Austrian nationalism (Austrian German: Österreichischer Nationalismus) is the nationalism that asserts that Austrians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Austrians.[1] Austrian nationalism originally developed as a cultural nationalism that emphasized a Catholic religious identity. This in turn led to its opposition to unification with Protestant-majority Prussia, something that was perceived as a potential threat to the Catholic core of Austrian national identity.[2] It was also used to protect the rule of the Habsburgs.
Austrian nationalism first arose during the Napoleonic Wars, with Joseph von Hormayr as a prominent Austrian nationalist political leader at the time.[3] In the 1930s the Fatherland Front government of Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg rejected current pan-German aspirations to join Austria with a Protestant-dominated Germany, whilst not wholly rejecting a potential union and claiming that any unification of Austria with Germany would require a federal German state where Austria and Austrians were guaranteed privileged status recognizing an Austrian nation within a German Kulturnation.[4] Following the events of World War II and Nazism, Austrians began to reject the German identity, and a broader Austrian identity replaced it.[5][6] After the war, Austrians went as far as describing themselves as "Hitler's first victim".[7]
In the post-World War II period proponents who recognize an Austrian nation have rejected a German identity of Austrians and have emphasized the non-German heritage among the Austrian population including Celtic, Illyrian, Roman, and Slavic.[8] Proponents who recognize Austrians as a nation claim that Austrians have Celtic heritage, as Austria is the location of the first characteristically Celtic culture (Halstatt culture) to exist.[9] Contemporary Austrians express pride in having Celtic heritage and Austria possesses one of the largest collections of Celtic artifacts in Europe.[10] In addition to German, the State of Austria also recognizes three minority languages in the country.
Austrian nationalism has been challenged internally. The main rival nationalism has been German nationalism. Another rival nationalism emerged after the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I, Bavarian nationalism which challenged the new Austrian Republic with proposals for Austria to join Bavaria.[11] At this time the Bavarian government held particular interest in incorporating the regions of North Tyrol and Upper Austria into Bavaria.[12] This was a serious issue in the aftermath of World War I with significant numbers of Austria's North Tyrolese declaring their intention to have North Tyrol join Bavaria.[13]
The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism.
German nationalism began to rise rapidly within the German Confederation, in 1866 the feud between the two most powerful German states Austria and Prussia finally came to a head in the German war in 1866. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of Königgrätz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation.[14] In 1871, Germany was unified as a nation-state as the German Empire that was Prussian-led and without Austria. Nevertheless, the integration of the Austrians remained a strong desire for many people of both Austria and Germany, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany.
The idea of uniting all ethnic Germans into one state began to be challenged with the rise of Austrian nationalism within the Christian Social Party that identified Austrians on the basis of their predominantly Catholic religious identity as opposed to the predominantly Protestant religious identity of the Prussians.[2] More than 90% of interbellum Austrians identified as Catholic.[15] Following the end of World War I in the rump state of German-Austria, many Austrians desired to be united with Germany.[1] However, less than 50 % of Austrians desired unification with Germany in the 1920s, and this sentiment further declined with the fall of the pan-Germanist Social Democrat government under Karl Renner.[16]
With the rise of Engelbert Dollfuss to power in Austria in 1932 and the creation of the Fatherland's Front, the Dolfuss government promoted Austrian nationalism and claimed that Catholic Austria would not accept joining a Protestant Germany or "heathen" Nazi-led Germany.[4] Dollfuss accepted that Austrians were Germans but rejected the idea of Catholic Austrians submitting themselves to be taken over by a Protestant-dominated Germany, and instead claimed that Austria needed to revive itself and recognize the greatness of its history such as its Habsburg dynasty having been the leading part of the German Holy Roman Empire, and that when Austria restored itself, it would found a federal state of Germany that would recognize Germany as a Kulturnation, but would also recognize Austria as having a privileged place within such a federal state and the existence of an Austrian nation within the German Kulturnation.[4]
The Dollfuss/Schnuschnigg government did not deny that Austrians were Germans but opposed annexation into Germany especially under the Nazi regime.[2] According to the estimates of the Austrian government, with the voting age of 24, about 70% of Austrians would have voted to preserve the Austrian independence.[17] After the Wehrmacht troops entered Austria to enforce the Anschluss, the Nazis held a controlled plebiscite (Volksabstimmung) in the whole Reich within the following month, asking the people to ratify the fait accompli, and claimed that 99.75% of the votes cast in Austria were in favor.[18][19] In case of a fair plebiscite, the Anschluss would have been supported only by 20 % of the Austrian population.[20][21] The relationship between Austrian Catholicism, national identity, and fascism has been a source of controversy.[22] After the fall of Nazi Germany and the events from this and World War II, Austrians began to develop a more distinct national identity. Unlike earlier in the 20th century, in 1987 only 6 percent of the Austrians identified themselves as "Germans". In 2008, over 90 percent of the Austrians saw themselves as an independent nation.[23]
^Tschiggerl, Martin (2021). "Significant otherness nation-building and identity in postwar Austria". Nations and Nationalism. 27 (3): 782–796. doi:10.1111/nana.12677. ISSN 1469-8129.
^Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason. Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing, 2006. P. 42.
^Kevin Duffy. Who Were the Celts? Barnes & Noble Publishing, 1996. P. 20.
^Suda Lorena Bane, Ralph Haswell Lutz. Organization of American Relief in Europe, 1918-1919: Including Negotiations Leading Up to the Establishment of the Office of Director General of Relief at Paris by the Allied and Associated Powers. Stanford University Press, 1943. P. 119.
^Manning, Jody Abigail (2012). "Austria at the Crossroads: The Anschluss and its Opponents" (PDF). Cardiff University. pp. 62–75. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
^Knaur, Peter (1951). The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938. University of Wyoming. pp. 367–369.
^Austria: A Country Study. Select link on left for The Anschluss and World War II. Eric Solsten, ed. (Washington, D. C.: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1993).
^Emil Müller-Sturmheim 99.7%: a plebiscite under Nazi ruleAustrian Democratic Union London, England 1942
^Knaur, Peter (1951). The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938. University of Wyoming. p. 370.
^von Halasz, Joachim (1938). Adolf Hitler from speeches 1933-1938. Terramare Office. p. 23.
^"Österreicher fühlen sich heute als Nation", Der Standard, 12 March 2008
Bibliography
Beniston, Judith (2003). "'Hitler's First Victim'? — Memory and Representation in Post-War Austria: Introduction". Austrian Studies. 11: 1–13. doi:10.1353/aus.2003.0018. JSTOR 27944673. S2CID 160319529.
Bijman, R. C. (2009). Clerical Fascism?: A Controversial Concept and its Use(PDF). MA thesis. Utrecht: Utrecht University.
Bruckmüller, Ernst (1993). "The national identity of the Austrians". In Mikuláš Teich and Roy Porter, eds., The National Question in Europe in Historical Context (pp. 196–227). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-36441-6.
Carsten, F. L. (1986). The First Austrian Republic, 1918–1938: A Study Based on British and Austrian Documents. Aldershot: Gower. ISBN978-0-566-05162-3.
Wodak, Ruth; de Cilia, Rudolf; Reisigl, Martin; Liebhart, Karin (2009). The Discursive Construction of National Identity (Second ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN978-0-7486-3726-3.
January 09, 2023
austrian, nationalism, austrian, german, österreichischer, nationalismus, nationalism, that, asserts, that, austrians, nation, promotes, cultural, unity, austrians, originally, developed, cultural, nationalism, that, emphasized, catholic, religious, identity, . Austrian nationalism Austrian German Osterreichischer Nationalismus is the nationalism that asserts that Austrians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Austrians 1 Austrian nationalism originally developed as a cultural nationalism that emphasized a Catholic religious identity This in turn led to its opposition to unification with Protestant majority Prussia something that was perceived as a potential threat to the Catholic core of Austrian national identity 2 It was also used to protect the rule of the Habsburgs Flag of Austria Heldenplatz Heroes Square in Vienna with the statue of Archduke Charles of Austria in front of Hofburg Palace Charles was Austria s main military leader who fought against France during the Napoleonic Wars Austrian nationalism first arose during the Napoleonic Wars with Joseph von Hormayr as a prominent Austrian nationalist political leader at the time 3 In the 1930s the Fatherland Front government of Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg rejected current pan German aspirations to join Austria with a Protestant dominated Germany whilst not wholly rejecting a potential union and claiming that any unification of Austria with Germany would require a federal German state where Austria and Austrians were guaranteed privileged status recognizing an Austrian nation within a German Kulturnation 4 Following the events of World War II and Nazism Austrians began to reject the German identity and a broader Austrian identity replaced it 5 6 After the war Austrians went as far as describing themselves as Hitler s first victim 7 In the post World War II period proponents who recognize an Austrian nation have rejected a German identity of Austrians and have emphasized the non German heritage among the Austrian population including Celtic Illyrian Roman and Slavic 8 Proponents who recognize Austrians as a nation claim that Austrians have Celtic heritage as Austria is the location of the first characteristically Celtic culture Halstatt culture to exist 9 Contemporary Austrians express pride in having Celtic heritage and Austria possesses one of the largest collections of Celtic artifacts in Europe 10 In addition to German the State of Austria also recognizes three minority languages in the country Austrian nationalism has been challenged internally The main rival nationalism has been German nationalism Another rival nationalism emerged after the defeat of Austria Hungary in World War I Bavarian nationalism which challenged the new Austrian Republic with proposals for Austria to join Bavaria 11 At this time the Bavarian government held particular interest in incorporating the regions of North Tyrol and Upper Austria into Bavaria 12 This was a serious issue in the aftermath of World War I with significant numbers of Austria s North Tyrolese declaring their intention to have North Tyrol join Bavaria 13 Contents 1 History 2 Nationalist parties 3 Personalities 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Notes 5 2 BibliographyHistory EditMain articles German question German nationalism in Austria and Anschluss Josef von Hormayr the prominent Austrian nationalist political leader during the Napoleonic Wars Rally of the Fatherland s Front in 1936 The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th century German nationalism German nationalism began to rise rapidly within the German Confederation in 1866 the feud between the two most powerful German states Austria and Prussia finally came to a head in the German war in 1866 The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non German speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia whilst excluding Austria In the final battle of the German war Battle of Koniggratz the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation 14 In 1871 Germany was unified as a nation state as the German Empire that was Prussian led and without Austria Nevertheless the integration of the Austrians remained a strong desire for many people of both Austria and Germany especially among the liberals the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany The idea of uniting all ethnic Germans into one state began to be challenged with the rise of Austrian nationalism within the Christian Social Party that identified Austrians on the basis of their predominantly Catholic religious identity as opposed to the predominantly Protestant religious identity of the Prussians 2 More than 90 of interbellum Austrians identified as Catholic 15 Following the end of World War I in the rump state of German Austria many Austrians desired to be united with Germany 1 However less than 50 of Austrians desired unification with Germany in the 1920s and this sentiment further declined with the fall of the pan Germanist Social Democrat government under Karl Renner 16 With the rise of Engelbert Dollfuss to power in Austria in 1932 and the creation of the Fatherland s Front the Dolfuss government promoted Austrian nationalism and claimed that Catholic Austria would not accept joining a Protestant Germany or heathen Nazi led Germany 4 Dollfuss accepted that Austrians were Germans but rejected the idea of Catholic Austrians submitting themselves to be taken over by a Protestant dominated Germany and instead claimed that Austria needed to revive itself and recognize the greatness of its history such as its Habsburg dynasty having been the leading part of the German Holy Roman Empire and that when Austria restored itself it would found a federal state of Germany that would recognize Germany as a Kulturnation but would also recognize Austria as having a privileged place within such a federal state and the existence of an Austrian nation within the German Kulturnation 4 The Dollfuss Schnuschnigg government did not deny that Austrians were Germans but opposed annexation into Germany especially under the Nazi regime 2 According to the estimates of the Austrian government with the voting age of 24 about 70 of Austrians would have voted to preserve the Austrian independence 17 After the Wehrmacht troops entered Austria to enforce the Anschluss the Nazis held a controlled plebiscite Volksabstimmung in the whole Reich within the following month asking the people to ratify the fait accompli and claimed that 99 75 of the votes cast in Austria were in favor 18 19 In case of a fair plebiscite the Anschluss would have been supported only by 20 of the Austrian population 20 21 The relationship between Austrian Catholicism national identity and fascism has been a source of controversy 22 After the fall of Nazi Germany and the events from this and World War II Austrians began to develop a more distinct national identity Unlike earlier in the 20th century in 1987 only 6 percent of the Austrians identified themselves as Germans In 2008 over 90 percent of the Austrians saw themselves as an independent nation 23 Nationalist parties EditFatherland Front Austria Freedom Party of AustriaPersonalities EditEngelbert Dollfuss Ernst Rudiger Starhemberg Kurt SchuschniggSee also EditGerman nationalism Austria Hungary Austrian Empire Austrians Halstatt culture Holy Roman Empire Similar cases such as Montenegrin nationalism Taiwanese nationalism Related nationalisms and patriotisms Austro Hungarian Empire Bavarian nationalism Bosniak nationalism Croatian nationalism Czech nationalism Czechoslovakism German nationalism German nationalism in Austria Hungarian nationalism Italian nationalism Serbian nationalism Slovenian nationalism YugoslavismReferences EditNotes Edit a b Motyl 2001 pp 31 32 a b c Spohn Willfried 2005 Austria From Habsburg Empire to a Small Nation in Europe Entangled identities nations and Europe Ashgate p 61 Owen Connelly The French revolution and Napoleonic era Harcourt College Publishers 1999 Pp 254 a b c Discursive Construction of National Identity P 52 Motyl 2001 p 32 Tschiggerl Martin 2021 Significant otherness nation building and identity in postwar Austria Nations and Nationalism 27 3 782 796 doi 10 1111 nana 12677 ISSN 1469 8129 Beniston 2003 Bruckmuller 1993 pp 198 9 Carl Waldman Catherine Mason Encyclopedia of European Peoples Infobase Publishing 2006 P 42 Kevin Duffy Who Were the Celts Barnes amp Noble Publishing 1996 P 20 Suda Lorena Bane Ralph Haswell Lutz Organization of American Relief in Europe 1918 1919 Including Negotiations Leading Up to the Establishment of the Office of Director General of Relief at Paris by the Allied and Associated Powers Stanford University Press 1943 P 119 Macartney 1926 p 112 Carsten 1986 p 3 Austria Hungary Prussia War 1866 Onwar com 16 December 2000 Retrieved 2 August 2012 Diamant 1957 p 603 Manning Jody Abigail 2012 Austria at the Crossroads The Anschluss and its Opponents PDF Cardiff University pp 62 75 Retrieved September 3 2022 Knaur Peter 1951 The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931 1938 University of Wyoming pp 367 369 Austria A Country Study Select link on left for The Anschluss and World War II Eric Solsten ed Washington D C Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress 1993 Emil Muller Sturmheim 99 7 a plebiscite under Nazi rule Austrian Democratic Union London England 1942 Knaur Peter 1951 The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931 1938 University of Wyoming p 370 von Halasz Joachim 1938 Adolf Hitler from speeches 1933 1938 Terramare Office p 23 Bijman 2009 pp 7 8 Osterreicher fuhlen sich heute als Nation Der Standard 12 March 2008 Bibliography Edit Beniston Judith 2003 Hitler s First Victim Memory and Representation in Post War Austria Introduction Austrian Studies 11 1 13 doi 10 1353 aus 2003 0018 JSTOR 27944673 S2CID 160319529 Bijman R C 2009 Clerical Fascism A Controversial Concept and its Use PDF MA thesis Utrecht Utrecht University Bruckmuller Ernst 1993 The national identity of the Austrians In Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter eds The National Question in Europe in Historical Context pp 196 227 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 36441 6 Carsten F L 1986 The First Austrian Republic 1918 1938 A Study Based on British and Austrian Documents Aldershot Gower ISBN 978 0 566 05162 3 Diamant Alfred 1957 Austrian Catholics and the First Republic 1918 1934 A Study in Anti Democratic Thought The Western Political Quarterly 10 3 603 633 doi 10 2307 443538 JSTOR 443538 Macartney C A 1926 The Social Revolution in Austria Cambridge Cambridge University Press Motyl Alexander J 2001 Encyclopedia of Nationalism Volume II Academic Press ISBN 0 12 227230 7 Wodak Ruth de Cilia Rudolf Reisigl Martin Liebhart Karin 2009 The Discursive Construction of National Identity Second ed Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press ISBN 978 0 7486 3726 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Austrian nationalism amp oldid 1132342652, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
