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Administrative law judge

January 01, 1970

"ALJ" redirects here. For other uses, see ALJ (disambiguation).

An administrative law judge (ALJ) in the United States is a judge and trier of fact who both presides over trials and adjudicates claims or disputes involving administrative law. ALJs can administer oaths, take testimony, rule on questions of evidence, and make factual and legal determinations.[1]

In the United States, the United States Supreme Court has recognized that the role of a federal administrative law judge is "functionally comparable" to that of an Article III judge. An ALJ's powers are often, if not generally, comparable to those of a trial judge, as ALJs may issue subpoenas, rule on proffers of evidence, regulate the course of the hearing, and make or recommend decisions.

Depending upon the agency's jurisdiction, proceedings may have complex multi-party adjudication, as is the case with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, or simplified and less formal procedures, as is the case with the Social Security Administration.

Federal appointment and tenure edit

The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 (APA) requires that federal ALJs be appointed based on scores achieved in a comprehensive testing procedure, including a four-hour written examination and an oral examination before a panel that includes an Office of Personnel Management representative, an American Bar Association representative, and a sitting federal ALJ.

In American administrative law, ALJs are Article I judges under the U.S. Constitution. As such, they do not exercise full judicial power, essentially, the power over life, liberty, and property. Article I (legislative) judges and courts are not constrained to rendering opinions for only a "case or controversy" before them and may render advisory opinions on a purely prospective basis, such as, e.g., Congressional reference cases assigned to the Court of Federal Claims. Agency ALJs do not have the power to offer such advisory opinions, as it would be in violation of the power afforded them under the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. §557. Unlike the agency, ALJs are not policy or rule makers.

ALJs are generally considered to be part of the executive branch, not the judicial branch, but the APA is designed to guarantee the decisional independence of ALJs. They have absolute immunity from liability for their judicial acts and are triers of fact "insulated from political influence".[citation needed] Federal administrative law judges are not responsible to, or subject to, the supervision or direction of employees or agents of the federal agency engaged in the performance of investigative or prosecution functions for the agency. Ex parte communications are prohibited. ALJs are exempt from performance ratings, evaluation, and bonuses. 5 CFR 930.206. Agency officials may not interfere with their decision-making, and administrative law judges may be discharged only for good cause based upon a complaint filed by the agency with the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) established and determined after an APA hearing on the record before an MSPB ALJ.[2] Only ALJs receive these statutory protections; "hearing officers" or "trial examiners", with delegated hearing functions, are not similarly protected by the APA.

In Lucia v. SEC, decided in June 2018, the Supreme Court held that ALJs are Inferior Officers within the meaning of the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution.[3][4] This means that they must be appointed by the president or by heads of departments (but without also requiring Senate advice and consent, unless Congress amends the law to require that).

Attorney Advisors edit

ALJs usually hire Attorney Advisors, who serve a role similar to judicial law clerks of Article III judges. For example, Attorney Advisors assist the ALJs with research, writing, drafting of opinions and orders, and assisting with the administration of hearings and other trial-like adjudications. Furthermore, Attorney Advisors usually have practiced as lawyers in the particular field which the ALJ possesses expertise in.

Authority and review of federal ALJs edit

The United States Supreme Court has recognized that the role of a federal administrative law judge is "functionally comparable" to that of an Article III judge. An ALJ's powers are often, if not generally, comparable to those of a trial judge: an ALJ may issue subpoenas, rule on proffers of evidence, regulate the course of the hearing, and make or recommend decisions. ALJs are limited as they have no power to sanction unless a statute provides such a power. Instead, the ALJ may refer a matter to an Article III Court to seek enforcement or sanctions. The process of agency adjudication is currently structured so as to assure that ALJs exercise independent judgment on the evidence before them, free from pressures by the parties or other officials within the agency.[2][5]

The procedure for reviewing an ALJ's decision varies depending upon the agency. Agencies generally have an internal appellate body, with some agencies having a Cabinet secretary decide the final internal appeals. Moreover, after the internal agency appeals have been exhausted, a party may have the right to file an appeal in the state or federal courts. Relevant statutes usually require a party to exhaust all administrative appeals before they are allowed to sue an agency in court.

Central panels edit

Administrative law judges may be employed by a "central panel" organization, which provides the judges with independence from agencies.[6] The California Administrative Procedure Act created an early central panel in 1945, and it served as a model for other states.[6] By 2015, over half of states had created such panels.[7]

State ALJs edit

Most U.S. states have a statute modeled after the APA. In some states, such as New Jersey, the state law is also known as the Administrative Procedure Act.

Unlike federal ALJs, whose powers are guaranteed by federal statute, state ALJs have widely varying power and prestige. In some state law contexts, ALJs have almost no power; their decisions are accorded practically no deference and become, in effect, recommendations. In some cities, ALJs are at-will employees of the agency, making their decisional independence potentially questionable.[8] In some agencies, ALJs dress like lawyers in business suits, share offices, and hold hearings in ordinary conference rooms. In other agencies (especially certain offices of the Division of Workers' Compensation of the California Department of Industrial Relations), ALJs wear robes like Article III judges, are referred to as "Honorable" and "Your Honor", work in private chambers, hold hearings in special "hearing rooms" that look like small courtrooms, and have court clerks who swear in witnesses.[9][10] State ALJs can be generalists or specialize in specific fields of law, such as tax law.[11]

Professional organizations edit

Professional organizations that represent federal ALJs include the Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference,[12] the Association of Administrative Law Judges, which represents only Social Security ALJs, and the Forum of United States Administrative Law judges. Professional organizations that include both state and federal ALJs include the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary, the ABA National Conference of Administrative Law Judiciary, and the National Association of Hearing Officials.

Case law edit

The use of ALJs by executive agencies had come into question within the courts during the early 21st century. In Lucia v. SEC (2018), the United States Supreme Court ruled that ALJs are officers of the United States and thus subject to the Appointments Clause of the Constitution, requiring their appointment to be made by the President or an otherwise delegated officer, though do not require the affirmation of the Senate as they are considered "inferior" officers".[13] In a pending case argued in November 2023, SEC v. Jarkesy questions whether the use of ALJs as a replacement for a jury trial violated the Seventh Amendment and the Nondelegation doctrine.[14] While these cases have specifically dealt with the SEC, addition cases in lower level courts, filed by SpaceX and Trader Joe's, took similar issues with the NLRB's use of ALJ in line with the current case law.[15]

International comparisons edit

The United States does not have administrative courts in the judicial branch.[16] In contrast, in the United Kingdom the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 recognises legally qualified members of the national system of administrative law tribunals as members of the judiciary of the United Kingdom who are guaranteed judicial independence.[17]

ALJs cannot be recognized as members of the judicial branch of government (without first completely ejecting them from their home agencies in the executive branch), because to do so would violate the bedrock principle of separation of powers as embodied in the U.S. Constitution.[18] In a 2013 majority opinion signed by Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, the U.S. Supreme Court explained:

The dissent overstates when it claims that agencies exercise "legislative power" and "judicial power" ... The former is vested exclusively in Congress ... the latter in the "one supreme Court" and "such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish" ... Agencies make rules ... and conduct adjudications ... and have done so since the beginning of the Republic. These activities take "legislative" and "judicial" forms, but they are exercises of—indeed, under our constitutional structure they must be exercises of—the "executive Power."[19]

List of U.S. federal agencies with ALJs edit

Most of the agencies below have only a few dozen ALJs.[20] In 2013, the Social Security Administration (SSA) had by far the largest number of ALJs at over 1,400, who adjudicate over 700,000 cases each year. The average SSA hearing process occurs over a period of 373 days.[21]

Other federal agencies may request the U.S. Office of Personnel Management to lend them Administrative Law Judges from other federal agencies for a period of up to six months.

List of state departments and agencies with ALJs edit

Some states, such as California, follow the federal model of having a separate corps of ALJs attached to each agency that uses them. Others, such as New Jersey, have consolidated all ALJs together into a single agency that holds hearings on behalf of all other state agencies. This type of state adjudicatory agency is called a "central panel agency". Many states have a central panel agency, but the agency does not handle all the hearings for every state agency.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Barnett, Kent (April 2013). "Resolving the ALJ Quandary". Vanderbilt Law Review. 66 (3): 797–865. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 514 [1978]
  3. ^ "Supreme Court sides with 'Buckets of Money' financier". Associated Press. June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  4. ^ Skowronek, Stephen; Dearborn, John A. & King, Desmond (2021). Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic: The Deep State and the Unitary Executive. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–160. ISBN 978-0-19-754308-5.
  5. ^ Federal Maritime Commission v. S.C. State Ports Authority, 535 U.S. 743, 756 (2002)
  6. ^ a b Allen, Hoberg (1994). "Administrative Hearings: State Central Panels in the 1990s". Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary. 14 (1). ISSN 0735-0821.
  7. ^ "ALJ Central Panels: How is it Going Out There? | The National Judicial College". www.judges.org. from the original on 2016-10-30. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  8. ^ Ackman, Dan. "The Price of Justice". New York Times, Feb. 12, 2006
  9. ^ Klunder, Jan (July 14, 1987). "Quest for Respect: Compensation Judges Win Right to Put On Robes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  10. ^ Pace, Nicholas M.; Reville, Robert T.; Galway, Lionel; Geller, Amanda B.; Hayden, Orla; Hill, Laural A.; Mardesich, Christopher; Neuhauser, Frank W.; Polich, Suzanne; Yeom, Jane; Zakaras, Laura (2003). Improving Dispute Resolution for California's Injured Workers (PDF). Santa Monica: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 634–637. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  11. ^ Elizabeth Buroker Coffin, The Case for A State Tax Court, 8 St. & Loc. Tax Law. 63 (2003)
  12. ^ Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference
  13. ^ Liptak, Adam (June 21, 2018). "S.E.C. Judges Were Appointed Unlawfully, Justices Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  14. ^ Goldstein, Matthew (May 18, 2022). "A federal appeals court says the S.E.C.'s use of an in-house judge violates defendants' rights". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  15. ^ Eidelson, Josh (January 27, 2024). "Elon Musk and SpaceX are right about the National Labor Relations Board being unconstitutional, argues Trader Joe's". Fortune. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  16. ^ Farnsworth, E. Allan (2010). Sheppard, Steve (ed.). An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 170. ISBN 9780199733101. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  17. ^ Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, s.1, Constitutional Reform Act 2005, s.3
  18. ^ Sunstein, Cass R.; Vermeule, Adrian (2020). Law and Leviathan: Redeeming the Administrative State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780674249813. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  19. ^ City of Arlington v. FCC, 569 U.S. 290, 304 n.4 (2013) (emphasis in original).
  20. ^ "ALJs by Agency". August 2020.
  21. ^ Ohlemacher, Stephen (April 20, 2013). "Judges sue Social Security over 'quotas'". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 3A.
  22. ^ "State Personnel Board".
  23. ^ "110618a Railroad Commission Appoints Dana Lewis as Director of Hearings". www.rrc.texas.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-15.

External links edit

  • The Forum of United States Administrative Law Judges (FORUM)
  • National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary
  • Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference

January 01, 1970
administrative, judge, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verifi. ALJ redirects here For other uses see ALJ disambiguation This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Administrative law judge news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2020 Learn how and when to remove this message This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Administrative law judge news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2020 Learn how and when to remove this message Learn how and when to remove this message An administrative law judge ALJ in the United States is a judge and trier of fact who both presides over trials and adjudicates claims or disputes involving administrative law ALJs can administer oaths take testimony rule on questions of evidence and make factual and legal determinations 1 In the United States the United States Supreme Court has recognized that the role of a federal administrative law judge is functionally comparable to that of an Article III judge An ALJ s powers are often if not generally comparable to those of a trial judge as ALJs may issue subpoenas rule on proffers of evidence regulate the course of the hearing and make or recommend decisions Depending upon the agency s jurisdiction proceedings may have complex multi party adjudication as is the case with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or simplified and less formal procedures as is the case with the Social Security Administration Contents 1 Federal appointment and tenure 1 1 Attorney Advisors 2 Authority and review of federal ALJs 3 Central panels 4 State ALJs 5 Professional organizations 6 Case law 7 International comparisons 8 List of U S federal agencies with ALJs 9 List of state departments and agencies with ALJs 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksFederal appointment and tenure editThe Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 APA requires that federal ALJs be appointed based on scores achieved in a comprehensive testing procedure including a four hour written examination and an oral examination before a panel that includes an Office of Personnel Management representative an American Bar Association representative and a sitting federal ALJ In American administrative law ALJs are Article I judges under the U S Constitution As such they do not exercise full judicial power essentially the power over life liberty and property Article I legislative judges and courts are not constrained to rendering opinions for only a case or controversy before them and may render advisory opinions on a purely prospective basis such as e g Congressional reference cases assigned to the Court of Federal Claims Agency ALJs do not have the power to offer such advisory opinions as it would be in violation of the power afforded them under the Administrative Procedures Act 5 U S C 557 Unlike the agency ALJs are not policy or rule makers ALJs are generally considered to be part of the executive branch not the judicial branch but the APA is designed to guarantee the decisional independence of ALJs They have absolute immunity from liability for their judicial acts and are triers of fact insulated from political influence citation needed Federal administrative law judges are not responsible to or subject to the supervision or direction of employees or agents of the federal agency engaged in the performance of investigative or prosecution functions for the agency Ex parte communications are prohibited ALJs are exempt from performance ratings evaluation and bonuses 5 CFR 930 206 Agency officials may not interfere with their decision making and administrative law judges may be discharged only for good cause based upon a complaint filed by the agency with the Merit Systems Protection Board MSPB established and determined after an APA hearing on the record before an MSPB ALJ 2 Only ALJs receive these statutory protections hearing officers or trial examiners with delegated hearing functions are not similarly protected by the APA In Lucia v SEC decided in June 2018 the Supreme Court held that ALJs are Inferior Officers within the meaning of the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution 3 4 This means that they must be appointed by the president or by heads of departments but without also requiring Senate advice and consent unless Congress amends the law to require that Attorney Advisors edit ALJs usually hire Attorney Advisors who serve a role similar to judicial law clerks of Article III judges For example Attorney Advisors assist the ALJs with research writing drafting of opinions and orders and assisting with the administration of hearings and other trial like adjudications Furthermore Attorney Advisors usually have practiced as lawyers in the particular field which the ALJ possesses expertise in Authority and review of federal ALJs editThe United States Supreme Court has recognized that the role of a federal administrative law judge is functionally comparable to that of an Article III judge An ALJ s powers are often if not generally comparable to those of a trial judge an ALJ may issue subpoenas rule on proffers of evidence regulate the course of the hearing and make or recommend decisions ALJs are limited as they have no power to sanction unless a statute provides such a power Instead the ALJ may refer a matter to an Article III Court to seek enforcement or sanctions The process of agency adjudication is currently structured so as to assure that ALJs exercise independent judgment on the evidence before them free from pressures by the parties or other officials within the agency 2 5 The procedure for reviewing an ALJ s decision varies depending upon the agency Agencies generally have an internal appellate body with some agencies having a Cabinet secretary decide the final internal appeals Moreover after the internal agency appeals have been exhausted a party may have the right to file an appeal in the state or federal courts Relevant statutes usually require a party to exhaust all administrative appeals before they are allowed to sue an agency in court Central panels editAdministrative law judges may be employed by a central panel organization which provides the judges with independence from agencies 6 The California Administrative Procedure Act created an early central panel in 1945 and it served as a model for other states 6 By 2015 over half of states had created such panels 7 State ALJs editMost U S states have a statute modeled after the APA In some states such as New Jersey the state law is also known as the Administrative Procedure Act Unlike federal ALJs whose powers are guaranteed by federal statute state ALJs have widely varying power and prestige In some state law contexts ALJs have almost no power their decisions are accorded practically no deference and become in effect recommendations In some cities ALJs are at will employees of the agency making their decisional independence potentially questionable 8 In some agencies ALJs dress like lawyers in business suits share offices and hold hearings in ordinary conference rooms In other agencies especially certain offices of the Division of Workers Compensation of the California Department of Industrial Relations ALJs wear robes like Article III judges are referred to as Honorable and Your Honor work in private chambers hold hearings in special hearing rooms that look like small courtrooms and have court clerks who swear in witnesses 9 10 State ALJs can be generalists or specialize in specific fields of law such as tax law 11 Professional organizations editProfessional organizations that represent federal ALJs include the Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference 12 the Association of Administrative Law Judges which represents only Social Security ALJs and the Forum of United States Administrative Law judges Professional organizations that include both state and federal ALJs include the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary the ABA National Conference of Administrative Law Judiciary and the National Association of Hearing Officials Case law editThe use of ALJs by executive agencies had come into question within the courts during the early 21st century In Lucia v SEC 2018 the United States Supreme Court ruled that ALJs are officers of the United States and thus subject to the Appointments Clause of the Constitution requiring their appointment to be made by the President or an otherwise delegated officer though do not require the affirmation of the Senate as they are considered inferior officers 13 In a pending case argued in November 2023 SEC v Jarkesy questions whether the use of ALJs as a replacement for a jury trial violated the Seventh Amendment and the Nondelegation doctrine 14 While these cases have specifically dealt with the SEC addition cases in lower level courts filed by SpaceX and Trader Joe s took similar issues with the NLRB s use of ALJ in line with the current case law 15 International comparisons editThe United States does not have administrative courts in the judicial branch 16 In contrast in the United Kingdom the Tribunals Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 recognises legally qualified members of the national system of administrative law tribunals as members of the judiciary of the United Kingdom who are guaranteed judicial independence 17 ALJs cannot be recognized as members of the judicial branch of government without first completely ejecting them from their home agencies in the executive branch because to do so would violate the bedrock principle of separation of powers as embodied in the U S Constitution 18 In a 2013 majority opinion signed by Associate Justice Antonin Scalia the U S Supreme Court explained The dissent overstates when it claims that agencies exercise legislative power and judicial power The former is vested exclusively in Congress the latter in the one supreme Court and such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish Agencies make rules and conduct adjudications and have done so since the beginning of the Republic These activities take legislative and judicial forms but they are exercises of indeed under our constitutional structure they must be exercises of the executive Power 19 List of U S federal agencies with ALJs editMost of the agencies below have only a few dozen ALJs 20 In 2013 the Social Security Administration SSA had by far the largest number of ALJs at over 1 400 who adjudicate over 700 000 cases each year The average SSA hearing process occurs over a period of 373 days 21 Commodity Futures Trading Commission Department of Agriculture Department of Health and Human Services Department Appeals Board Department of Health and Human Services Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of the Interior Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review Department of Labor Department of Transportation Department of Veterans Affairs Drug Enforcement Administration Environmental Protection Agency Federal Aviation Administration Federal Communications Commission Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Federal Labor Relations Authority Federal Maritime Commission Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission Federal Reserve Board of Governors Federal Trade Commission Food and Drug Administration General Services Administration International Trade Commission Merit Systems Protection Board National Labor Relations Board National Transportation Safety Board Nuclear Regulatory Commission Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission Office of Financial Institution Adjudication Patent and Trademark Office United States Coast Guard United States Postal Service Securities and Exchange Commission Small Business Administration Social Security Administration Other federal agencies may request the U S Office of Personnel Management to lend them Administrative Law Judges from other federal agencies for a period of up to six months List of state departments and agencies with ALJs editSome states such as California follow the federal model of having a separate corps of ALJs attached to each agency that uses them Others such as New Jersey have consolidated all ALJs together into a single agency that holds hearings on behalf of all other state agencies This type of state adjudicatory agency is called a central panel agency Many states have a central panel agency but the agency does not handle all the hearings for every state agency Alabama Department of Revenue California Department of Consumer Affairs California Department of Health Services California Department of Industrial Relations California Department of Social Services California Employment Development Department California Department of Developmental Services Office of Administrative Hearings web page Fair Hearings Complaint process web page California Office of Tax Appeals California Public Utilities Commission California State Personnel Board 22 Colorado Office of Administrative Courts Colorado Public Utilities Commission Florida Division of Administrative Hearings Georgia Office of State Administrative Hearings Illinois Human Rights Commission Indiana Department of Workforce Development Industrial Commission of Arizona Iowa Department of Corrections Iowa Department of Inspections and Appeals Division of Administrative Hearings does hearings for some but not all state agencies Iowa Workforce Development Department Louisiana Division of Administrative Law Maryland Office of Administrative Hearings Maryland Public Service Commission hearings for public utility cases Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Michigan State Office of Administrative Hearings and Rules Minnesota Office of Administrative Hearings does hearings for some but not all state agencies Mississippi Department of Employment Security Office of the Governor New Jersey Office of Administrative Law does hearings for all state agencies New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings does hearings for some but not all city agencies New York City Department of Finance hearings for parking violations New York State Department of Environmental Conservation New York State Department of Labor New York State Department of Motor Vehicles Traffic Violations Bureau New York State Department of State New York State Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance Oklahoma Workers Compensation Court Commission Pennsylvania Department of Insurance Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry Bureau of Workers Compensation Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission South Carolina Administrative Law Court does hearings for all state agencies Texas Department of Banking Texas Finance Commission Texas Health and Human Services Commission Railroad Commission of Texas 23 Texas State Office of Administrative Hearings does hearings for only some state agencies Washington Office of Administrative Hearings does hearings for all state agencies plus some local ones West Virginia Public Employees Grievance Board West Virginia Public Service Commission West Virginia Insurance Commission Workers Compensation See also editFederal tribunals in the United States Federal judiciary of the United States Administrative courtReferences edit Barnett Kent April 2013 Resolving the ALJ Quandary Vanderbilt Law Review 66 3 797 865 Retrieved 29 December 2020 a b Butz v Economou 438 U S 478 514 1978 Supreme Court sides with Buckets of Money financier Associated Press June 21 2018 Retrieved June 21 2018 Skowronek Stephen Dearborn John A amp King Desmond 2021 Phantoms of a Beleaguered Republic The Deep State and the Unitary Executive Oxford University Press pp 153 160 ISBN 978 0 19 754308 5 Federal Maritime Commission v S C State Ports Authority 535 U S 743 756 2002 a b Allen Hoberg 1994 Administrative Hearings State Central Panels in the 1990s Journal of the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary 14 1 ISSN 0735 0821 ALJ Central Panels How is it Going Out There The National Judicial College www judges org Archived from the original on 2016 10 30 Retrieved 2018 11 24 Ackman Dan The Price of Justice New York Times Feb 12 2006 Klunder Jan July 14 1987 Quest for Respect Compensation Judges Win Right to Put On Robes Los Angeles Times Retrieved 29 December 2020 Pace Nicholas M Reville Robert T Galway Lionel Geller Amanda B Hayden Orla Hill Laural A Mardesich Christopher Neuhauser Frank W Polich Suzanne Yeom Jane Zakaras Laura 2003 Improving Dispute Resolution for California s Injured Workers PDF Santa Monica RAND Institute for Civil Justice pp 634 637 Retrieved 29 December 2020 Elizabeth Buroker Coffin The Case for A State Tax Court 8 St amp Loc Tax Law 63 2003 Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference Liptak Adam June 21 2018 S E C Judges Were Appointed Unlawfully Justices Rule The New York Times Retrieved June 23 2018 Goldstein Matthew May 18 2022 A federal appeals court says the S E C s use of an in house judge violates defendants rights The New York Times Retrieved May 19 2022 Eidelson Josh January 27 2024 Elon Musk and SpaceX are right about the National Labor Relations Board being unconstitutional argues Trader Joe s Fortune Retrieved January 27 2024 Farnsworth E Allan 2010 Sheppard Steve ed An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States 4th ed Oxford Oxford University Press p 170 ISBN 9780199733101 Retrieved November 17 2020 Tribunals Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 s 1 Constitutional Reform Act 2005 s 3 Sunstein Cass R Vermeule Adrian 2020 Law and Leviathan Redeeming the Administrative State Cambridge Harvard University Press p 83 ISBN 9780674249813 Retrieved May 5 2024 City of Arlington v FCC 569 U S 290 304 n 4 2013 emphasis in original ALJs by Agency August 2020 Ohlemacher Stephen April 20 2013 Judges sue Social Security over quotas Florida Today Melbourne Florida pp 3A State Personnel Board 110618a Railroad Commission Appoints Dana Lewis as Director of Hearings www rrc texas gov Retrieved 2021 07 15 External links editThe Forum of United States Administrative Law Judges FORUM National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Administrative law judge amp oldid 1222374743 Attorney Advisors, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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