal footballs differ from typical footballs in that the bladder is filled with foam That makes the ball heavier and with less bounce for use on the hard futsal playing surface A futsal football is smaller in size than a football used on the football pitch Suppliers editSee also List of FIFA World Cup official match balls List of UEFA European Championship official match balls List of AFC Asian Cup official match balls and List of Olympic Football official match balls Many companies throughout the world produce footballs The earliest balls were made by local suppliers where the game was played It is estimated that 40 of all footballs are made in Sialkot Pakistan with other major producers being China and India 22 As a response to the problems with the balls in the 1962 FIFA World Cup clarification needed Adidas created the Adidas Santiago 23 this led to Adidas winning the contract to supply the match balls for all official FIFA and UEFA matches which they have held since the 1970s and also for the Olympic Games 24 They also supply the ball for the UEFA Champions League which is called the Adidas Finale FIFA World Cup edit Main article FIFA World Cup official match balls In early FIFA World Cups match balls were mostly provided by the hosts from local suppliers Records indicate a variety of models being used within individual tournaments and even on some occasions individual games Over time FIFA took more control over the choice of ball used Since 1970 Adidas have supplied official match balls all of which were made in Sialkot Pakistan for every tournament 25 League balls edit The most up to date balls used in various club football competitions as of 2023 24 season are Balls used in football leaguesBall LeagueAdidas Conext 24 Pro FIFA Club World Cup FIFA nbsp UEFA Super CupMolten Vantaggio 5000 AFC AFC AFC Champions League Elite AFC Women s Club Championship AFC Champions League 2 AFC CupUmbro Neo Precision CAF CAF Champions League CAF Super Cup CAF Women s Champions League CAF Confederation CupNike Flight CONCACAF 2023 CONCACAF CONCACAF Champions League CONCACAF LeagueNike Flight CONMEBOL 2023 CONMEBOL Copa Libertadores Recopa Sudamericana Copa Libertadores Femenina Copa SudamericanaPasifika Taniwa OFC Champions League OFC Adidas Finale 23 Play off rounds and the group stage only a Group stage only b Adidas Finale London UCL Knockout stage and the final onlyAdidas Finale Bilbao UWCL Knockout stage and the final only nbsp UEFA UEFA Champions League UEFA Women s Champions LeagueMolten Europa League Competition proper only nbsp UEFA Europa LeagueMolten Conference Competition proper only nbsp UEFA Europa Conference LeaguePuma Orbita LaLiga Orbita LaLiga 2023 August November 2023 Hi Vis version December 2023 April 2024 Orbita LaLiga 2024 May 2024 nbsp LaLiga La Liga 1 La Liga 2Puma Orbita Liga F nbsp Liga Profesional Femenina de Futbol Primera Division Femenina Segunda Division FemeninaAdidas Antwerp nbsp RFEF Copa del Rey Supercopa de Espana Primera Division RFEF Segunda Division RFEFNike Flight Premier League Nike Flight 23 August October 2023 Hi Vis version October 2023 February 2024 Nike Flight 24 February May 2024 nbsp Premier LeagueNike Flight WSL Nike Flight 23 August November 2023 Hi Vis version December 2023 March 2024 Nike Flight 24 April May 2024 nbsp The Football Association Women s Super League Women s ChampionshipPuma Orbita EFL Orbita EFL 2023 August November 2023 c Hi Vis version December 2023 February 2024 c Orbita EFL 2024 March May 2024 c Orbita EFL Final EFL play offs only Orbita Carabao Cup EFL Cup only Orbita Bristol Street Motors Trophy EFL Trophy only nbsp English Football League EFL Championship EFL League One EFL League Two EFL Cup EFL TrophyMitre Ultimax Pro 2 nbsp The Football Association FA Cup FA Community Shield Women s FA Cup Women s FA Community ShieldPuma Orbita Serie A Orbita Serie A 2023 August November 2023 Hi Vis version December 2023 April 2024 Orbita Supercoppa Supercoppa Italiana only Orbita Serie A 2024 May 2024 nbsp Lega Serie A Serie A Supercoppa Italiana Coppa ItaliaKappa Kombat Ball nbsp Serie BErrea nbsp Serie CNike Flight nbsp Serie DPuma Orbita nbsp Serie A FemminilePuma nbsp Serie B FemminileSelect Derbystar Brillant APS 26 Hi vis version Snowy conditions only nbsp Deutsche Fussball Liga Bundesliga DFL Supercup 2 BundesligaAdidas Conext 24 Pro nbsp German Football Association DFB Pokal Final only 3 Liga Frauen Bundesliga 2 Frauen BundesligaDecathlon Kipsta Kipsta 23 August 2023 February 2024 Kipsta Trophee des Champions Trophee des Champions only Kipsta 24 March May 2024 nbsp Ligue de Football Professionnel Ligue 1 Trophee des Champions Ligue 2Nike Flight nbsp French Football Federation Coupe de France Championnat National Division 1 Feminine Division 2 FeminineSelect Derbystar Brillant APS Hi vis version Snowy conditions only 27 Nike Flight 28 nbsp Royal Dutch Football Association Eredivisie Johan Cruyff Shield KNVB Cup Eerste Divisie Tweede DivisiePuma Orbita Liga Portugal Orbita Liga Portugal 2023 August November 2023 Hi Vis version December 2023 March 2024 Orbita Liga Portugal 2024 April May 2024 nbsp Liga Portugal Liga Portugal 1 Liga Portugal 2 Taca da LigaPuma Orbita TFF nbsp Turkish Football Federation Super Lig Turkish Super Cup Turkish Cup TFF First League TFF Second League TFF Third LeaguePuma Orbita SPFL Orbita SPFL 2023 August October 2023 Hi Vis version November 2023 March 2024 Orbita SPFL 2024 April May 2024 nbsp SPFL Scottish Premiership Scottish Championship Scottish League One Scottish League Two Scottish League Cup Scottish Challenge Cup Scottish Women s Premier LeagueVoit Bliss nbsp Liga MXNike Flight nbsp Primera DivisionGolty nbsp Categoria Primera ANike Flight nbsp Campeonato Brasileiro Serie AAdidas Argentum nbsp Argentine Primera DivisionNike Flight nbsp Russian Premier LeagueNike Flight nbsp Superleague GreeceSelect Brillant Super nbsp Liga IAdidas Oceaunz Pro nbsp J1 LeagueAdidas Oceaunz Pro nbsp K League 1Puma nbsp Parva LigaAdidas Telstar 18 nbsp EkstraklasaAdidas MLS Pro nbsp nbsp Major League SoccerDerbystar Brillant APS nbsp Canadian Premier LeagueNike Flight nbsp Chinese Super LeagueNike Flight nbsp A LeagueNivia Ashtang nbsp I LeagueMolten VG 5000A nbsp United Football LeagueAdidas Brazuca nbsp EliteserienDecathlon Kipsta nbsp Pro League Belgian First Division A Belgian Super Cup Belgian First Division BSelect Derbystar Brillant Super nbsp Danish SuperligaSelect Derbystar Brillant Super nbsp VeikkausliigaSelect Derbystar Brillant Super nbsp AllsvenskanSelect Derbystar Brillant Super nbsp Iceland UrvalsdeildVoit nbsp nbsp National Premier Soccer LeagueNivia Ashtang nbsp Indian Super LeagueNike Ordem 3 NWSL 2016 nbsp National Women s Soccer LeagueNike Ordem 3 nbsp Saudi Premier LeagueDong Luc Group Galaxy UHV 2 07 nbsp V League 1Grand Sport Group Primero Mundo 5 nbsp Thai League 1Mitre Delta Max nbsp Singapore Premier LeagueMitre Delta nbsp National Football LeagueMitre Delta Hyperseam nbsp Women s Premier LeagueMitre Delta Hyperseam nbsp Women s National LeagueMitre Delta Max nbsp FFA CupMitre Delta V12 nbsp National Premier Soccer LeagueMitre Delta WPL nbsp Welsh Premier LeagueAdidas Al Rihla Pro nbsp Lithuanian A Lyga nbsp Lithuanian I LygaPuma Orbita Ball nbsp Ukrainian Premier LeagueSelect Brilliant Super PFL nbsp Professional Football League of Ukraine Persha Liha Druha LihaPuma Orbita MFL 1 Malaysia Super League Malaysia CupMalaysia FA CupMFL CupPiala SumbangsihUnicode editThe association football symbol U 26BD SOCCER BALL was introduced by computing standard Unicode 29 The symbol was representable in HTML as amp 9917 or amp x26BD citation needed The addition of this symbol follows a 2008 proposal by Karl Pentzlin 30 See also editBall gridiron football Football ball Notes edit UEFA Champions League only UEFA Women s Champions League only a b c EFL Championship Leagues One and Two onlyReferences edit Mazhar Talha citation fifa com Fifa Archived from the original on 15 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 Kotschick Dieter 2006 The Topology and Combinatorics of Soccer Balls American Scientist 94 4 350 357 doi 10 1511 2006 60 1001 Archived from the original on 3 October 2020 Retrieved 3 October 2019 Hong Sungchan Asai Takeshi 29 May 2014 Effect of panel shape of soccer ball on its flight characteristics Scientific Reports 4 1 5068 Bibcode 2014NatSR 4E5068H doi 10 1038 srep05068 PMC 4038026 PMID 24875291 Football World Early History Archived from the original on 16 June 2006 Retrieved 9 June 2006 Accessed 9 June 2006 a b Price D S Jones R Harland A R 2006 Computational modeling of manually stitched footballs Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part L Journal of Materials Design amp Applications Vol 220 Issue 4 p259 268 a b Materials Science and Engineering A Volume 420 Issues 1 2 25 March 2006 Pages 100 108 a b Viscoelasticity of multi layer textile reinforced polymer composites used in footballs Journal of Materials Science Volume 43 Number 8 April 2008 2833 2843 Oldest Soccer Ball soccerballworld com 2013 Archived from the original on 30 August 2017 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Ling Helen Morris Huw R Neal James W Lees Andrew J Hardy John Holton Janice L Revesz Tamas Williams David D R March 2017 Mixed pathologies including chronic traumatic encephalopathy account for dementia in retired association football soccer players Acta Neuropathologica 133 3 337 352 doi 10 1007 s00401 017 1680 3 PMC 5325836 PMID 28205009 La primera fabrica argentina de pelotas iProfesional in Spanish Emprendimientos Corporativos S A 18 July 2018 Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 Retrieved 29 September 2019 Wall Alejandro July 2013 Los avances tecnologicos en el futbol Conexion Brando in Spanish Archived from the original on 22 June 2013 Retrieved 29 September 2019 Pelota sin tientos La Nueva Provincia in Spanish 5 February 2012 Archived from the original on 11 April 2019 Retrieved 29 September 2019 Victor Daniel 18 December 2017 Why Doesn t the N F L Use Tracking Technology for First Down Calls The New York Times The New York Times Archived from the original on 25 March 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2020 World Cup A closer look at the technology inside the 2018 World Cup soccer ball Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times 21 May 2018 Archived from the original on 25 March 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2020 How Does The NFC Tech In The 2018 adidas Telstar Ball Work SoccerBible Archived from the original on 25 March 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2020 The History of the Soccer Ball Part 2 Soccer Football World Rig Tech Inc 9 June 2006 Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 Retrieved 29 September 2019 World s First Intelligent Soccer Ball Receives FIFA Recognition Cision PR Newswire 6 July 2012 Archived from the original on 23 July 2015 Retrieved 21 July 2015 Eastaway Rob Haigh John 15 October 2005 Balls and why theyaren t quite spherical How to Take a Penalty The Hidden Mathematics of Sport Robson pp 4 5 ISBN 9781861058362 IFAB permanent dead link a b Laws of the Game 2017 2018 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 November 2017 Retrieved 12 November 2017 Soccer Balls Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 Retrieved 14 October 2013 Soccer Archived from the original on 21 August 2017 Retrieved 14 October 2013 14 October 2013 Retrieved 2013 10 14 Wright Tom 28 April 2010 A Soccer Sore Point The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 Retrieved 28 June 2014 The Blizzard Issue 6 Blizzard Media Limited 2012 ISBN 978 1 908940 06 3 Archived from the original on 27 August 2012 football World Team Geist Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 Retrieved 9 June 2006 Accessed 9 June 2006 Platt Oli FIFA World Cup balls From the Tango to the Jabulani Goal com goal com Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 Retrieved 25 June 2018 DERBYSTAR unveils 2023 24 official match balls Press release Frankfurt Deutsche Fussball Liga Retrieved 31 May 2023 Eredivisie Eerste Divisie and Tweede Divisie only KNVB Cup and Johan Cruyff Shield only Miscellaneous Symbols Range 2600 26FF The Unicode Standard Version 12 0 PDF Unicode Consortium 2009 Archived PDF from the original on 19 September 2011 Retrieved 14 March 2010 Pentzlin Karl 2 April 2008 Proposal to encode a SOCCER BALL symbol in Unicode PDF Archived PDF from the original on 22 June 2011 Retrieved 14 March 2010 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football balls New York Times interactive feature on the evolution of the world cup ball van Rheenen Erik 16 August 2013 Why Are Soccer Balls Made of Hexagons Mental Floss Retrieved 16 August 2013 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ball association football amp oldid 1211179852, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.