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Aru Islands Regency

The Aru Islands Regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru) is a group of about 95 low-lying islands in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia. It also forms a regency of Maluku Province, with a land area of 6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi). At the 2011 Census the Regency had a population of 84,138;[2] the 2020 Census produced a total of 102,237.[3] Some sources regard the archipelago as part of Asia, while others regard it as part of Melanesia.

Aru Islands Regency
Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru
Map of the Aru Islands
Location within Maluku
Aru Islands Regency
Location in Maluku and Indonesia
Aru Islands Regency
Aru Islands Regency (Indonesia)
Coordinates: 6°12′S 134°30′E / 6.200°S 134.500°E / -6.200; 134.500Coordinates: 6°12′S 134°30′E / 6.200°S 134.500°E / -6.200; 134.500
Country Indonesia
Province Maluku
CapitalDobo
Government
 • RegentJohan Gonga
 • Vice RegentMuin Sugalrey
Area
 • Total6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 Census)[1]
 • Total102,237
 • Density16/km2 (41/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+09:00 (IEST)
Area code(+62) 917
Websitekeparukab.go.id

Administration

At the time of the 2010 Census, the regency was divided into seven districts (kecamatan), but subsequently an additional three districts have been created by the splitting of existing districts. The districts are tabulated below with their areas (in km2) and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census.[4] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of villages (desa) in each district, and its postal code.

Name English name Area
in
km2
Population
Census
2010
Population
Census
2020
Administrative
centre
No. of
villages
Post
code
Pulau-Pulau Aru (Northwest Aru) 907.39 36,604 49,020 Dobo 15 97662
Aru Utara North Aru 531.28 11,529 6,195 Marlasi 12 97660
Aru Utara Timur Batuley Northeast Aru 304.78 (a) 4,365 Kobamar 9 97663
Sir-Sir 528.39 (a) 3,197 Leiting 9 97664
Aru Tengah Central Aru 1,372.06 13,196 13,345 Benjina 22 97661
Aru Tengah Timur East Central Aru 659.75 4,315 4,914 Koijabi 13 97665
Aru Tengah Selatan South Central Aru 295.113 5,086 5,994 Longgar 7 97669
Aru Selatan South Aru 833.12 8,694 7,497 Jerol 15 97667
Aru Selatan Utara Northern South Aru 478.31 (b) 3,668 Tabarfane 7 97668
Aru Selatan Timur Southeast Aru 516.58 4,714 4,039 Meror 10 97666
Totals 6,426.77 84,138 102,237 Dobo 119

Notes: (a) the 2010 population of Aru Utara Timur Batuley and Sir-Sir Districts are included in the figure for Aru Utara District, from which they were split. (b) the 2010 population of Aru Selatan Utara District is included in the figures for the districts from which it was split.

Geography

 
Geologic map of Aru Islands

The islands are the easternmost in Maluku province, and are located in the Arafura Sea southwest of New Guinea and north of Australia. The total area of the islands is 6,426.77 km2 (2,481.39 sq mi). The largest island is Tanahbesar (also called Wokam); Dobo, the chief port of the islands, is on Wamar, just off Tanahbesar. The other five main islands are Kola, Kobroor, Maikoor, Koba, and Trangan.[5] The main islands rise to low hills, and are separated by meandering channels. Geologically, the group is part of the Australian continent, along with New Guinea, Tasmania, Waigeo, and Raja Ampat on the Australian Plate.[citation needed]

Aru is covered by a mix of tropical moist broadleaf forests, savanna, and mangroves. The islands lie on the Australia-New Guinea continental shelf, and were connected to Australia and New Guinea by land when sea levels were lower during the ice ages. The flora and fauna of Aru are part of the Australasian realm, and closely related to that of New Guinea. Aru is part, together with much of western New Guinea, of the Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests terrestrial ecoregion.[citation needed]

As part of the political and administrative decentralization of Indonesia since Suharto stepped down in 1998, the Aru Islands are now a separate residency (kabupaten), headquartered at Dobo, split off from the residency of Central Maluku.[citation needed]

Economy

Throughout its history, the Aru Islands exported luxury natural products like birds-of-paradise, turtle shells, and pearls to Asia and later Europe. While the islands were positioned within the global trade network, local Aru society was able to preserve its independence and egalitarianism.[6]

Pearl farming continues to provide a major source of income for the islands. The Aru pearl industry has been criticized in the national media for allegedly maintaining exploitative debt structures that bind the local men who dive for pearls to outside boat owners and traders in an unequal relationship.[7]

Other export products include sago, coconuts, tobacco, mother of pearl, trepang (an edible sea cucumber, which is dried and cured), tortoiseshell, and bird-of-paradise plumes.[citation needed]

In November 2011, the Government of Indonesia awarded two oil-and-gas production-sharing contracts (PSC) about two hundred km (124 mi) west of the Aru Islands to BP. The two adjacent offshore exploration PSCs, West Aru I and II, cover an area of about 16,400 km2 (6,300 sq mi) with water depths ranging from 200 to 2,500 m (660 to 8,200 ft). BP plans to acquire seismic data over the two blocks.[8][9]

History

 
1837 Map of Islands close to Arafuru Sea
 
1922 Map of Islands close to Arafuru Sea

The Aru Islands have a long history as a part of extensive trading networks throughout what is now eastern Indonesia. Precolonial links were especially strong to the Banda Islands, and Bugis and Makasarese traders also visited regularly. The traditional society was not pronounced hierarchical, being based on lineage-based clans where the members shared duties of hospitality and cooperation. These island communities were divided into two ritual bonds called Ursia and Urlima, a socio-political system found in many parts of Maluku. Such alliances were connected to pre-European trade networks.[10]

The islands were sighted and also possibly visited by some Portuguese navigators, such as Martim Afonso de Melo, in 1522–24, who sighted the islands and wintered on a nearby island or of the Aru archipelago itself, and possibly by Gomes de Sequeira, in 1526, as is pointed out in the cartography of the time.[11] The Spanish navigator Álvaro de Saavedra sighted the islands on 12 June 1528, when trying to return from Tidore to New Spain.[12]

The islands were colonized by the Dutch, beginning with a contract with the west coast villages in 1623, though initially the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was one of several trading groups in the area, with limited influence over the islands' internal affairs.[13] Aru was monitored by the VOC establishment in the Banda Islands, and yielded a variety of products including trepang, birds-of-paradise, parrots, pearls, sago, turtle-shell, and slaves. A Dutch post was established on Wokam Island in 1659, and a small fort was subsequently constructed there. Islam as well as Reformed Protestantism began to make small numbers of converts in the 1650s. Discontent with the commercial monopolies imposed by the VOC came to a boiling point in the late 18th century. The anti-Dutch rebellion of the Tidore prince Nuku (d. 1805), which engulfed much of Maluku, also affected Aru. The Muslim population of Ujir Island accepted Nuku's brother Jou Mangofa as their king, exterminated the Dutch garrison in 1787, and were able to dominate large parts of the islands. After several failed attempts, the Dutch of Banda managed to suppress the rebels in 1791.[14] However, they soon ran into new trouble with the coastal populations in the east, and their control of Aru affairs was disrupted by British intervention in the East Indies after 1795.[citation needed]

After being left to its own devices for many years, Aru was again visited in 1824 by the Dutch naval officer A.J. Bik, who concluded a number of agreements with local chiefs.[15] In 1857 the famous naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace visited the islands. His visit later made him realize that the Aru Islands must have been connected by a land bridge to mainland New Guinea during the ice age.[16]

In the nineteenth century, Dobo, Aru's largest town, temporarily became an important regional trading center, serving as a meeting point for Dutch, Makasarese, Chinese, and other traders. The period from the 1880s to 1917 saw a backlash against this outside influence, by a spiritually-based movement among local residents to rid the islands of outsiders.[citation needed]

Demographics

 
Inhabitants of the eastern coast of the Aru Islands, photographed late 1899 during the Siboga Expedition.

The islands had a population of 84,138 at the 2010 Census;[2] the 2020 Census produced a total of 102,237.[17] Most indigenous islanders are of mixed Austronesian and Papuan descent. Fourteen languages - Barakai, Batuley, Dobel, Karey, Koba, Kola, Kompane, Lola, Lorang, Manombai, Mariri, East Tarangan, West Tarangan, and Ujir - are indigenous to Aru. They belong to the Central Malayo-Polynesian languages, and are related to the other languages of Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, and Timor. Ambonese Malay is also spoken on Wamar. All are members of the Austronesian language family.

The population is mostly Christian with a small Muslim minority. Figures cited by Glenn Dolcemascolo for 1993 were approximately 90% Protestant, 6% Catholic, and 4% Muslim.[18] A more recent report from 2007 suggested that the 4% Muslim figure may only relate to the indigenous population and that the actual percentage of Muslims may be significantly higher.[19]

In 2010 census, religion Popolatian consists Protestant (59.84%), Catholic (9.32%), Muslim (29.97%), Hinduism (0.05%), Buddhist (0.03%), Confucianism (0.02%), Other (0.01%), and not asked (0.75%).[citation needed]

Islam is thought to have been introduced to the islands in the late 15th century.[20] By the early 17th century, it was reported by the Dutch that Makassarese seafarers had converted some locals and constructed mosques.[21] However, it only took root in the mid-17th century, primarily in the Ujir-speaking territory on the western side.[22]

The Dutch brought Christianity in the 17th and 18th centuries but much of the conversion of the population to Christianity did not take place until the 20th century.[19]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  3. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  4. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  5. ^ O'Connor, Sue; Spriggs, Matthew; Veth, Peter (2005). "1". The Archaeology of The Aru Islands. Canberra: The Australian National University. p. 2.
  6. ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2020-04-19). "On the Margins of Colonialism: Contact Zones in the Aru Islands". The European Legacy. 25 (5): 554–571. doi:10.1080/10848770.2020.1751965. ISSN 1084-8770.
  7. ^ Spyer, Patricia (1997). The eroticism of debt: pearl divers, traders, and sea wives in the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia. American Ethnologist 24(3):515-538.
  8. ^ "Indonesia: Government Awards Two Offshore PSCs to BP". Offshore Energy Today. 21 November 2011. from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  9. ^ "BP clinches key Indonesian deals". The Scotsman. 22 November 2011. from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2011.
  10. ^ A. Ross Gordon and Sonny Djonler, "Oral traditions in cryptic song lyrics; Continuous cultural revitalization in Batuley", Wacana 20-3, 2019.[1] 2020-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Kratoska, Paul H. (2001). South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800, Volume 1 de South East Asia, Colonial History. Taylor & Francis. pp. 52–56.[2] 2023-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Brand, Donald D. The Pacific Basin: A History of its Geographical Exploration The American Geographical Society, New York, 1967, p.121
  13. ^ Hans Hägerdal, "On the margins of colonialism: Contact zones in the Aru Islands", The European Legacy 25-5, 2020, p. 557-8 [3] 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Hans Hägerdal and Emilie Wellfelt, "Tamalola; Transregional connectivities, Islam, and anti-colonialism on an Indonesian island", Wacana 20-3, 2019.[4] 2020-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ A.J. Bik, Dagverhaal eener reis, gedaan in het jaar 1824 tot nadere verkenning der eilanden Kefing, Goram, Groot-, Klein Kei en de Aroe eilanden. Leiden: Sijthoff, 1928.
  16. ^ Alfred Russel Wallace, The Malay Archipelago, Vol. 2. EBook 2008, Chapter 30-33.[5] 2020-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  18. ^ Dolcemascolo, Glenn (1996). "Foreign Encounters In an Aruese Landscape". Cakalele. The Center for Southeast Asian Studies. 7: 79–92. hdl:10125/4211. ISSN 1053-2285.
  19. ^ a b O’Connor (2007), p. 5
  20. ^ O’Connor (2007), p. 5
  21. ^ Hägerdal, Hans (2020-04-19). "On the Margins of Colonialism: Contact Zones in the Aru Islands". The European Legacy. 25 (5): 554–571. doi:10.1080/10848770.2020.1751965. ISSN 1084-8770.
  22. ^ Emilie Wellfelt and Sonny A. Djonler, "Islam in Aru, Indonesia: Oral traditions and Islamisation processes from the early modern period to the present", Indonesia and the Malay World 47 (138), 2019.[6] 2022-03-31 at the Wayback Machine

References

  • S. O’Connor, M. Spriggs and P. Veth, ed. (2007). Terra Australis 22 - The Archaeology of the Aru Islands, Eastern Indonesia. ANU E Press. doi:10.22459/TA22.2007. ISBN 978-1-921313-04-2.
  • Hans Hägerdal and Susi Moeimam, eds (2019). Society and history in Central and Southern Maluku, Wacana; Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol. 20, Issue 3.
  • Patricia Spyer (2000), The memory of trade: Modernity's entanglements on an eastern Indonesian island. Durham: Duke University Press.

External links

  • J.G.F. Riedel (1886). De sluik- en kruisharige rassen tussen Selebes en Papua. The Hague: Nijhoff, p. 244-271.
  • Pieter Bleeker (1858). "De Aroe-eilanden, in vroeger tijd en tegenwoordig", Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië 20:1, p. 257-275.

islands, regency, indonesian, kabupaten, kepulauan, group, about, lying, islands, maluku, islands, eastern, indonesia, also, forms, regency, maluku, province, with, land, area, 2011, census, regency, population, 2020, census, produced, total, some, sources, re. The Aru Islands Regency Indonesian Kabupaten Kepulauan Aru is a group of about 95 low lying islands in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia It also forms a regency of Maluku Province with a land area of 6 426 77 km2 2 481 39 sq mi At the 2011 Census the Regency had a population of 84 138 2 the 2020 Census produced a total of 102 237 3 Some sources regard the archipelago as part of Asia while others regard it as part of Melanesia Aru Islands Regency Kabupaten Kepulauan AruRegencyCoat of armsMap of the Aru IslandsLocation within MalukuAru Islands RegencyLocation in Maluku and IndonesiaShow map of MalukuAru Islands RegencyAru Islands Regency Indonesia Show map of IndonesiaCoordinates 6 12 S 134 30 E 6 200 S 134 500 E 6 200 134 500 Coordinates 6 12 S 134 30 E 6 200 S 134 500 E 6 200 134 500Country IndonesiaProvince MalukuCapitalDoboGovernment RegentJohan Gonga Vice RegentMuin SugalreyArea Total6 426 77 km2 2 481 39 sq mi Population 2020 Census 1 Total102 237 Density16 km2 41 sq mi Time zoneUTC 09 00 IEST Area code 62 917Websitekeparukab wbr go wbr id Contents 1 Administration 2 Geography 3 Economy 4 History 5 Demographics 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksAdministration EditAt the time of the 2010 Census the regency was divided into seven districts kecamatan but subsequently an additional three districts have been created by the splitting of existing districts The districts are tabulated below with their areas in km2 and their populations at the 2010 Census and 2020 Census 4 The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres the number of villages desa in each district and its postal code Name English name Areainkm2 PopulationCensus2010 PopulationCensus2020 Administrative centre No of villages PostcodePulau Pulau Aru Northwest Aru 907 39 36 604 49 020 Dobo 15 97662Aru Utara North Aru 531 28 11 529 6 195 Marlasi 12 97660Aru Utara Timur Batuley Northeast Aru 304 78 a 4 365 Kobamar 9 97663Sir Sir 528 39 a 3 197 Leiting 9 97664Aru Tengah Central Aru 1 372 06 13 196 13 345 Benjina 22 97661Aru Tengah Timur East Central Aru 659 75 4 315 4 914 Koijabi 13 97665Aru Tengah Selatan South Central Aru 295 113 5 086 5 994 Longgar 7 97669Aru Selatan South Aru 833 12 8 694 7 497 Jerol 15 97667Aru Selatan Utara Northern South Aru 478 31 b 3 668 Tabarfane 7 97668Aru Selatan Timur Southeast Aru 516 58 4 714 4 039 Meror 10 97666Totals 6 426 77 84 138 102 237 Dobo 119Notes a the 2010 population of Aru Utara Timur Batuley and Sir Sir Districts are included in the figure for Aru Utara District from which they were split b the 2010 population of Aru Selatan Utara District is included in the figures for the districts from which it was split Geography Edit Geologic map of Aru Islands The islands are the easternmost in Maluku province and are located in the Arafura Sea southwest of New Guinea and north of Australia The total area of the islands is 6 426 77 km2 2 481 39 sq mi The largest island is Tanahbesar also called Wokam Dobo the chief port of the islands is on Wamar just off Tanahbesar The other five main islands are Kola Kobroor Maikoor Koba and Trangan 5 The main islands rise to low hills and are separated by meandering channels Geologically the group is part of the Australian continent along with New Guinea Tasmania Waigeo and Raja Ampat on the Australian Plate citation needed Aru is covered by a mix of tropical moist broadleaf forests savanna and mangroves The islands lie on the Australia New Guinea continental shelf and were connected to Australia and New Guinea by land when sea levels were lower during the ice ages The flora and fauna of Aru are part of the Australasian realm and closely related to that of New Guinea Aru is part together with much of western New Guinea of the Vogelkop Aru lowland rain forests terrestrial ecoregion citation needed As part of the political and administrative decentralization of Indonesia since Suharto stepped down in 1998 the Aru Islands are now a separate residency kabupaten headquartered at Dobo split off from the residency of Central Maluku citation needed Economy EditThroughout its history the Aru Islands exported luxury natural products like birds of paradise turtle shells and pearls to Asia and later Europe While the islands were positioned within the global trade network local Aru society was able to preserve its independence and egalitarianism 6 Pearl farming continues to provide a major source of income for the islands The Aru pearl industry has been criticized in the national media for allegedly maintaining exploitative debt structures that bind the local men who dive for pearls to outside boat owners and traders in an unequal relationship 7 Other export products include sago coconuts tobacco mother of pearl trepang an edible sea cucumber which is dried and cured tortoiseshell and bird of paradise plumes citation needed In November 2011 the Government of Indonesia awarded two oil and gas production sharing contracts PSC about two hundred km 124 mi west of the Aru Islands to BP The two adjacent offshore exploration PSCs West Aru I and II cover an area of about 16 400 km2 6 300 sq mi with water depths ranging from 200 to 2 500 m 660 to 8 200 ft BP plans to acquire seismic data over the two blocks 8 9 History Edit 1837 Map of Islands close to Arafuru Sea 1922 Map of Islands close to Arafuru Sea The Aru Islands have a long history as a part of extensive trading networks throughout what is now eastern Indonesia Precolonial links were especially strong to the Banda Islands and Bugis and Makasarese traders also visited regularly The traditional society was not pronounced hierarchical being based on lineage based clans where the members shared duties of hospitality and cooperation These island communities were divided into two ritual bonds called Ursia and Urlima a socio political system found in many parts of Maluku Such alliances were connected to pre European trade networks 10 The islands were sighted and also possibly visited by some Portuguese navigators such as Martim Afonso de Melo in 1522 24 who sighted the islands and wintered on a nearby island or of the Aru archipelago itself and possibly by Gomes de Sequeira in 1526 as is pointed out in the cartography of the time 11 The Spanish navigator Alvaro de Saavedra sighted the islands on 12 June 1528 when trying to return from Tidore to New Spain 12 The islands were colonized by the Dutch beginning with a contract with the west coast villages in 1623 though initially the Dutch East India Company VOC was one of several trading groups in the area with limited influence over the islands internal affairs 13 Aru was monitored by the VOC establishment in the Banda Islands and yielded a variety of products including trepang birds of paradise parrots pearls sago turtle shell and slaves A Dutch post was established on Wokam Island in 1659 and a small fort was subsequently constructed there Islam as well as Reformed Protestantism began to make small numbers of converts in the 1650s Discontent with the commercial monopolies imposed by the VOC came to a boiling point in the late 18th century The anti Dutch rebellion of the Tidore prince Nuku d 1805 which engulfed much of Maluku also affected Aru The Muslim population of Ujir Island accepted Nuku s brother Jou Mangofa as their king exterminated the Dutch garrison in 1787 and were able to dominate large parts of the islands After several failed attempts the Dutch of Banda managed to suppress the rebels in 1791 14 However they soon ran into new trouble with the coastal populations in the east and their control of Aru affairs was disrupted by British intervention in the East Indies after 1795 citation needed After being left to its own devices for many years Aru was again visited in 1824 by the Dutch naval officer A J Bik who concluded a number of agreements with local chiefs 15 In 1857 the famous naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace visited the islands His visit later made him realize that the Aru Islands must have been connected by a land bridge to mainland New Guinea during the ice age 16 In the nineteenth century Dobo Aru s largest town temporarily became an important regional trading center serving as a meeting point for Dutch Makasarese Chinese and other traders The period from the 1880s to 1917 saw a backlash against this outside influence by a spiritually based movement among local residents to rid the islands of outsiders citation needed Demographics Edit Inhabitants of the eastern coast of the Aru Islands photographed late 1899 during the Siboga Expedition The islands had a population of 84 138 at the 2010 Census 2 the 2020 Census produced a total of 102 237 17 Most indigenous islanders are of mixed Austronesian and Papuan descent Fourteen languages Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri East Tarangan West Tarangan and Ujir are indigenous to Aru They belong to the Central Malayo Polynesian languages and are related to the other languages of Maluku Nusa Tenggara and Timor Ambonese Malay is also spoken on Wamar All are members of the Austronesian language family The population is mostly Christian with a small Muslim minority Figures cited by Glenn Dolcemascolo for 1993 were approximately 90 Protestant 6 Catholic and 4 Muslim 18 A more recent report from 2007 suggested that the 4 Muslim figure may only relate to the indigenous population and that the actual percentage of Muslims may be significantly higher 19 In 2010 census religion Popolatian consists Protestant 59 84 Catholic 9 32 Muslim 29 97 Hinduism 0 05 Buddhist 0 03 Confucianism 0 02 Other 0 01 and not asked 0 75 citation needed Islam is thought to have been introduced to the islands in the late 15th century 20 By the early 17th century it was reported by the Dutch that Makassarese seafarers had converted some locals and constructed mosques 21 However it only took root in the mid 17th century primarily in the Ujir speaking territory on the western side 22 The Dutch brought Christianity in the 17th and 18th centuries but much of the conversion of the population to Christianity did not take place until the 20th century 19 See also EditIslands of Indonesia Aru languagesNotes Edit Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2021 a b Biro Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2011 Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2021 Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2021 O Connor Sue Spriggs Matthew Veth Peter 2005 1 The Archaeology of The Aru Islands Canberra The Australian National University p 2 Hagerdal Hans 2020 04 19 On the Margins of Colonialism Contact Zones in the Aru Islands The European Legacy 25 5 554 571 doi 10 1080 10848770 2020 1751965 ISSN 1084 8770 Spyer Patricia 1997 The eroticism of debt pearl divers traders and sea wives in the Aru Islands Eastern Indonesia American Ethnologist 24 3 515 538 Indonesia Government Awards Two Offshore PSCs to BP Offshore Energy Today 21 November 2011 Archived from the original on 23 April 2016 Retrieved 22 November 2011 BP clinches key Indonesian deals The Scotsman 22 November 2011 Archived from the original on 13 July 2019 Retrieved 22 November 2011 A Ross Gordon and Sonny Djonler Oral traditions in cryptic song lyrics Continuous cultural revitalization in Batuley Wacana 20 3 2019 1 Archived 2020 02 09 at the Wayback Machine Kratoska Paul H 2001 South East Asia Colonial History Imperialism before 1800 Volume 1 de South East Asia Colonial History Taylor amp Francis pp 52 56 2 Archived 2023 04 02 at the Wayback Machine Brand Donald D The Pacific Basin A History of its Geographical Exploration The American Geographical Society New York 1967 p 121 Hans Hagerdal On the margins of colonialism Contact zones in the Aru Islands The European Legacy 25 5 2020 p 557 8 3 Archived 2022 03 31 at the Wayback Machine Hans Hagerdal and Emilie Wellfelt Tamalola Transregional connectivities Islam and anti colonialism on an Indonesian island Wacana 20 3 2019 4 Archived 2020 03 22 at the Wayback Machine A J Bik Dagverhaal eener reis gedaan in het jaar 1824 tot nadere verkenning der eilanden Kefing Goram Groot Klein Kei en de Aroe eilanden Leiden Sijthoff 1928 Alfred Russel Wallace The Malay Archipelago Vol 2 EBook 2008 Chapter 30 33 5 Archived 2020 02 15 at the Wayback Machine Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2021 Dolcemascolo Glenn 1996 Foreign Encounters In an Aruese Landscape Cakalele The Center for Southeast Asian Studies 7 79 92 hdl 10125 4211 ISSN 1053 2285 a b O Connor 2007 p 5 O Connor 2007 p 5 Hagerdal Hans 2020 04 19 On the Margins of Colonialism Contact Zones in the Aru Islands The European Legacy 25 5 554 571 doi 10 1080 10848770 2020 1751965 ISSN 1084 8770 Emilie Wellfelt and Sonny A Djonler Islam in Aru Indonesia Oral traditions and Islamisation processes from the early modern period to the present Indonesia and the Malay World 47 138 2019 6 Archived 2022 03 31 at the Wayback MachineReferences EditS O Connor M Spriggs and P Veth ed 2007 Terra Australis 22 The Archaeology of the Aru Islands Eastern Indonesia ANU E Press doi 10 22459 TA22 2007 ISBN 978 1 921313 04 2 Hans Hagerdal and Susi Moeimam eds 2019 Society and history in Central and Southern Maluku Wacana Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia Vol 20 Issue 3 Patricia Spyer 2000 The memory of trade Modernity s entanglements on an eastern Indonesian island Durham Duke University Press External links EditJ G F Riedel 1886 De sluik en kruisharige rassen tussen Selebes en Papua The Hague Nijhoff p 244 271 Pieter Bleeker 1858 De Aroe eilanden in vroeger tijd en tegenwoordig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie 20 1 p 257 275 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aru Islands Regency Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aru Islands Regency amp oldid 1147803206, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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