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Arsinoe IV

August 21, 2023

For other uses, see Arsinoe (disambiguation).

Arsinoë IV (Greek: Ἀρσινόη; between 68 and 63 BC – 41 BC) was the fourth of six children and the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes. Queen and co-ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt with her brother Ptolemy XIII from 48 BC – 47 BC, she was one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of ancient Egypt. Arsinoë IV was also the half sister of Cleopatra VII.[1][2][3][4] For her role in conducting the siege of Alexandria (47 BC) against her sister Cleopatra, Arsinoë was taken as a prisoner of war to Rome by the Roman triumvir Julius Caesar following the defeat of Ptolemy XIII in the Battle of the Nile. Arsinoë was then exiled to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus in Roman Anatolia, but she was executed there by orders of triumvir Mark Antony in 41 BC at the behest of his lover Cleopatra VII.

Arsinoë IV
Rescue of Arsinoe, by Jacopo Tintoretto, 1555–1556
Pharaoh
Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom (disputed)
ReignSeptember 48 BC
with Ptolemy XIII (December 48 – January 47 BC)
PredecessorPtolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII
SuccessorPtolemy XIV and Cleopatra VII
Royal titulary
FatherPtolemy XII Auletes
MotherUnknown
Bornbetw. 68–63 BC
Alexandria, Egypt
Died41 BC
Ephesus
(modern-day Selçuk, İzmir, Turkey)
BurialEphesus
DynastyPtolemaic dynasty

History

Arsinoë was the third, possibly fourth daughter of Ptolemy XII by an unknown woman (presumably since Cleopatra VII's probable mother Cleopatra V had died or been repudiated not long after Cleopatra VII was born.)[1][2][3][4] When Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC, he left his eldest son and daughter, Ptolemy and Cleopatra, as joint rulers of Egypt, but Ptolemy soon dethroned Cleopatra and forced her to flee from Alexandria. Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria in 48 BC pursuing his rival, Pompey, whom he had defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus. When he arrived in Alexandria, he was presented with Pompey's head. The execution of his longterm rival ended the possibility of an alliance between Caesar and Ptolemy, and he sided with Cleopatra's faction. He declared that in accordance with Ptolemy XII's will, Cleopatra and Ptolemy would rule Egypt jointly, and in a similar motion restored Cyprus, which had been annexed by Rome in 58 BC, to Egypt's rule and gave it to Arsinoë and her youngest brother, Ptolemy XIV.[5][6]

However, Arsinoë then escaped from the capital with her mentor, the eunuch Ganymedes, and took command of the Egyptian army.[7] She also proclaimed herself Queen as Arsinoë IV, executed Achillas, whom she had replaced as the army commander, and placed Ganymedes second in command of the army immediately below herself.[6][8] Under Arsinoë's leadership, the Egyptians enjoyed some success against the Romans. The Egyptians trapped Caesar in a section of the city by building walls to close off the streets. Caesar countered this measure by digging wells into the porous limestone beneath the city that contained fresh water. This only partially alleviated the situation, so he then sent ships out along the coast to search for more fresh water there.[9] Caesar realized that he would need to break out of the city and hoped to do so by gaining control of the harbor. He launched an attack to seize control of the Lighthouse of Alexandria but Arsinoë's forces drove him back. Recognizing his imminent defeat, Caesar removed his armor and purple cloak so that he could swim to the safety of a nearby Roman ship.

The leading Egyptian officers, having become disappointed with Ganymedes, and under a pretext of wanting peace, negotiated with Caesar to exchange Arsinoë for Ptolemy XIII.[10][11] After Ptolemy was released he continued the war until the Romans received reinforcements and inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Egyptians. Arsinoë, now in Roman captivity, was transported to Rome, where in 46 BC she was forced to appear in Caesar's triumph and was paraded behind a burning effigy of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, which had been the scene of her victory over him.[12] Arsinoe, along with Juba II, elicited empathy from the crowd.[13] Despite the custom of strangling prominent prisoners in triumphs when the festivities concluded, Caesar was pressured to spare Arsinoë and granted her sanctuary at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus. Arsinoë lived in the temple for a few years, always keeping a watchful eye on her sister Cleopatra, who perceived Arsinoë as a threat to her power.[14] In 41 BC, at Cleopatra's instigation, Mark Antony ordered Arsinoë's execution on the steps of the temple.[15] Her murder was a gross violation of the temple sanctuary and an act that scandalised Rome.[16] The eunuch priest (Megabyzos) who had welcomed Arsinoë on her arrival at the temple as "queen" was only pardoned when an embassy from Ephesus made a petition to Cleopatra.[17]

Year of birth

Arsinoë's year of birth is generally regarded as being between 68 and 63 BC: The Encyclopædia Britannica cites 63 BC, making her 15 at the time of her uprising and defeat against Julius Caesar and 22 at her death,[18] while the researcher Alissa Lyon cites 68 BC making her 27 at her death.[19] Joyce Tyldesley places her birth date as between 68 and 65 BC.[20] An alternate hypothesis was in the docudrama "Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer", in which it was alleged a headless skeleton of a female child between the ages of 15 and 18 may be Arsinoë.[16]

Her actions in the brief war against Caesar naturally suggest that she was older than that and thus, would make it impossible for her to be the headless female child buried in the tomb. Perhaps the strongest evidence that she was in fact exercising her own authority is that Caesar, after the Pharos debacle, was prepared to release Ptolemy XIII — a male, who continued the war against Caesar — just to get his hands on her.[21][22] Stacy Schiff, who places Arsinoë's age at around seventeen during the events of 48-47 BC, notes that Arsinoë "burned with ambition" and was "not the kind of girl who inspired complacency," writing that once Arsinoë escaped the royal palace she became more vocal against her half-sister and that she assumed her position as head of the army alongside anti-Caesar courtier Achillas.[23]

Tomb at Ephesus

In the 1990s an octagonal monument situated in the centre of Ephesus was hypothesized by Hilke Thür of the Austrian Academy of Sciences to be the tomb of Arsinoë.[16] Although no inscription remains on the tomb, it was dated to between 50 and 20 BC. In 1926 the skeleton of a female estimated to be between the ages of 15 and 18 years at the time of her death was found in the burial chamber.[24][4] Thür's identification of the skeleton was based on the shape of the tomb, which was octagonal, like the second tier of the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the carbon dating of the bones (between 200 and 20 BC), the gender of the skeleton, and the age of the child at death.[25][26] It was also claimed that the tomb boasts Egyptian motifs, such as "papyri-bundle" columns.[16]

A DNA test was also attempted to determine the identity of the child. However, it was impossible to get an accurate reading since the bones had been handled too many times,[27] and the skull had been lost in Germany during World War II. Hilke Thür examined the old notes and photographs of the now-missing skull,[28][29] which was reconstructed using computer technology by forensic anthropologist Caroline Wilkinson to show what the woman may have looked like.[30] Thür alleged that it shows signs of African ancestry mixed with classical Grecian features[16] – despite the fact that Boas, Gravlee, Bernard and Leonard, and others have demonstrated that skull measurements are not a reliable indicator of race,[31] and the measurements were jotted down in 1920 before modern forensic science took hold.[30] Arsinoë and Cleopatra, shared the same father (Ptolemy XII Auletes) but may have had different mothers,[32] with Thür claiming the alleged African ancestry came from the skeleton's mother. Furthermore, craniometry as used by Thür to determine race is based in scientific racism that is now generally considered a discredited pseudoscience with "a long history of being put to use in racially motivated and often overtly and explicitly racist ways."[33]

Mary Beard wrote a dissenting essay criticizing the findings, pointing out that, first, there is no surviving name on the tomb and that the claim the tomb is alleged to invoke the shape of the Pharos Lighthouse "doesn't add up"; second, the skull doesn't survive intact and the age of the skeleton is too young to be Arsinoë's (the bones said to be that of a 15-18 year old, with Arsinoë being around her mid twenties at her death); and third, since Cleopatra and Arsinoë were not known to have the same mother, "the ethnic argument goes largely out of the window."[4]

A writer from The Times described the identification of the skeleton as "a triumph of conjecture over certainty".[34] If the monument is the tomb of Arsinoë, she would be the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty whose remains have been recovered.[35] It has never been definitively proven the skeleton is that of Arsinoë IV.

References

  1. ^ a b Grant, Michael (14 July 2011). Cleopatra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-78022-114-4.
  2. ^ a b Kleiner 2009, p. 102.
  3. ^ a b Roberts, Peter (2006). HSC Ancient History. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-74125-179-1.
  4. ^ a b c d Beard, Mary (16 March 2009). . Times Literary Supplement. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
  5. ^ Bennett, Chris. . ReoCities. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  6. ^ a b Hill, Jenny. "Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Cleopatra VII". Ancient Egypt Online. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  7. ^ Mahaffy 1899, p. 143.
  8. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Civili 3.112.10-12; De Bello Alexandrino 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History 42.39.1-2; 42.40.1; Lucan, Pharsalia 10.519-523
  9. ^ "The Alexandrian Wars by Julius Caesar". The Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  10. ^ De Bello Alexandrino 23-24 and, with some deviations, Cassius Dio, Roman History 42.42
  11. ^ Bevan, Edwyn R. (1927). "XIII". The House of Ptolemy. London: Methuen Publishing. Retrieved 14 April 2017 – via LacusCurtius.
  12. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 43.19.2-3; Appian, Civil Wars 2.101.420
  13. ^ Kleiner & Buxton 2008, p. 112.
  14. ^ Mahaffy 1899, p. 147.
  15. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 655.
  16. ^ a b c d e Oliver, Neil; Bradley, Richard; Elston, Paul (23 March 2009). "BBC One announces Cleopatra: Portrait Of A Killer". Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer (video) (Documentary). BBC One. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube.
    • "Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer". BBC Four.
  17. ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 15.89; Josephus, Contra Apion 2.57; inaccurate Appian, Civil Wars 5.9.34-36 and Cassius Dio Roman History 48.24.2
  18. ^ Britannica 2019, online.
  19. ^ "ANP455: Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, 25 September 2014. http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp455-fs14/2014/09/25/arsinoe-iv/
  20. ^ Joyce Tyldesley: Cleopatra, Last Queen of Egypt, Profile Books Ltd, 2008, p. 27.
  21. ^ "Dangerous Women", Karen Murdarasi, 2016
  22. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, vols 42-43
  23. ^ Stacy Schiff: Cleopatra: A Life, Little, Brown and Company, 2010, pp. 48-49
  24. ^ Josef Keil (1929) Excavations In Ephesos
  25. ^ Dr. Fabian Kanz, "Arsinoe IV of Egypt: Sister of Cleopatra identified?" April 2009
  26. ^ http://insidecatholic.com/Joomla/index.php?option=com_myblog&show=The-BBC-invents-its-own-Cleopatra..html&Itemid=102[permanent dead link]
  27. ^ "Have Bones of Cleopatra's Murdered Sister Been Found?". Live Science. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  28. ^ Foggo, Daniel (15 March 2009). . The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  29. ^ Cleopatra's mother 'was African' – BBC (2009)
  30. ^ a b Meadows, David (15 March 2009). "Cleopatra, Arsinoe, and the Implications". rogueclassicism. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  31. ^ Clarence C. Gravlee, H. Russell Bernard, and William R. Leonard. "Heredity, Environment, and Cranial Form: A Re-Analysis of Boas's Immigrant Data" American Anthropologist 105[1]:123–136, 2003.
  32. ^ The Lives of Cleopatra and Octavia, By Sarah Fielding, Christopher D. Johnson, p. 154, Bucknell University Press, ISBN 978-0-8387-5257-9
  33. ^ Draycott (2022), pp. 245.
  34. ^ http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article5931845.ece[dead link]
  35. ^ Hilke Thür: Arsinoë IV, eine Schwester Kleopatras VII, Grabinhaberin des Oktogons von Ephesos? Ein Vorschlag. ("Arsinoë IV, a sister of Cleopatra VII, grave owner of the Octagon in Ephesus? A suggestion.") In: Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Instituts, vol. 60, 1990, p. 43–56.

Bibliography

  • "Arsinoe IV". Encyclopedia Britannica. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arsinoë" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 655.
  • Draycott, Jane (2022). Cleopatra's Daughter: Egyptian Princess, Roman Prisoner, African Queen. Head of Zeus. ISBN 978-1-324-09259-9.
  • Keil, Josef; Reisch, Emil (1930). Ephesos: Ein Führer durch d. Ruinenstätte u. ihre Geschichte (in German) (2nd ed.). Vienna: Dr. B. Filser.
  • Kleiner, Diana E. E.; Buxton, Bridget (2008). "Pledges of Empire: The Ara Pacis and the Donations of Rome". American Journal of Archaeology. 112 (1): 57–89. doi:10.3764/aja.112.1.57. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 40037244. S2CID 155502681. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  • Kleiner, Diana E. E. (30 June 2009). Cleopatra and Rome. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03966-7.
  • Mahaffy, J. P. (1899). "Chapter X". A History Of Egypt. Vol. IV. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 143, 147. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  • Wilcken, Ulrich (1895). "Arsinoë 28" . In Wissowa, Georg (ed.). Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (in German). Vol. II, 1. J.B. Metzler. pp. 1288–1289.

External links

 
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  • livius.org: Arsinoe IV
  • Pockley.S: Video of a bust of Arsinoë IV being copied Nov 2012 Arsinoe IV
Arsinoe IV
Born: 68–63 BC Died: 41 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded by Pharaoh of Egypt
48–47 BC
with Ptolemy XIII 		Succeeded by

August 21, 2023
arsinoe, other, uses, arsinoe, disambiguation, arsinoë, greek, Ἀρσινόη, between, fourth, children, youngest, daughter, ptolemy, auletes, queen, ruler, ptolemaic, egypt, with, brother, ptolemy, xiii, from, last, members, ptolemaic, dynasty, ancient, egypt, arsi. For other uses see Arsinoe disambiguation Arsinoe IV Greek Ἀrsinoh between 68 and 63 BC 41 BC was the fourth of six children and the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes Queen and co ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt with her brother Ptolemy XIII from 48 BC 47 BC she was one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of ancient Egypt Arsinoe IV was also the half sister of Cleopatra VII 1 2 3 4 For her role in conducting the siege of Alexandria 47 BC against her sister Cleopatra Arsinoe was taken as a prisoner of war to Rome by the Roman triumvir Julius Caesar following the defeat of Ptolemy XIII in the Battle of the Nile Arsinoe was then exiled to the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus in Roman Anatolia but she was executed there by orders of triumvir Mark Antony in 41 BC at the behest of his lover Cleopatra VII Arsinoe IVRescue of Arsinoe by Jacopo Tintoretto 1555 1556PharaohQueen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom disputed ReignSeptember 48 BCwith Ptolemy XIII December 48 January 47 BC PredecessorPtolemy XIII and Cleopatra VIISuccessorPtolemy XIV and Cleopatra VIIRoyal titularyFatherPtolemy XII AuletesMotherUnknownBornbetw 68 63 BCAlexandria EgyptDied41 BCEphesus modern day Selcuk Izmir Turkey BurialEphesusDynastyPtolemaic dynasty Contents 1 History 2 Year of birth 3 Tomb at Ephesus 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksHistory EditArsinoe was the third possibly fourth daughter of Ptolemy XII by an unknown woman presumably since Cleopatra VII s probable mother Cleopatra V had died or been repudiated not long after Cleopatra VII was born 1 2 3 4 When Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC he left his eldest son and daughter Ptolemy and Cleopatra as joint rulers of Egypt but Ptolemy soon dethroned Cleopatra and forced her to flee from Alexandria Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria in 48 BC pursuing his rival Pompey whom he had defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus When he arrived in Alexandria he was presented with Pompey s head The execution of his longterm rival ended the possibility of an alliance between Caesar and Ptolemy and he sided with Cleopatra s faction He declared that in accordance with Ptolemy XII s will Cleopatra and Ptolemy would rule Egypt jointly and in a similar motion restored Cyprus which had been annexed by Rome in 58 BC to Egypt s rule and gave it to Arsinoe and her youngest brother Ptolemy XIV 5 6 However Arsinoe then escaped from the capital with her mentor the eunuch Ganymedes and took command of the Egyptian army 7 She also proclaimed herself Queen as Arsinoe IV executed Achillas whom she had replaced as the army commander and placed Ganymedes second in command of the army immediately below herself 6 8 Under Arsinoe s leadership the Egyptians enjoyed some success against the Romans The Egyptians trapped Caesar in a section of the city by building walls to close off the streets Caesar countered this measure by digging wells into the porous limestone beneath the city that contained fresh water This only partially alleviated the situation so he then sent ships out along the coast to search for more fresh water there 9 Caesar realized that he would need to break out of the city and hoped to do so by gaining control of the harbor He launched an attack to seize control of the Lighthouse of Alexandria but Arsinoe s forces drove him back Recognizing his imminent defeat Caesar removed his armor and purple cloak so that he could swim to the safety of a nearby Roman ship The leading Egyptian officers having become disappointed with Ganymedes and under a pretext of wanting peace negotiated with Caesar to exchange Arsinoe for Ptolemy XIII 10 11 After Ptolemy was released he continued the war until the Romans received reinforcements and inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Egyptians Arsinoe now in Roman captivity was transported to Rome where in 46 BC she was forced to appear in Caesar s triumph and was paraded behind a burning effigy of the Lighthouse of Alexandria which had been the scene of her victory over him 12 Arsinoe along with Juba II elicited empathy from the crowd 13 Despite the custom of strangling prominent prisoners in triumphs when the festivities concluded Caesar was pressured to spare Arsinoe and granted her sanctuary at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus Arsinoe lived in the temple for a few years always keeping a watchful eye on her sister Cleopatra who perceived Arsinoe as a threat to her power 14 In 41 BC at Cleopatra s instigation Mark Antony ordered Arsinoe s execution on the steps of the temple 15 Her murder was a gross violation of the temple sanctuary and an act that scandalised Rome 16 The eunuch priest Megabyzos who had welcomed Arsinoe on her arrival at the temple as queen was only pardoned when an embassy from Ephesus made a petition to Cleopatra 17 Year of birth EditArsinoe s year of birth is generally regarded as being between 68 and 63 BC The Encyclopaedia Britannica cites 63 BC making her 15 at the time of her uprising and defeat against Julius Caesar and 22 at her death 18 while the researcher Alissa Lyon cites 68 BC making her 27 at her death 19 Joyce Tyldesley places her birth date as between 68 and 65 BC 20 An alternate hypothesis was in the docudrama Cleopatra Portrait of a Killer in which it was alleged a headless skeleton of a female child between the ages of 15 and 18 may be Arsinoe 16 Her actions in the brief war against Caesar naturally suggest that she was older than that and thus would make it impossible for her to be the headless female child buried in the tomb Perhaps the strongest evidence that she was in fact exercising her own authority is that Caesar after the Pharos debacle was prepared to release Ptolemy XIII a male who continued the war against Caesar just to get his hands on her 21 22 Stacy Schiff who places Arsinoe s age at around seventeen during the events of 48 47 BC notes that Arsinoe burned with ambition and was not the kind of girl who inspired complacency writing that once Arsinoe escaped the royal palace she became more vocal against her half sister and that she assumed her position as head of the army alongside anti Caesar courtier Achillas 23 Tomb at Ephesus EditIn the 1990s an octagonal monument situated in the centre of Ephesus was hypothesized by Hilke Thur of the Austrian Academy of Sciences to be the tomb of Arsinoe 16 Although no inscription remains on the tomb it was dated to between 50 and 20 BC In 1926 the skeleton of a female estimated to be between the ages of 15 and 18 years at the time of her death was found in the burial chamber 24 4 Thur s identification of the skeleton was based on the shape of the tomb which was octagonal like the second tier of the Lighthouse of Alexandria the carbon dating of the bones between 200 and 20 BC the gender of the skeleton and the age of the child at death 25 26 It was also claimed that the tomb boasts Egyptian motifs such as papyri bundle columns 16 A DNA test was also attempted to determine the identity of the child However it was impossible to get an accurate reading since the bones had been handled too many times 27 and the skull had been lost in Germany during World War II Hilke Thur examined the old notes and photographs of the now missing skull 28 29 which was reconstructed using computer technology by forensic anthropologist Caroline Wilkinson to show what the woman may have looked like 30 Thur alleged that it shows signs of African ancestry mixed with classical Grecian features 16 despite the fact that Boas Gravlee Bernard and Leonard and others have demonstrated that skull measurements are not a reliable indicator of race 31 and the measurements were jotted down in 1920 before modern forensic science took hold 30 Arsinoe and Cleopatra shared the same father Ptolemy XII Auletes but may have had different mothers 32 with Thur claiming the alleged African ancestry came from the skeleton s mother Furthermore craniometry as used by Thur to determine race is based in scientific racism that is now generally considered a discredited pseudoscience with a long history of being put to use in racially motivated and often overtly and explicitly racist ways 33 Mary Beard wrote a dissenting essay criticizing the findings pointing out that first there is no surviving name on the tomb and that the claim the tomb is alleged to invoke the shape of the Pharos Lighthouse doesn t add up second the skull doesn t survive intact and the age of the skeleton is too young to be Arsinoe s the bones said to be that of a 15 18 year old with Arsinoe being around her mid twenties at her death and third since Cleopatra and Arsinoe were not known to have the same mother the ethnic argument goes largely out of the window 4 A writer from The Times described the identification of the skeleton as a triumph of conjecture over certainty 34 If the monument is the tomb of Arsinoe she would be the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty whose remains have been recovered 35 It has never been definitively proven the skeleton is that of Arsinoe IV References Edit a b Grant Michael 14 July 2011 Cleopatra p 35 ISBN 978 1 78022 114 4 a b Kleiner 2009 p 102 a b Roberts Peter 2006 HSC Ancient History p 125 ISBN 978 1 74125 179 1 a b c d Beard Mary 16 March 2009 The skeleton of Cleopatra s sister Steady on Times Literary Supplement Archived from the original on 17 March 2009 Retrieved 12 June 2018 Bennett Chris Arsinoe IV ReoCities Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 Retrieved 7 April 2017 a b Hill Jenny Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt Cleopatra VII Ancient Egypt Online Retrieved 7 April 2017 Mahaffy 1899 p 143 Julius Caesar Commentarii de Bello Civili 3 112 10 12 De Bello Alexandrino 4 Cassius Dio Roman History 42 39 1 2 42 40 1 Lucan Pharsalia 10 519 523 The Alexandrian Wars by Julius Caesar The Internet Classics Archive Retrieved 14 April 2017 De Bello Alexandrino 23 24 and with some deviations Cassius Dio Roman History 42 42 Bevan Edwyn R 1927 XIII The House of Ptolemy London Methuen Publishing Retrieved 14 April 2017 via LacusCurtius Cassius Dio Roman History 43 19 2 3 Appian Civil Wars 2 101 420 Kleiner amp Buxton 2008 p 112 Mahaffy 1899 p 147 Chisholm 1911 p 655 a b c d e Oliver Neil Bradley Richard Elston Paul 23 March 2009 BBC One announces Cleopatra Portrait Of A Killer Cleopatra Portrait of a Killer video Documentary BBC One Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 via YouTube Cleopatra Portrait of a Killer BBC Four Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 15 89 Josephus Contra Apion 2 57 inaccurate Appian Civil Wars 5 9 34 36 and Cassius Dio Roman History 48 24 2 Britannica 2019 online ANP455 Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 25 September 2014 http anthropology msu edu anp455 fs14 2014 09 25 arsinoe iv Joyce Tyldesley Cleopatra Last Queen of Egypt Profile Books Ltd 2008 p 27 Dangerous Women Karen Murdarasi 2016 Cassius Dio Roman History vols 42 43 Stacy Schiff Cleopatra A Life Little Brown and Company 2010 pp 48 49 Josef Keil 1929 Excavations In Ephesos Dr Fabian Kanz Arsinoe IV of Egypt Sister of Cleopatra identified April 2009 http insidecatholic com Joomla index php option com myblog amp show The BBC invents its own Cleopatra html amp Itemid 102 permanent dead link Have Bones of Cleopatra s Murdered Sister Been Found Live Science Retrieved 7 April 2017 Foggo Daniel 15 March 2009 Found the sister Cleopatra killed The Sunday Times Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 Retrieved 15 April 2010 Cleopatra s mother was African BBC 2009 a b Meadows David 15 March 2009 Cleopatra Arsinoe and the Implications rogueclassicism Retrieved 14 April 2017 Clarence C Gravlee H Russell Bernard and William R Leonard Heredity Environment and Cranial Form A Re Analysis of Boas s Immigrant Data American Anthropologist 105 1 123 136 2003 The Lives of Cleopatra and Octavia By Sarah Fielding Christopher D Johnson p 154 Bucknell University Press ISBN 978 0 8387 5257 9 Draycott 2022 pp 245 http entertainment timesonline co uk tol arts and entertainment tv and radio article5931845 ece dead link Hilke Thur Arsinoe IV eine Schwester Kleopatras VII Grabinhaberin des Oktogons von Ephesos Ein Vorschlag Arsinoe IV a sister of Cleopatra VII grave owner of the Octagon in Ephesus A suggestion In Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen Archaologischen Instituts vol 60 1990 p 43 56 Bibliography Edit Arsinoe IV Encyclopedia Britannica 12 November 2019 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Arsinoe Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 2 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 655 Draycott Jane 2022 Cleopatra s Daughter Egyptian Princess Roman Prisoner African Queen Head of Zeus ISBN 978 1 324 09259 9 Keil Josef Reisch Emil 1930 Ephesos Ein Fuhrer durch d Ruinenstatte u ihre Geschichte in German 2nd ed Vienna Dr B Filser Kleiner Diana E E Buxton Bridget 2008 Pledges of Empire The Ara Pacis and the Donations of Rome American Journal of Archaeology 112 1 57 89 doi 10 3764 aja 112 1 57 ISSN 0002 9114 JSTOR 40037244 S2CID 155502681 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Kleiner Diana E E 30 June 2009 Cleopatra and Rome Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 03966 7 Mahaffy J P 1899 Chapter X A History Of Egypt Vol IV New York City Charles Scribner s Sons pp 143 147 Retrieved 8 February 2021 Wilcken Ulrich 1895 Arsinoe 28 In Wissowa Georg ed Realencyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft in German Vol II 1 J B Metzler pp 1288 1289 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arsinoe IV livius org Arsinoe IV Pockley S Video of a bust of Arsinoe IV being copied Nov 2012 Arsinoe IVArsinoe IVPtolemaic dynastyBorn 68 63 BC Died 41 BCRegnal titlesPreceded byPtolemy XIIICleopatra VII Pharaoh of Egypt48 47 BCwith Ptolemy XIII Succeeded byCleopatra VIIPtolemy XIV Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arsinoe IV amp oldid 1170686758, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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