fbpx
Wikipedia

Astrodon

January 01, 1970

Astrodon (aster: star, odon: tooth) is a genus of large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur, measuring 20 m (66 ft) in length, 9 m (30 ft) in height and 20 metric tons (22 short tons) in body mass.[2][3][4] It lived in what is now the eastern United States during the Early Cretaceous period, and fossils have been found in the Arundel Formation, which has been dated through palynomorphs to the Albian about 112 to 110 million years ago.[5]

Astrodon
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous, 112 Ma
↓
Life restoration
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: †Sauropodomorpha
Clade: †Sauropoda
Clade: †Macronaria
Clade: †Titanosauriformes
Genus: †Astrodon
Leidy, 1865[1]
Species:
†A. johnstoni
Binomial name
†Astrodon johnstoni
Leidy, 1865
Synonyms
  • Pleurocoelus nanus Marsh, 1888
  • Pleurocoelus altus Marsh, 1888
Astrodon holotype tooth

Discovery and species edit

 
Plate XIII from Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States, showing teeth of Astrodon on the bottom left

Two dinosaur teeth were received in late November 1858 by chemist Philip Thomas Tyson from John D. Latchford. They had been found in Latchford's open iron ore pit in the Arundel Formation at Swampoodle near Muirkirk in Prince George's County, Maryland. Tyson let them be studied by the dentist Christopher Johnston, professor at the Baltimore Dental College, who cut one tooth in half and thereby discovered a characteristic star-formed cross-section. Johnston named Astrodon in 1859. However, he did not attach a specific epithet, so Joseph Leidy is credited with naming Astrodon johnstoni (the type species) in 1865, with as holotype specimen YPM 798. If Johnston had attached a specific epithet, it would have been the second dinosaur species identified in the United States. Johnston incorrectly stated that the site of the discovery had been an iron mine near the town of Bladensburg.

In 1888, O. C. Marsh named some bones from the Arundel found near Muirkirk, Maryland Pleurocoelus nanus and P. altus. However, in 1903 John Bell Hatcher, taking into account the similarity of the teeth of Astrodon johnstoni and the teeth from the Arundel Formation referred to Pleurocoelus nanus, argued that the latter represents the same species as the former and that the name Astrodon therefore had priority.[6] In 1921 Charles W. Gilmore agreed that the genus Pleurocoelus is a junior synonym of Astrodon, but at the same time kept P. nanus and P. altus as separate species of Astrodon. Other species at one time assigned to the genus include Astrodon valdensis[7] and Astrodon pussilus.[8] In 1962 R. F. Kingham assigned Brachiosaurus, including all its species, to Astrodon as a subgenus.[9] Carpenter and Tidwell (2005) accepted Hatcher's argument that there is only one species of sauropod dinosaur known from the Arundel Formation and that Astrodon johnstoni is the senior synonym of Pleurocoelus nanus (as well as P. altus) in the first in-depth description of this dinosaur. The majority of the bones of Astrodon are of juveniles, and Carpenter and Tidwell considered the two species named by Marsh, P. nanus and P. altus, as different growth stages of Astrodon johnstoni.[5]

However, other authors did not find the argument in favor of the synonymization of Astrodon and Pleurocoelus so convincing. According to Peter Rose (2007) it has not been demonstrated that either the teeth of Astrodon johnstoni or those attributed to Pleurocoelus are "morphologically diagnostic among titanosauriforms", which limits their utility when it comes to distinguishing them from the teeth of other taxa. The type series of Pleurocoelus nanus and P. altus (four vertebrae and two hindlimbs bones, respectively) cannot be directly compared to the teeth from the type series of Astrodon, so any comparison has to be conducted based on the referred specimens of Pleurocoelus. These, however, are all isolated bones from the Arundel Formation, which themselves were referred to Pleurocoelus only based "on proximity of the localities and the size of the bones". Rose concludes that, as Astrodon is not based on the diagnostic material, "new discoveries should not be aligned with that genus" and that "the argument to synonymize the two taxa, Astrodon and Pleurocoelus, seems unfounded". The type material of Pleurocoelus may not be diagnostic as well, according to the author.[10]

 
Vertebrae of P. nanus

A similar argument was made by Michael D. d'Emic (2013). The author did not find any diagnostic features of the type material of Astrodon johnstoni, Pleurocoelus nanus and P. altus and considered the three taxa to be nomina dubia; according to the author there is no direct evidence that any sauropod bones from the Arundel Formation other than their type series can be referred to these taxa. D’Emic also stated that the exact provenance of the bones from the type series of Pleurocoelus nanus is uncertain and thus "these bones could represent a chimera of individuals or taxa". The author also commented on the diagnosis of Astrodon johnstoni proposed by Carpenter and Tidwell (which was based on all of the sauropod material from the Arundel Formation, not only on the teeth from the type series); he claimed that most of the supposed autapomorphies of this taxon "are indistinguishable compared to other sauropods such as Camarasaurus (...) and/or are related to the juvenile nature of the material".[11]

Paleoecology edit

Habitat edit

The Arundel Formation of Maryland has been dated through palynomorphs to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, about 112 million years ago.[5] This formation is part of the Potomac Group that includes formations not only in Maryland but also in parts of Washington D. C., Delaware and Virginia. The Arundel Formation was deposited on the edge of the expanding Atlantic Ocean basin. The region preserved in this formation was a broad, and generally flat plain with several streams running across it, probably similar to the modern day coastal regions of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Mississippi.

Fossil material assigned to Astrodon has also been found in two Oklahoma localities of the Antlers Formation, which stretches from southwest Arkansas through southeastern Oklahoma and into northeastern Texas.[12][13] This geological formation has not been dated radiometrically. Scientists have used biostratigraphic data and the fact that it shares several of the same genera as the Trinity Group of Texas, to surmise that this formation was laid down during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period, approximately 110 mya.[14] The Papo Seco Formation of the Lusitanian Basin in Portugal also provided fossils referred to Astrodon.

Paleofauna edit

 
Skeleton of a juvenile in Maryland

In what is now Maryland, Astrodon shared its paleoenvironment with dinosaurs such as coelurosaurians, the ankylosaurian Priconodon crassus, the nodosaurid Propanoplosaurus marylandicus,[15] a possible basal ceratopsian, and potentially the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. The fossil evidence points to the presence of the poorly known theropods "Dryptosaurus" medius, Capitalsaurus potens, "Coelurus" gracilis, and the well known large theropod Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, which likely was the apex predator in this region.[16][17] Other vertebrates are not as well known from the formation, but include freshwater sharks, lungfish, at least three genera of turtles including Glyptops caelatus, and the crocodyliform Goniopholis affinis. Evidence has shown that the multituberculate early mammal Argillomys marylandensis was also present.[18] Trace fossils included theropod tracks known as Eubrontes and others assigned to the ichnogenus Pteraichinus belonging to a pterosaur, which demonstrate that these animals were present in abundance.[19] The plant life known from this area included trees preserved as silicified wood, cycads like Dioonites, Ginkgo, the ground plant Selaginella and the giant redwood conifer Sequoia.

In prehistoric Oklahoma, Astrodon lived alongside other dinosaurs, such as the sauropod Sauroposeidon proteles, the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus antirrhopus and the carnosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis.[20][21] The most common dinosaur in the paleoenvironment preserved in the Antlers Formation is the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Other vertebrates present at the time of Astrodon included the amphibian Albanerpeton arthridion, the reptiles Atokasaurus metarsiodon and Ptilotodon wilsoni, the crurotarsan reptile Bernissartia, the cartilaginous fish Hybodus buderi and Lissodus anitae, the ray-finned fish Gyronchus dumblei, the crocodilian Goniopholis, and the turtles Glyptops and Naomichelys.[22][23] Possible indeterminate bird remains are also known from this formation. The fossil evidence suggests that the gar Lepisosteus was the most common vertebrate in this region. The early mammals known from this region include Atokatherium boreni and Paracimexomys crossi.[24]

Cultural references edit

In 1998, Astrodon johnstoni was named the state dinosaur of Maryland. Astrodon also appears in the novel Raptor Red by Robert T. Bakker, as prey of Utahraptor.

A life-sized Astrodon model (featuring a wound on its left rear leg) is displayed in the Terror of the South exhibit on the third floor of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences.[25][26]

Another Astrodon model is also on display at the Maryland Science Center in Baltimore, MD.[27]

Astrodon was the state dinosaur of Texas, but has since been replaced with Sauroposeidon. [28]

References edit

  1. ^ McDavid SN & Perkins J (2023) The authorship of Astrodon (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): Leidy, 1865, not Johnston, 1859. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 80(1):109-111 doi: 10.21805/bzn.v80.a031
  2. ^ Weems, R. E., & Bachman, J. M. (2015). The Lower Cretaceous Patuxent Formation Ichnofauna of Virginia. Ichnos, 22(3-4), 208–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2015.1063493
  3. ^ Dilisio, J. (2014). Maryland Geography: An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781421414829.
  4. ^ Anneli, Luiz E. (2010). O Guia Completo DOS Dinossauros Do Brasil. São Paulo: Editora Peirópolis. ISBN 9788575961773.
  5. ^ a b c Carpenter, Kenneth; Tidwell, Virginia (2005). "Reassessment of the Early Cretaceous sauropod Astrodon johnstoni Leidy 1865 (Titanosauriformes)". In Kenneth Carpenter; Virginia Tidswell (eds.). Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press. pp. 38–77. ISBN 978-0-253-34542-4.
  6. ^ Hatcher, John Bell (1903). "Discovery of remains of Astrodon (Pleurocoelus) in the Atlantosaurus beds of Wyoming". Annals of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 2: 9–14.
  7. ^ W.E. Swinton, 1936, "The dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight", Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 47(3): 204–220
  8. ^ Lapparent, A. F. de, & Zbyszewski, G., 1957, Les Dinosauriens du Portugal, Mémoires des Services Geologiques du Portugal. Nouvelle série, numéro 2, 63 pp
  9. ^ Kingham, R. F., 1962, "Studies of the sauropod dinosaur Astrodon Leidy", Proceedings of the Washington Junior Academy of Sciences, 1: 38–44
  10. ^ Rose, Peter J. (2007). "A new titanosauriform sauropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Early Cretaceous of central Texas and its phylogenetic relationships". Palaeontologia Electronica. 10 (2): 8A.
  11. ^ d'Emic, Michael D. (2013). "Revision of the sauropod dinosaurs of the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group, southern USA, with the description of a new genus". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (6): 707–726. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.667446. S2CID 84742205.
  12. ^ P. Larkin. 1910. The occurrence of a sauropod dinosaur in the Trinity Cretaceous of Oklahoma. Journal of Geology 17:93–98
  13. ^ R. L. Cifelli. 1997. Oklahoma Geology Notes 57(1):4–17
  14. ^ Wedel, M. J., and Cifelli, R. L. 2005. Sauroposeidon: Oklahoma’s native giant. Oklahoma Geology Notes 65 (2):40–57.
  15. ^ Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; Noto, Christopher N. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In David B. Weishampel; Peter Dodson; Halszka Osmólska (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–606. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8.
  16. ^ Harris, Jerald D. (1998). "Large, Early Cretaceous theropods in North America". In Spencer G. Lucas; James I. Kirkland; J. W. Estep (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 14. pp. 225–228.
  17. ^ Lipka, Thomas R. (1998). "The affinities of the enigmatic theropods of the Arundel Clay facies (Aptian), Potomac Formation, Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland". In Spencer G. Lucas; James I. Kirkland; J. W. Estep (eds.). Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 14. pp. 229–234.
  18. ^ R. L. Cifelli, C. L. Gordon, and T. R. Lipka. 2013. New multituberculate mammal from the Early Cretaceous of eastern North America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50(3):315–323
  19. ^ A. Bibbins. 1895. Notes on the paleontology of the Potomac Formation. The Johns Hopkins University Circulars 15(121):17–20
  20. ^ Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loeuff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth, M.P.; and Noto, Christopher R. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution", in The Dinosauria (2nd), p. 264.
  21. ^ Brinkman, Daniel L.; Cifelli, Richard L.; & Czaplewski, Nicholas J. (1998). "First occurrence of Deinonychus antirrhopus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Aptian – Albian) of Oklahoma". Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 146: 1–27.
  22. ^ Nydam, R. L. and R. L. Cifelli. 2002a. Lizards from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Antlers and Cloverly formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22:286–298.
  23. ^ Cifelli, R. Gardner, J. D., Nydam, R. L., and Brinkman, D. L. 1999. Additions to the vertebrate fauna of the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous), southeastern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geology Notes 57:124–131.
  24. ^ Kielan-Jarorowska, Z., and Cifelli, R. L. 2001. Primitive boreosphenidan mammal (?Deltatheroida) from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46: 377–391.
  25. ^ "Noah's Ravens: A Visit To the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Part II: Terror of the South & the Nature Research Center". Noah's Ravens. 2016-10-29. Archived from the original on 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  26. ^ "GDP: A couple of Carolina dinosaurs". Past in the Present. 2018-04-12. Archived from the original on 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  27. ^ "Dinosaur Mysteries". Maryland Science Center. Archived from the original on 2021-09-15. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  28. ^ . tpwd.texas.gov. Archived from the original on 2022-04-11. Retrieved 2022-04-11.

Further reading edit

  • Johnston, C., 1859, "Note on odontography," Amer. Journal Dental Sci. 9:337–343.
  • Kranz, P. M. 1996, "Notes on the Sedimentary Iron Ores of Maryland and their Dinosaurian Fauna", in Maryland Geological Survey Special Publication No. 3, pp. 87–115.
  • Leidy, J 1865, Memoir on the extinct reptiles of the Cretaceous formations of the United States. Smithson. Contrib. Knowl. XIV: atr. VI: 1–135.
  • Lucas, F. A. 1904, "Paleontological notes," Science (n.s.) XIX (480): 436–437.
  • Lull, R. S. 1911, "The Reptillian Fauna of the Arundel Formation" and "Systematic Paleontology of the Lower Cretaceous Deposits of Maryland – Dinosauria", Lower Cretaceous: Maryland Geological Survey Systematic Reports, pp. 173–178, 183–211.
  • Marsh, O. C. 1888, "Notice of a New Genus of Sauropoda and Other New Dinosaurs from the Potomac Group," American Journal of Science, 3rd Series, Vol. XXXV, pp. 89–94.

External links edit

    January 01, 1970
    astrodon, aster, star, odon, tooth, genus, large, herbivorous, sauropod, dinosaur, measuring, length, height, metric, tons, short, tons, body, mass, lived, what, eastern, united, states, during, early, cretaceous, period, fossils, have, been, found, arundel, f. Astrodon aster star odon tooth is a genus of large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur measuring 20 m 66 ft in length 9 m 30 ft in height and 20 metric tons 22 short tons in body mass 2 3 4 It lived in what is now the eastern United States during the Early Cretaceous period and fossils have been found in the Arundel Formation which has been dated through palynomorphs to the Albian about 112 to 110 million years ago 5 AstrodonTemporal range Early Cretaceous 112 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Life restoration Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Clade Dinosauria Clade Saurischia Clade Sauropodomorpha Clade Sauropoda Clade Macronaria Clade Titanosauriformes Genus AstrodonLeidy 1865 1 Species A johnstoni Binomial name Astrodon johnstoniLeidy 1865 Synonyms Pleurocoelus nanus Marsh 1888 Pleurocoelus altus Marsh 1888 Astrodon holotype tooth Contents 1 Discovery and species 2 Paleoecology 2 1 Habitat 2 2 Paleofauna 3 Cultural references 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksDiscovery and species edit nbsp Plate XIII from Cretaceous Reptiles of the United States showing teeth of Astrodon on the bottom left Two dinosaur teeth were received in late November 1858 by chemist Philip Thomas Tyson from John D Latchford They had been found in Latchford s open iron ore pit in the Arundel Formation at Swampoodle near Muirkirk in Prince George s County Maryland Tyson let them be studied by the dentist Christopher Johnston professor at the Baltimore Dental College who cut one tooth in half and thereby discovered a characteristic star formed cross section Johnston named Astrodon in 1859 However he did not attach a specific epithet so Joseph Leidy is credited with naming Astrodon johnstoni the type species in 1865 with as holotype specimen YPM 798 If Johnston had attached a specific epithet it would have been the second dinosaur species identified in the United States Johnston incorrectly stated that the site of the discovery had been an iron mine near the town of Bladensburg In 1888 O C Marsh named some bones from the Arundel found near Muirkirk Maryland Pleurocoelus nanus and P altus However in 1903 John Bell Hatcher taking into account the similarity of the teeth of Astrodon johnstoni and the teeth from the Arundel Formation referred to Pleurocoelus nanus argued that the latter represents the same species as the former and that the name Astrodon therefore had priority 6 In 1921 Charles W Gilmore agreed that the genus Pleurocoelus is a junior synonym of Astrodon but at the same time kept P nanus and P altus as separate species of Astrodon Other species at one time assigned to the genus include Astrodon valdensis 7 and Astrodon pussilus 8 In 1962 R F Kingham assigned Brachiosaurus including all its species to Astrodon as a subgenus 9 Carpenter and Tidwell 2005 accepted Hatcher s argument that there is only one species of sauropod dinosaur known from the Arundel Formation and that Astrodon johnstoni is the senior synonym of Pleurocoelus nanus as well as P altus in the first in depth description of this dinosaur The majority of the bones of Astrodon are of juveniles and Carpenter and Tidwell considered the two species named by Marsh P nanus and P altus as different growth stages of Astrodon johnstoni 5 However other authors did not find the argument in favor of the synonymization of Astrodon and Pleurocoelus so convincing According to Peter Rose 2007 it has not been demonstrated that either the teeth of Astrodon johnstoni or those attributed to Pleurocoelus are morphologically diagnostic among titanosauriforms which limits their utility when it comes to distinguishing them from the teeth of other taxa The type series of Pleurocoelus nanus and P altus four vertebrae and two hindlimbs bones respectively cannot be directly compared to the teeth from the type series of Astrodon so any comparison has to be conducted based on the referred specimens of Pleurocoelus These however are all isolated bones from the Arundel Formation which themselves were referred to Pleurocoelus only based on proximity of the localities and the size of the bones Rose concludes that as Astrodon is not based on the diagnostic material new discoveries should not be aligned with that genus and that the argument to synonymize the two taxa Astrodon and Pleurocoelus seems unfounded The type material of Pleurocoelus may not be diagnostic as well according to the author 10 nbsp Vertebrae of P nanus A similar argument was made by Michael D d Emic 2013 The author did not find any diagnostic features of the type material of Astrodon johnstoni Pleurocoelus nanus and P altus and considered the three taxa to be nomina dubia according to the author there is no direct evidence that any sauropod bones from the Arundel Formation other than their type series can be referred to these taxa D Emic also stated that the exact provenance of the bones from the type series of Pleurocoelus nanus is uncertain and thus these bones could represent a chimera of individuals or taxa The author also commented on the diagnosis of Astrodon johnstoni proposed by Carpenter and Tidwell which was based on all of the sauropod material from the Arundel Formation not only on the teeth from the type series he claimed that most of the supposed autapomorphies of this taxon are indistinguishable compared to other sauropods such as Camarasaurus and or are related to the juvenile nature of the material 11 Paleoecology editHabitat edit The Arundel Formation of Maryland has been dated through palynomorphs to the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous period about 112 million years ago 5 This formation is part of the Potomac Group that includes formations not only in Maryland but also in parts of Washington D C Delaware and Virginia The Arundel Formation was deposited on the edge of the expanding Atlantic Ocean basin The region preserved in this formation was a broad and generally flat plain with several streams running across it probably similar to the modern day coastal regions of Alabama Georgia Louisiana and Mississippi Fossil material assigned to Astrodon has also been found in two Oklahoma localities of the Antlers Formation which stretches from southwest Arkansas through southeastern Oklahoma and into northeastern Texas 12 13 This geological formation has not been dated radiometrically Scientists have used biostratigraphic data and the fact that it shares several of the same genera as the Trinity Group of Texas to surmise that this formation was laid down during the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous Period approximately 110 mya 14 The Papo Seco Formation of the Lusitanian Basin in Portugal also provided fossils referred to Astrodon Paleofauna edit nbsp Skeleton of a juvenile in Maryland In what is now Maryland Astrodon shared its paleoenvironment with dinosaurs such as coelurosaurians the ankylosaurian Priconodon crassus the nodosaurid Propanoplosaurus marylandicus 15 a possible basal ceratopsian and potentially the ornithopod Tenontosaurus The fossil evidence points to the presence of the poorly known theropods Dryptosaurus medius Capitalsaurus potens Coelurus gracilis and the well known large theropod Acrocanthosaurus atokensis which likely was the apex predator in this region 16 17 Other vertebrates are not as well known from the formation but include freshwater sharks lungfish at least three genera of turtles including Glyptops caelatus and the crocodyliform Goniopholis affinis Evidence has shown that the multituberculate early mammal Argillomys marylandensis was also present 18 Trace fossils included theropod tracks known as Eubrontes and others assigned to the ichnogenus Pteraichinus belonging to a pterosaur which demonstrate that these animals were present in abundance 19 The plant life known from this area included trees preserved as silicified wood cycads like Dioonites Ginkgo the ground plant Selaginella and the giant redwood conifer Sequoia In prehistoric Oklahoma Astrodon lived alongside other dinosaurs such as the sauropod Sauroposeidon proteles the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus antirrhopus and the carnosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis 20 21 The most common dinosaur in the paleoenvironment preserved in the Antlers Formation is the ornithopod Tenontosaurus Other vertebrates present at the time of Astrodon included the amphibian Albanerpeton arthridion the reptiles Atokasaurus metarsiodon and Ptilotodon wilsoni the crurotarsan reptile Bernissartia the cartilaginous fish Hybodus buderi and Lissodus anitae the ray finned fish Gyronchus dumblei the crocodilian Goniopholis and the turtles Glyptops and Naomichelys 22 23 Possible indeterminate bird remains are also known from this formation The fossil evidence suggests that the gar Lepisosteus was the most common vertebrate in this region The early mammals known from this region include Atokatherium boreni and Paracimexomys crossi 24 Cultural references editIn 1998 Astrodon johnstoni was named the state dinosaur of Maryland Astrodon also appears in the novel Raptor Red by Robert T Bakker as prey of Utahraptor A life sized Astrodon model featuring a wound on its left rear leg is displayed in the Terror of the South exhibit on the third floor of the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences 25 26 Another Astrodon model is also on display at the Maryland Science Center in Baltimore MD 27 Astrodon was the state dinosaur of Texas but has since been replaced with Sauroposeidon 28 References edit McDavid SN amp Perkins J 2023 The authorship of Astrodon Dinosauria Sauropoda Leidy 1865 not Johnston 1859 The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 80 1 109 111 doi 10 21805 bzn v80 a031 Weems R E amp Bachman J M 2015 The Lower Cretaceous Patuxent Formation Ichnofauna of Virginia Ichnos 22 3 4 208 219 https doi org 10 1080 10420940 2015 1063493 Dilisio J 2014 Maryland Geography An Introduction Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 9781421414829 Anneli Luiz E 2010 O Guia Completo DOS Dinossauros Do Brasil Sao Paulo Editora Peiropolis ISBN 9788575961773 a b c Carpenter Kenneth Tidwell Virginia 2005 Reassessment of the Early Cretaceous sauropod Astrodon johnstoni Leidy 1865 Titanosauriformes In Kenneth Carpenter Virginia Tidswell eds Thunder Lizards The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs Indiana University Press pp 38 77 ISBN 978 0 253 34542 4 Hatcher John Bell 1903 Discovery of remains of Astrodon Pleurocoelus in the Atlantosaurus beds of Wyoming Annals of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 2 9 14 W E Swinton 1936 The dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight Proceedings of the Geologists Association 47 3 204 220 Lapparent A F de amp Zbyszewski G 1957 Les Dinosauriens du Portugal Memoires des Services Geologiques du Portugal Nouvelle serie numero 2 63 pp Kingham R F 1962 Studies of the sauropod dinosaur Astrodon Leidy Proceedings of the Washington Junior Academy of Sciences 1 38 44 Rose Peter J 2007 A new titanosauriform sauropod Dinosauria Saurischia from the Early Cretaceous of central Texas and its phylogenetic relationships Palaeontologia Electronica 10 2 8A d Emic Michael D 2013 Revision of the sauropod dinosaurs of the Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group southern USA with the description of a new genus Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11 6 707 726 doi 10 1080 14772019 2012 667446 S2CID 84742205 P Larkin 1910 The occurrence of a sauropod dinosaur in the Trinity Cretaceous of Oklahoma Journal of Geology 17 93 98 R L Cifelli 1997 Oklahoma Geology Notes 57 1 4 17 Wedel M J and Cifelli R L 2005 Sauroposeidon Oklahoma s native giant Oklahoma Geology Notes 65 2 40 57 Weishampel David B Barrett Paul M Coria Rodolfo A Le Loueff Jean Xu Xing Zhao Xijin Sahni Ashok Gomani Elizabeth M P Noto Christopher N 2004 Dinosaur distribution In David B Weishampel Peter Dodson Halszka Osmolska eds The Dinosauria 2nd ed Berkeley University of California Press pp 517 606 ISBN 978 0 520 24209 8 Harris Jerald D 1998 Large Early Cretaceous theropods in North America In Spencer G Lucas James I Kirkland J W Estep eds Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin Vol 14 pp 225 228 Lipka Thomas R 1998 The affinities of the enigmatic theropods of the Arundel Clay facies Aptian Potomac Formation Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland In Spencer G Lucas James I Kirkland J W Estep eds Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin Vol 14 pp 229 234 R L Cifelli C L Gordon and T R Lipka 2013 New multituberculate mammal from the Early Cretaceous of eastern North America Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 50 3 315 323 A Bibbins 1895 Notes on the paleontology of the Potomac Formation The Johns Hopkins University Circulars 15 121 17 20 Weishampel David B Barrett Paul M Coria Rodolfo A Le Loeuff Jean Xu Xing Zhao Xijin Sahni Ashok Gomani Elizabeth M P and Noto Christopher R 2004 Dinosaur Distribution in The Dinosauria 2nd p 264 Brinkman Daniel L Cifelli Richard L amp Czaplewski Nicholas J 1998 First occurrence of Deinonychus antirrhopus Dinosauria Theropoda from the Antlers Formation Lower Cretaceous Aptian Albian of Oklahoma Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 146 1 27 Nydam R L and R L Cifelli 2002a Lizards from the Lower Cretaceous Aptian Albian Antlers and Cloverly formations Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 286 298 Cifelli R Gardner J D Nydam R L and Brinkman D L 1999 Additions to the vertebrate fauna of the Antlers Formation Lower Cretaceous southeastern Oklahoma Oklahoma Geology Notes 57 124 131 Kielan Jarorowska Z and Cifelli R L 2001 Primitive boreosphenidan mammal Deltatheroida from the Early Cretaceous of Oklahoma Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46 377 391 Noah s Ravens A Visit To the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Part II Terror of the South amp the Nature Research Center Noah s Ravens 2016 10 29 Archived from the original on 2021 09 15 Retrieved 2021 09 15 GDP A couple of Carolina dinosaurs Past in the Present 2018 04 12 Archived from the original on 2021 09 15 Retrieved 2021 09 15 Dinosaur Mysteries Maryland Science Center Archived from the original on 2021 09 15 Retrieved 2021 09 15 TPWD Kids Texas Symbols Dinosaur tpwd texas gov Archived from the original on 2022 04 11 Retrieved 2022 04 11 Further reading editJohnston C 1859 Note on odontography Amer Journal Dental Sci 9 337 343 Kranz P M 1996 Notes on the Sedimentary Iron Ores of Maryland and their Dinosaurian Fauna in Maryland Geological Survey Special Publication No 3 pp 87 115 Leidy J 1865 Memoir on the extinct reptiles of the Cretaceous formations of the United States Smithson Contrib Knowl XIV atr VI 1 135 Lucas F A 1904 Paleontological notes Science n s XIX 480 436 437 Lull R S 1911 The Reptillian Fauna of the Arundel Formation and Systematic Paleontology of the Lower Cretaceous Deposits of Maryland Dinosauria Lower Cretaceous Maryland Geological Survey Systematic Reports pp 173 178 183 211 Marsh O C 1888 Notice of a New Genus of Sauropoda and Other New Dinosaurs from the Potomac Group American Journal of Science 3rd Series Vol XXXV pp 89 94 External links edit nbsp Dinosaurs portal Maryland State Archives Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Astrodon amp oldid 1206810087, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

    article

    , read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.