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Armenian hypothesis

May 05, 2023

The Armenian hypothesis, also known as the Near Eastern model,[1] is a theory of the Proto-Indo-European homeland, initially proposed by linguists Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov in the early 1980s, which suggests that the Proto-Indo-European language was spoken during the 5th–4th millennia BC in "eastern Anatolia, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia".[2]

Recent ancient DNA research has led to renewed suggestions of a Caucasian homeland for a 'pre-proto-Indo-European'.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Particularly, an admixture between the Khvalynsk and Caucasian Copper Age burials gave rise to the ancestry that later became known as a typical marker (WSH - Western Steppe Herders) of the Yamnaya pastoralists.[9] It also lends support to the Indo-Hittite hypothesis, according to which both proto-Anatolian and proto-Indo-European split-off from a common mother language "no later than the 4th millennium BCE."[10] These suggestions have been disputed in other recent research, which still locates the origin of the ancestor of proto-Indo-European in the Eastern European/Eurasian steppe[11][12][13] or from a hybridization of both steppe and Northwest-Caucasian languages.[13][note 1] The origin of the Anatolian languages according to the Near Eastern model has also been challenged because "[a]mong comparative linguists, a Balkan route for the introduction of Anatolian IE is generally considered more likely than a passage through the Caucasus, due, for example, to greater Anatolian IE presence and language diversity in the west."[5]

Hypothesis

Gamkrelidze and Ivanov presented their hypothesis in Russian in 1980–1981 in two articles in Vestnik drevnej istorii. During the following years they expanded and developed their work into their voluminous book, published in Russian in 1984; the English translation of the book appeared in 1995.[23] In English a short sketch of the hypothesis first appeared in The Early History of Indo-European Languages, published in Scientific American in 1990.[24][25] Tamas Gamkrelidze published an update to the hypothesis in 2010.[26]

According to Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, the Indo-European languages derive from a language originally spoken in the wide area of Armenian Highlands, the southern Caucasus, and northern Mesopotamia. The Anatolian languages, including Hittite, split off before 4000 BCE, and migrated into Anatolia at around 2000 BCE. Around 4000 BCE, the proto-Indo-European community split into Greek-Armenian-Indo-Iranians, Celto-Italo-Tocharians, and Balto-Slavo-Germanics. At around 3000–2500 BCE, Greek moved to the west, while the Indo-Aryans, the Celto-Italo-Tocharians and the Balto-Slavo-Germanics moved east, and then northwards along the eastern slope of the Caspian Sea. The Tocharians split from the Italo-Celtics before 2000 BCE and moved further east, while the Italo-Celtics and the Balto-Slavo-Germanics turned west again towards the northern slopes of the Black Sea. From there, they expanded further into Europe between around 2000 and 1000 BCE.[25][23]

The phonological peculiarities of the consonants proposed in the glottalic theory would be best preserved in Armenian and the Germanic languages. Proto-Greek would be practically equivalent to Mycenaean Greek from the 17th century BC and closely associate Greek migration to Greece with the Indo-Aryan migration to India at about the same time (the Indo-European expansion at the transition to the Late Bronze Age, including the possibility of Indo-European Kassites).

Reception

Renewed interest

Recent DNA-research (2015-2018) has led to renewed suggestions of a Caucasian homeland for a 'proto-proto-Indo-European'.[3][4][5][6][7] It also has been proposed by some to lend support to the Indo-Hittite hypothesis, according to which both proto-Anatolian and proto-Indo-European split-off from a common mother language "no later than the 4th millennium BCE."[10]

Haak et al. (2015) states that "the Armenian plateau hypothesis gains in plausibility" since the Yamnaya partly descended from a Near Eastern population, which resembles present-day Armenians. Yet, they also state that "the question of what languages were spoken by the 'Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers' and the southern, Armenian-like, ancestral population remains open."[27]

David Reich, in his 2018 publication Who We Are and How We Got Here, noting the presence of some Indo-European languages (such as Hittite) in parts of ancient Anatolia, states that "the most likely location of the population that first spoke an Indo-European language was south of the Caucasus Mountains, perhaps in present-day Iran or Armenia, because ancient DNA from people who lived there matches what we would expect for a source population both for the Yamnaya and for ancient Anatolians." Yet, Reich also notes that "...the evidence here is circumstantial as no ancient DNA from the Hittites themselves has yet been published."[4] Nevertheless, Reich also states that some, if not most, of the Indo-European languages were spread by the Yamnaya people.[28]

According to Kroonen et al. (2018), Damgaard et al. (2018) aDNA studies in Anatolia "show no indication of a large-scale intrusion of a steppe population", but do "fit the recently developed consensus among linguists and historians that the speakers of the Anatolian languages established themselves in Anatolia by gradual infiltration and cultural assimilation."[29] They further note that this lends support to the Indo-Hittite hypothesis, according to which both proto-Anatolian and proto-Indo-European split-off from a common mother language "no later than the 4th millennium BCE."[10]

Wang et al. (2018) note that the Caucasus served as a corridor for gene flow between the steppe and cultures south of the Caucasus during the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age, stating that this "opens up the possibility of a homeland of PIE south of the Caucasus."[30] However, Wang et al. also acknowledge that according to genetic evidence, an origin of the Proto-Indo-European language in the North Pontic/Caucasus region is possible, noting:

latest ancient DNA results from South Asia suggest an LMBA spread via the steppe belt. Irrespective of the early branching pattern, the spread of some or all of the PIE branches would have been possible via the North Pontic/Caucasus region and from there, along with pastoralist expansions, to the heart of Europe. This scenario finds support from the well attested and widely documented ‘steppe ancestry’ in European populations and the postulate of increasingly patrilinear societies in the wake of these expansions.[31]

Kristian Kristiansen, in an interview with Der Spiegel in May 2018, stated that the Yamnaya culture may have had a predecessor at the Caucasus, where "proto-proto-Indo-European" was spoken.[7]

Lazaridis et al. (2022) outline genetic evidence for Reich and Wang's "south of the Caucasus" model. The authors suggest a primary Indo-Anatolian homeland in Western Asia and/or the Caucasus, with the Eurasian steppe serving as a secondary Indo-European homeland after the Anatolian branch split off.[32]

Criticism

J. Grepin wrote in a review (1986) in the Times Literary Supplement the model of linguistic relationships is "the most complex, far reaching and fully supported of this century".[33]

Robert Drews says (as published in 1988) that "most of the chronological and historical arguments seem fragile at best, and of those that I am able to judge, some are evidently wrong". However, he argues that it is far more powerful as a linguistic model, providing insights into the relationship between the Indo-European and the Semitic and Kartvelian languages.[25]

David Anthony in a 2019 analysis also criticizes the "southern" or Armenian hypothesis (replying to Reich, Kristiansen, and Wang). He finds that the Yamnaya derived mainly from Eastern European hunter-gatherers (EHG) and Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG), and suggests a genetic and linguistic origin of proto-Indo-Europeans (the Yamnaya) in the Eastern European steppe north of the Caucasus, from a mixture of these two groups. Anthony argues that the roots of proto-Indo-European formed mainly from a base of languages spoken by Eastern European hunter-gatherers, with some influences from the languages of Caucasus hunter-gatherers. According to Anthony, hunting-fishing camps from the lower Volga, dated 6200-4500 BCE, could be the remains of people who contributed the CHG-component, migrating from the south-east Caucasus, who mixed with EHG-people from the north Volga steppes. The resulting culture contributed to the Sredny Stog culture, a predecessor of the Yamnaya culture.[34] Anthony cites evidence from ancient DNA, that the Bronze Age Maykop people of the Caucasus (previously proposed as a possible southern source of language and genetics at the root of Indo-European), had little genetic impact on the Yamnaya (whose paternal lineages differ from those found in Maykop remains, but are instead related to those of pre-Yamnaya Eastern European steppe hunter-gatherers). In addition, the Maykop (and other contemporary Caucasus samples), along with CHG, had significant Anatolian Farmer ancestry "which had spread into the Caucasus from the west after about 5000 BC", but is little detected in the Yamnaya. Partly for these reasons, Anthony concludes that Bronze Age Caucasus groups such as the Maykop "played only a minor role, if any, in the formation of Yamnaya ancestry." According to Anthony, this, the absence of evidence of significant admixture (including of paternal genetic influence, often associated with language shift) from the south on the Yamnaya suggests that the roots of Proto-Indo-European (archaic or proto-proto-Indo-European) were mainly in the steppe rather than the south. Anthony considers it likely that the Maykop spoke a Northern Caucasian language not ancestral to Indo-European.[35]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Soviet and post-Soviet Russian archaeologists have proposed an East Caspian influence, via the eastern Caspian areas, on the formation of the Don-Volga cultures.[14] See also Ancient DNA Era (11 January 2019), How did CHG get into Steppe_EMBA ? Part 2 : The Pottery Neolithic[15] Yet, Mallory notes that "[t]he Kelteminar culture has on occasion been connected with the development of early stockbreeding societies in the Pontic-Caspian region, the area which sees the emergence of the Kurgan tradition, which has been closely tied to the early Indo-Europeans [...] Links between the two regions are now regarded as far less compelling and the Kelteminar culture is more often viewed more as a backwater of the emerging farming communities in Central Asia than the agricultural hearth of Neolithic societies in the steppe region.[16]
    The "Sogdiana hypothesis" of Johanna Nichols places the homeland in the fourth or fifth millennium BCE to the east of the Caspian Sea, in the area of ancient Bactria-Sogdiana.[17][18] From there, PIE spread north to the steppes, and south-west towards Anatolia.[19] Nichols eventually rejected her theory, finding it incompatible with the linguistic and archaeological data.[19]
    Following Nichols' initial proposal, Kozintsev has argued for an Indo-Uralic homeland east of the Caspian Sea.[20] From this homeland, Indo-Uralic PIE-speakers migrated south-west, and split in the southern Caucasus, forming the Anatolian and steppe languages at their respective locations.[20]
    Bernard Sergent has elaborated on the idea of east Caspian influences on the formation of the Volga culture, arguing for a PIE homeland in the east Caspian territory, from where it migrated north. Sergent notes that the lithic assemblage of the first Kurgan culture in Ukraine (Sredni Stog II), which originated from the Volga and South Urals, recalls that of the Mesolithic-Neolithic sites to the east of the Caspian Sea, Dam Dam Chesme II and the cave of Djebel.[21][22]
    Yet, Sergent places the earliest roots of Gimbutas' Kurgan cradle of Indo-Europeans in an even more southern cradle, and adds that the Djebel material is related to a Paleolithic material of Northwestern Iran, the Zarzian culture, dated 10,000–8,500 BCE, and in the more ancient Kebarian of the Near East. He concludes that more than 10,000 years ago the Indo-Europeans were a small people grammatically, phonetically and lexically close to Semitic-Hamitic populations of the Near East.[21] See also "New Indology", (2014), Can we finally identify the real cradle of Indo-Europeans?.

References

  1. ^ Mallory 2013.
  2. ^ Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995, p. 791.
  3. ^ a b Haak 2015.
  4. ^ a b c Reich 2018, p. 177.
  5. ^ a b c Damgaard 2018.
  6. ^ a b Wang 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Grolle 2018, p. 108.
  8. ^ A Short History of Humanity A New History of Old Europe, By Johannes Krause, Thomas Trappe · 2021
  9. ^ The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia, 2018, Science 29 June 2018, Vol. 360, Issue 6396, eaar7711, DOI: 10.1126/science.aar7711
  10. ^ a b c Kroonen, Barjamovic & Peyrot 2018, p. 9.
  11. ^ Anthony 2019.
  12. ^ Anthony 2020.
  13. ^ a b Bomhard 2019.
  14. ^ Vybornov 2016, p. 164.
  15. ^ Ancient DNA Era (11 January 2019), How did CHG get into Steppe_EMBA ? Part 2 : The Pottery Neolithic
  16. ^ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 326.
  17. ^ Nichols 1997.
  18. ^ Nichols 1999.
  19. ^ a b Kozintsev 2019, p. 337.
  20. ^ a b Kozintsev 2019.
  21. ^ a b Bernard Sergent (1995), Les Indo-Européens – Histoire, langues, mythes
  22. ^ See Dzhebel, and V. A. Ranov and R. S. Davis (1979),Toward a New Outline of the Soviet Central Asian Paleolithic
  23. ^ a b Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1995.
  24. ^ Gamkrelidze & Ivanov 1990.
  25. ^ a b c Drews 1988, p. 33ff.
  26. ^ Gamkrelidze 2010.
  27. ^ Haak 2015, p. 138.
  28. ^ Indo-European.eu, Proto-Indo-European homeland south of the Caucasus?
  29. ^ Kroonen, Barjamovic & Peyrot 2018, p. 7.
  30. ^ Wang 2018, p. 15.
  31. ^ Wang 2018, p. 10.
  32. ^ Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. PMID 36007055. S2CID 251843620.
  33. ^ J. Grepin, Times Literary Supplement, 14 March 1986, p.278.
  34. ^ Anthony DW (2019). "Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard". Journal of Indo-European Studies: 1–23.
  35. ^ Anthony, David (2020), "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split", in Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (eds.), Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European, BRILL, pp. 31–42, ISBN 9789004416192

Sources

  • Bomhard, Allan (2019), "The Origins of Proto-Indo-European: The Caucasian Substrate Hypothesis", Journal of Indo-European Studies, 47 (1–2)
  • Damgaard, Peter de Barros (2018), The First Horse herders and the Impact of Early Bronze Age Steppe expansions into Asia
  • Diakonoff, I. M. (1984), The Prehistory of the Armenian People
  • Drews, Robert (1988), The Coming of the Greeks, Princeton University Press
  • Гамкрелидзе, Т. В.; Иванов, Вяч. Вс. (1984), Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы. Реконструкция и историко-типологический анализ праязыка и протокультуры (in Russian), Тбилиси: Издательство Тбилисского университета
  • Gamkrelidze, Tamaz V.; Ivanov, V. V. (1990), "The Early History of Indo-European Languages", Scientific American, 262 (3): 110–117, Bibcode:1990SciAm.262c.110G, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0390-110
  • Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Ivanov, Vjačeslav V. (1995), Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture, Moutin de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110815030
  • Gamkrelidze, Tamas (2010). "In Defense of Ejectives for Proto-Indo-European" (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. 4 (1).
  • Grolle, Johann (12 May 2018), "Invasion aus der Steppe", Der Spiegel
  • Haak, Wolfgang (2015), Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe, arXiv:1502.02783, bioRxiv 10.1101/013433, doi:10.1101/013433, S2CID 196643946
  • Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015a). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
  • Martiros Kavoukjian, Armenia, Subartu, and Sumer : the Indo-European homeland and ancient Mesopotamia, trans. N. Ouzounian, Montreal (1987), ISBN 0-921885-00-8
  • Kozintsev, Alexander (2019), "Proto-Indo-Europeans: The Prologue", Journal of Indo-European Studies, 47 (3–4)
  • Kroonen, Guus; Barjamovic, Gojko; Peyrot, Michael (2018), Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian
  • Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor & Francis
  • Mallory, J.P. (2013), "Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands" (PDF), Journal of Language Relationship, 9: 145–154, doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-090113, S2CID 212689004
  • Nichols, Johanna (1997), "The Epicenter of the Indo-European Linguistic Spread", in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.), Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations, Routledge
  • Nichols, Johanna (1999), "The Eurasian Spread Zone and the Indo-European Dispersal", in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.), Archaeology and Language II: Correlating archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses, Routledge
  • Reich, David (2018), Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
  • Vybornov, Aleksandr (2016), "Initial stages of two Neolithisation models in the Lower Volga basin", Documenta Praehistorica, 43: 161–166, doi:10.4312/dp.43.7
  • Wang, Chuan-Chao (2018), The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus

External links

May 05, 2023
armenian, hypothesis, also, known, near, eastern, model, theory, proto, indo, european, homeland, initially, proposed, linguists, tamaz, gamkrelidze, vyacheslav, ivanov, early, 1980s, which, suggests, that, proto, indo, european, language, spoken, during, mill. The Armenian hypothesis also known as the Near Eastern model 1 is a theory of the Proto Indo European homeland initially proposed by linguists Tamaz V Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Ivanov in the early 1980s which suggests that the Proto Indo European language was spoken during the 5th 4th millennia BC in eastern Anatolia the southern Caucasus and northern Mesopotamia 2 Recent ancient DNA research has led to renewed suggestions of a Caucasian homeland for a pre proto Indo European 3 4 5 6 7 8 Particularly an admixture between the Khvalynsk and Caucasian Copper Age burials gave rise to the ancestry that later became known as a typical marker WSH Western Steppe Herders of the Yamnaya pastoralists 9 It also lends support to the Indo Hittite hypothesis according to which both proto Anatolian and proto Indo European split off from a common mother language no later than the 4th millennium BCE 10 These suggestions have been disputed in other recent research which still locates the origin of the ancestor of proto Indo European in the Eastern European Eurasian steppe 11 12 13 or from a hybridization of both steppe and Northwest Caucasian languages 13 note 1 The origin of the Anatolian languages according to the Near Eastern model has also been challenged because a mong comparative linguists a Balkan route for the introduction of Anatolian IE is generally considered more likely than a passage through the Caucasus due for example to greater Anatolian IE presence and language diversity in the west 5 Contents 1 Hypothesis 2 Reception 2 1 Renewed interest 2 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksHypothesis EditGamkrelidze and Ivanov presented their hypothesis in Russian in 1980 1981 in two articles in Vestnik drevnej istorii During the following years they expanded and developed their work into their voluminous book published in Russian in 1984 the English translation of the book appeared in 1995 23 In English a short sketch of the hypothesis first appeared in The Early History of Indo European Languages published in Scientific American in 1990 24 25 Tamas Gamkrelidze published an update to the hypothesis in 2010 26 According to Gamkrelidze and Ivanov the Indo European languages derive from a language originally spoken in the wide area of Armenian Highlands the southern Caucasus and northern Mesopotamia The Anatolian languages including Hittite split off before 4000 BCE and migrated into Anatolia at around 2000 BCE Around 4000 BCE the proto Indo European community split into Greek Armenian Indo Iranians Celto Italo Tocharians and Balto Slavo Germanics At around 3000 2500 BCE Greek moved to the west while the Indo Aryans the Celto Italo Tocharians and the Balto Slavo Germanics moved east and then northwards along the eastern slope of the Caspian Sea The Tocharians split from the Italo Celtics before 2000 BCE and moved further east while the Italo Celtics and the Balto Slavo Germanics turned west again towards the northern slopes of the Black Sea From there they expanded further into Europe between around 2000 and 1000 BCE 25 23 The phonological peculiarities of the consonants proposed in the glottalic theory would be best preserved in Armenian and the Germanic languages Proto Greek would be practically equivalent to Mycenaean Greek from the 17th century BC and closely associate Greek migration to Greece with the Indo Aryan migration to India at about the same time the Indo European expansion at the transition to the Late Bronze Age including the possibility of Indo European Kassites Reception EditRenewed interest Edit Recent DNA research 2015 2018 has led to renewed suggestions of a Caucasian homeland for a proto proto Indo European 3 4 5 6 7 It also has been proposed by some to lend support to the Indo Hittite hypothesis according to which both proto Anatolian and proto Indo European split off from a common mother language no later than the 4th millennium BCE 10 Haak et al 2015 states that the Armenian plateau hypothesis gains in plausibility since the Yamnaya partly descended from a Near Eastern population which resembles present day Armenians Yet they also state that the question of what languages were spoken by the Eastern European Hunter Gatherers and the southern Armenian like ancestral population remains open 27 David Reich in his 2018 publication Who We Are and How We Got Here noting the presence of some Indo European languages such as Hittite in parts of ancient Anatolia states that the most likely location of the population that first spoke an Indo European language was south of the Caucasus Mountains perhaps in present day Iran or Armenia because ancient DNA from people who lived there matches what we would expect for a source population both for the Yamnaya and for ancient Anatolians Yet Reich also notes that the evidence here is circumstantial as no ancient DNA from the Hittites themselves has yet been published 4 Nevertheless Reich also states that some if not most of the Indo European languages were spread by the Yamnaya people 28 According to Kroonen et al 2018 Damgaard et al 2018 aDNA studies in Anatolia show no indication of a large scale intrusion of a steppe population but do fit the recently developed consensus among linguists and historians that the speakers of the Anatolian languages established themselves in Anatolia by gradual infiltration and cultural assimilation 29 They further note that this lends support to the Indo Hittite hypothesis according to which both proto Anatolian and proto Indo European split off from a common mother language no later than the 4th millennium BCE 10 Wang et al 2018 note that the Caucasus served as a corridor for gene flow between the steppe and cultures south of the Caucasus during the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age stating that this opens up the possibility of a homeland of PIE south of the Caucasus 30 However Wang et al also acknowledge that according to genetic evidence an origin of the Proto Indo European language in the North Pontic Caucasus region is possible noting latest ancient DNA results from South Asia suggest an LMBA spread via the steppe belt Irrespective of the early branching pattern the spread of some or all of the PIE branches would have been possible via the North Pontic Caucasus region and from there along with pastoralist expansions to the heart of Europe This scenario finds support from the well attested and widely documented steppe ancestry in European populations and the postulate of increasingly patrilinear societies in the wake of these expansions 31 Kristian Kristiansen in an interview with Der Spiegel in May 2018 stated that the Yamnaya culture may have had a predecessor at the Caucasus where proto proto Indo European was spoken 7 Lazaridis et al 2022 outline genetic evidence for Reich and Wang s south of the Caucasus model The authors suggest a primary Indo Anatolian homeland in Western Asia and or the Caucasus with the Eurasian steppe serving as a secondary Indo European homeland after the Anatolian branch split off 32 Criticism Edit J Grepin wrote in a review 1986 in the Times Literary Supplement the model of linguistic relationships is the most complex far reaching and fully supported of this century 33 Robert Drews says as published in 1988 that most of the chronological and historical arguments seem fragile at best and of those that I am able to judge some are evidently wrong However he argues that it is far more powerful as a linguistic model providing insights into the relationship between the Indo European and the Semitic and Kartvelian languages 25 David Anthony in a 2019 analysis also criticizes the southern or Armenian hypothesis replying to Reich Kristiansen and Wang He finds that the Yamnaya derived mainly from Eastern European hunter gatherers EHG and Caucasus hunter gatherers CHG and suggests a genetic and linguistic origin of proto Indo Europeans the Yamnaya in the Eastern European steppe north of the Caucasus from a mixture of these two groups Anthony argues that the roots of proto Indo European formed mainly from a base of languages spoken by Eastern European hunter gatherers with some influences from the languages of Caucasus hunter gatherers According to Anthony hunting fishing camps from the lower Volga dated 6200 4500 BCE could be the remains of people who contributed the CHG component migrating from the south east Caucasus who mixed with EHG people from the north Volga steppes The resulting culture contributed to the Sredny Stog culture a predecessor of the Yamnaya culture 34 Anthony cites evidence from ancient DNA that the Bronze Age Maykop people of the Caucasus previously proposed as a possible southern source of language and genetics at the root of Indo European had little genetic impact on the Yamnaya whose paternal lineages differ from those found in Maykop remains but are instead related to those of pre Yamnaya Eastern European steppe hunter gatherers In addition the Maykop and other contemporary Caucasus samples along with CHG had significant Anatolian Farmer ancestry which had spread into the Caucasus from the west after about 5000 BC but is little detected in the Yamnaya Partly for these reasons Anthony concludes that Bronze Age Caucasus groups such as the Maykop played only a minor role if any in the formation of Yamnaya ancestry According to Anthony this the absence of evidence of significant admixture including of paternal genetic influence often associated with language shift from the south on the Yamnaya suggests that the roots of Proto Indo European archaic or proto proto Indo European were mainly in the steppe rather than the south Anthony considers it likely that the Maykop spoke a Northern Caucasian language not ancestral to Indo European 35 See also EditIndo Hittite Graeco Armeno AryanNotes Edit Soviet and post Soviet Russian archaeologists have proposed an East Caspian influence via the eastern Caspian areas on the formation of the Don Volga cultures 14 See also Ancient DNA Era 11 January 2019 How did CHG get into Steppe EMBA Part 2 The Pottery Neolithic 15 Yet Mallory notes that t he Kelteminar culture has on occasion been connected with the development of early stockbreeding societies in the Pontic Caspian region the area which sees the emergence of the Kurgan tradition which has been closely tied to the early Indo Europeans Links between the two regions are now regarded as far less compelling and the Kelteminar culture is more often viewed more as a backwater of the emerging farming communities in Central Asia than the agricultural hearth of Neolithic societies in the steppe region 16 The Sogdiana hypothesis of Johanna Nichols places the homeland in the fourth or fifth millennium BCE to the east of the Caspian Sea in the area of ancient Bactria Sogdiana 17 18 From there PIE spread north to the steppes and south west towards Anatolia 19 Nichols eventually rejected her theory finding it incompatible with the linguistic and archaeological data 19 Following Nichols initial proposal Kozintsev has argued for an Indo Uralic homeland east of the Caspian Sea 20 From this homeland Indo Uralic PIE speakers migrated south west and split in the southern Caucasus forming the Anatolian and steppe languages at their respective locations 20 Bernard Sergent has elaborated on the idea of east Caspian influences on the formation of the Volga culture arguing for a PIE homeland in the east Caspian territory from where it migrated north Sergent notes that the lithic assemblage of the first Kurgan culture in Ukraine Sredni Stog II which originated from the Volga and South Urals recalls that of the Mesolithic Neolithic sites to the east of the Caspian Sea Dam Dam Chesme II and the cave of Djebel 21 22 Yet Sergent places the earliest roots of Gimbutas Kurgan cradle of Indo Europeans in an even more southern cradle and adds that the Djebel material is related to a Paleolithic material of Northwestern Iran the Zarzian culture dated 10 000 8 500 BCE and in the more ancient Kebarian of the Near East He concludes that more than 10 000 years ago the Indo Europeans were a small people grammatically phonetically and lexically close to Semitic Hamitic populations of the Near East 21 See also New Indology 2014 Can we finally identify the real cradle of Indo Europeans References Edit Mallory 2013 Gamkrelidze amp Ivanov 1995 p 791 a b Haak 2015 a b c Reich 2018 p 177 a b c Damgaard 2018 a b Wang 2018 a b c Grolle 2018 p 108 A Short History of Humanity A New History of Old Europe By Johannes Krause Thomas Trappe 2021 The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia 2018 Science 29 June 2018 Vol 360 Issue 6396 eaar7711 DOI 10 1126 science aar7711 a b c Kroonen Barjamovic amp Peyrot 2018 p 9 Anthony 2019 Anthony 2020 a b Bomhard 2019 Vybornov 2016 p 164 Ancient DNA Era 11 January 2019 How did CHG get into Steppe EMBA Part 2 The Pottery Neolithic Mallory amp Adams 1997 p 326 Nichols 1997 Nichols 1999 a b Kozintsev 2019 p 337 a b Kozintsev 2019 a b Bernard Sergent 1995 Les Indo Europeens Histoire langues mythes See Dzhebel and V A Ranov and R S Davis 1979 Toward a New Outline of the Soviet Central Asian Paleolithic a b Gamkrelidze amp Ivanov 1995 Gamkrelidze amp Ivanov 1990 a b c Drews 1988 p 33ff Gamkrelidze 2010 Haak 2015 p 138 Indo European eu Proto Indo European homeland south of the Caucasus Kroonen Barjamovic amp Peyrot 2018 p 7 Wang 2018 p 15 Wang 2018 p 10 Lazaridis Iosif et al 2022 The genetic history of the Southern Arc A bridge between West Asia and Europe Science 377 6609 eabm4247 doi 10 1126 science abm4247 PMID 36007055 S2CID 251843620 J Grepin Times Literary Supplement 14 March 1986 p 278 Anthony DW 2019 Archaeology Genetics and Language in the Steppes A Comment on Bomhard Journal of Indo European Studies 1 23 Anthony David 2020 Ancient DNA Mating Networks and the Anatolian Split in Serangeli Matilde Olander Thomas eds Dispersals and Diversification Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo European BRILL pp 31 42 ISBN 9789004416192Sources EditBomhard Allan 2019 The Origins of Proto Indo European The Caucasian Substrate Hypothesis Journal of Indo European Studies 47 1 2 Damgaard Peter de Barros 2018 The First Horse herders and the Impact of Early Bronze Age Steppe expansions into Asia Diakonoff I M 1984 The Prehistory of the Armenian People Drews Robert 1988 The Coming of the Greeks Princeton University Press Gamkrelidze T V Ivanov Vyach Vs 1984 Indoevropejskij yazyk i indoevropejcy Rekonstrukciya i istoriko tipologicheskij analiz prayazyka i protokultury in Russian Tbilisi Izdatelstvo Tbilisskogo universiteta Gamkrelidze Tamaz V Ivanov V V 1990 The Early History of Indo European Languages Scientific American 262 3 110 117 Bibcode 1990SciAm 262c 110G doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0390 110 Gamkrelidze Thomas V Ivanov Vjaceslav V 1995 Indo European and the Indo Europeans A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto Language and Proto Culture Moutin de Gruyter ISBN 9783110815030 Gamkrelidze Tamas 2010 In Defense of Ejectives for Proto Indo European PDF Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 4 1 Grolle Johann 12 May 2018 Invasion aus der Steppe Der Spiegel Haak Wolfgang 2015 Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo European languages in Europe arXiv 1502 02783 bioRxiv 10 1101 013433 doi 10 1101 013433 S2CID 196643946 Haak W Lazaridis I Patterson N Rohland N Mallick S Llamas B Brandt G Nordenfelt S Harney E Stewardson K Fu Q Mittnik A Banffy E Economou C Francken M Friederich S Pena R G Hallgren F Khartanovich V Khokhlov A Kunst M Kuznetsov P Meller H Mochalov O Moiseyev V Nicklisch N Pichler S L Risch R Rojo Guerra M A et al 2015a Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo European languages in Europe Supplementary Information Nature 522 7555 207 211 Bibcode 2015Natur 522 207H doi 10 1038 nature14317 PMC 5048219 PMID 25731166 Martiros Kavoukjian Armenia Subartu and Sumer the Indo European homeland and ancient Mesopotamia trans N Ouzounian Montreal 1987 ISBN 0 921885 00 8 Kozintsev Alexander 2019 Proto Indo Europeans The Prologue Journal of Indo European Studies 47 3 4 Kroonen Guus Barjamovic Gojko Peyrot Michael 2018 Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al 2018 Early Indo European languages Anatolian Tocharian and Indo Iranian Mallory J P Adams D Q 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis Mallory J P 2013 Twenty first century clouds over Indo European homelands PDF Journal of Language Relationship 9 145 154 doi 10 31826 jlr 2013 090113 S2CID 212689004 Nichols Johanna 1997 The Epicenter of the Indo European Linguistic Spread in Blench Roger Spriggs Matthew eds Archaeology and Language I Theoretical and Methodological Orientations Routledge Nichols Johanna 1999 The Eurasian Spread Zone and the Indo European Dispersal in Blench Roger Spriggs Matthew eds Archaeology and Language II Correlating archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses Routledge Reich David 2018 Who We Are and How We Got Here Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group Vybornov Aleksandr 2016 Initial stages of two Neolithisation models in the Lower Volga basin Documenta Praehistorica 43 161 166 doi 10 4312 dp 43 7 Wang Chuan Chao 2018 The genetic prehistory of the Greater CaucasusExternal links EditVery rough map of Indo European migrations according to the hypothesis Indo European family tree showing Indo European languages and sub branches Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Armenian hypothesis amp oldid 1148191933, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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