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Wikipedia

Apache HTTP Server

The Apache HTTP Server (/əˈpæi/ ə-PATCH-ee) is a free and open-source cross-platform web server software, released under the terms of Apache License 2.0. It is developed and maintained by a community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation.

Apache HTTP Server
Original author(s)Robert McCool
Developer(s)Apache Software Foundation
Initial release1995; 29 years ago (1995)[1]
Stable release
2.4.59[2]  / April 4, 2024; 39 days ago (2024-04-04)
Repository
  • github.com/apache/httpd
Written inC[3]
Operating systemUnix-like, Microsoft Windows,[4] OpenVMS
TypeWeb server
LicenseApache-2.0
Websitehttpd.apache.org

The vast majority of Apache HTTP Server instances run on a Linux distribution,[5] but current versions also run on Microsoft Windows,[6] OpenVMS,[7] and a wide variety of Unix-like systems. Past versions also ran on NetWare, OS/2 and other operating systems,[8] including ports to mainframes.[9]

Originally based on the NCSA HTTPd server, development of Apache began in early 1995 after work on the NCSA code stalled.[10] Apache played a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web,[11] quickly overtaking NCSA HTTPd as the dominant HTTP server. In 2009, it became the first web server software to serve more than 100 million websites.[12]

As of March 2022, Netcraft estimated that Apache served 23.04% of the million busiest websites, while Nginx served 22.01%; Cloudflare at 19.53% and Microsoft Internet Information Services at 5.78% rounded out the top four. For some of Netcraft's other stats, Nginx is ahead of Apache.[13] According to W3Techs' review of all web sites, in June 2022 Apache was ranked second at 31.4% and Nginx first at 33.6%, with Cloudflare Server third at 21.6%.[14]

Name edit

According to The Apache Software Foundation, its name was chosen "from respect for the various Native American nations collectively referred to as Apache, well-known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and their inexhaustible endurance".[15] This was in a context in which it seemed that the open internet -- based on free exchange of open source code -- appeared to be soon subjected to a kind of conquer by proprietary software vendor Microsoft; Apache co-creator Brian Behlendorf -- originator of the name -- saw his effort somewhat parallel that of Geronimo, Chief of the last of the free Apache peoples.[16][17] But it conceded that the name "also makes a cute pun on 'a patchy web server'—a server made from a series of patches".

There are other sources for the "patchy" software pun theory, including the project's official documentation in 1995, which stated: "Apache is a cute name which stuck. It was based on some existing code and a series of software patches, a pun on 'A PAtCHy' server."[18][19]

But in an April 2000 interview, Behlendorf asserted that the origins of Apache were not a pun, stating:[20]

The name literally came out of the blue. I wish I could say that it was something fantastic, but it was out of the blue. I put it on a page and then a few months later when this project started, I pointed people to this page and said: "Hey, what do you think of that idea?" ... Someone said they liked the name and that it was a really good pun. And I was like, "A pun? What do you mean?" He said, "Well, we're building a server out of a bunch of software patches, right? So it's a patchy Web server." I went, "Oh, all right." ... When I thought of the name, no. It just sort of connoted: "Take no prisoners. Be kind of aggressive and kick some ass."

In January 2023, the US-based non-profit Natives in Tech accused the Apache Software Foundation of cultural appropriation and urged them to change the foundation's name, and consequently also the names of the software projects it hosts.[21][22]

When Apache is running under Unix, its process name is httpd, which is short for "HTTP daemon".[23]

Feature overview edit

Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functionality. These can range from authentication schemes to supporting server-side programming languages such as Perl, Python, Tcl and PHP. Popular authentication modules include mod_access, mod_auth, mod_digest, and mod_auth_digest, the successor to mod_digest. A sample of other features include Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security support (mod_ssl), a proxy module (mod_proxy), a URL rewriting module (mod_rewrite), custom log files (mod_log_config), and filtering support (mod_include and mod_ext_filter).

Popular compression methods on Apache include the external extension module, mod_gzip, implemented to help with reduction of the size (weight) of web pages served over HTTP. ModSecurity is an open source intrusion detection and prevention engine for Web applications. Apache logs can be analyzed through a Web browser using free scripts, such as AWStats/W3Perl or Visitors.

Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different websites. For example, one computer with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve example.com, example.org, test47.test-server.example.edu, etc.

Apache features configurable error messages, DBMS-based authentication databases, content negotiation and supports several graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

It supports password authentication and digital certificate authentication. Because the source code is freely available, anyone can adapt the server for specific needs, and there is a large public library of Apache add-ons.[24]

A more detailed list of features is provided below:

Performance edit

Instead of implementing a single architecture, Apache provides a variety of MultiProcessing Modules (MPMs), which allow it to run in either a process-based mode, a hybrid (process and thread) mode, or an event-hybrid mode, in order to better match the demands of each particular infrastructure. Choice of MPM and configuration is therefore important. Where compromises in performance must be made, Apache is designed to reduce latency and increase throughput relative to simply handling more requests, thus ensuring consistent and reliable processing of requests within reasonable time-frames.[clarification needed]

For delivering static pages, Apache 2.2 series was considered significantly slower than nginx and varnish.[41] To address this issue, the Apache developers created the Event MPM, which mixes the use of several processes and several threads per process in an asynchronous event-based loop.[42][clarification needed] This architecture as implemented in the Apache 2.4 series performs at least as well as event-based web servers, according to Jim Jagielski and other independent sources.[43][44][45] However, some independent but significantly outdated benchmarks show that it is still half as fast as nginx, e.g.[46]

Licensing edit

The Apache HTTP Server codebase was relicensed to the Apache 2.0 License (from the previous 1.1 license) in January 2004,[47] and Apache HTTP Server 1.3.31 and 2.0.49 were the first releases using the new license.[48]

The OpenBSD project did not like the change and continued the use of pre-2.0 Apache versions, effectively forking Apache 1.3.x for its purposes.[49][50][51] They initially replaced it with Nginx, and soon after made their own replacement, OpenBSD Httpd, based on the Relayd project.[52][53][54][55]

Versions edit

Version 1.1: The Apache License 1.1 was approved by the ASF in 2000: The primary change from the 1.0 license is in the 'advertising clause' (section 3 of the 1.0 license); derived products are no longer required to include attribution in their advertising materials, only in their documentation.

Version 2.0: The ASF adopted the Apache License 2.0 in January 2004. The stated goals of the license included making the license easier for non-ASF projects to use, improving compatibility with GPL-based software, allowing the license to be included by reference instead of listed in every file, clarifying the license on contributions, and requiring a patent license on contributions that necessarily infringe a contributor's own patents.

Development edit

Versions of Apache HTTP Server
Version Initial release Latest release
Old version, no longer maintained: 1.3 1998-06-06[56] 2010-02-03 (1.3.42)[57]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.0 2002-04-06[58] 2013-07-10 (2.0.65)[59]
Old version, no longer maintained: 2.2 2005-12-01[60] 2017-07-11 (2.2.34)[61]
Current stable version: 2.4 2012-02-21[62] 2024-04-04 (2.4.59)[63]
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

The Apache HTTP Server Project is a collaborative software development effort aimed at creating a robust, commercial-grade, feature-rich and freely available source code implementation of an HTTP (Web) server. The project is jointly managed by a group of volunteers located around the world, using the Internet and the Web to communicate, plan, and develop the server and its related documentation. This project is part of the Apache Software Foundation. In addition, hundreds of users have contributed ideas, code, and documentation to the project.[64][65][66]

Apache 2.4 dropped support for BeOS, TPF, A/UX, NeXT, and Tandem platforms.[8]

Security edit

Apache, like other server software, can be hacked and exploited. The main Apache attack tool is Slowloris, which exploits a bug in Apache software.[67] It creates many sockets and keeps each of them alive and busy by sending several bytes (known as "keep-alive headers") to let the server know that the computer is still connected and not experiencing network problems. The Apache developers have addressed Slowloris with several modules to limit the damage caused; the Apache modules mod_limitipconn, mod_qos, mod_evasive, mod security, mod_noloris, and mod_antiloris have all been suggested as means of reducing the likelihood of a successful Slowloris attack.[68][69] Since Apache 2.2.15, Apache ships the module mod_reqtimeout as the official solution supported by the developers.[70]

See also edit

References edit

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External links edit

  • Official website  

apache, http, server, this, article, technical, most, readers, understand, please, help, improve, make, understandable, experts, without, removing, technical, details, september, 2010, learn, when, remove, this, message, patch, free, open, source, cross, platf. This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details September 2010 Learn how and when to remove this message The Apache HTTP Server e ˈ p ae tʃ i e PATCH ee is a free and open source cross platform web server software released under the terms of Apache License 2 0 It is developed and maintained by a community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation Apache HTTP ServerOriginal author s Robert McCoolDeveloper s Apache Software FoundationInitial release1995 29 years ago 1995 1 Stable release2 4 59 2 April 4 2024 39 days ago 2024 04 04 Repositorygithub wbr com wbr apache wbr httpdWritten inC 3 Operating systemUnix like Microsoft Windows 4 OpenVMSTypeWeb serverLicenseApache 2 0Websitehttpd wbr apache wbr org The vast majority of Apache HTTP Server instances run on a Linux distribution 5 but current versions also run on Microsoft Windows 6 OpenVMS 7 and a wide variety of Unix like systems Past versions also ran on NetWare OS 2 and other operating systems 8 including ports to mainframes 9 Originally based on the NCSA HTTPd server development of Apache began in early 1995 after work on the NCSA code stalled 10 Apache played a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web 11 quickly overtaking NCSA HTTPd as the dominant HTTP server In 2009 it became the first web server software to serve more than 100 million websites 12 As of March 2022 update Netcraft estimated that Apache served 23 04 of the million busiest websites while Nginx served 22 01 Cloudflare at 19 53 and Microsoft Internet Information Services at 5 78 rounded out the top four For some of Netcraft s other stats Nginx is ahead of Apache 13 According to W3Techs review of all web sites in June 2022 Apache was ranked second at 31 4 and Nginx first at 33 6 with Cloudflare Server third at 21 6 14 Contents 1 Name 2 Feature overview 3 Performance 4 Licensing 4 1 Versions 5 Development 6 Security 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksName editAccording to The Apache Software Foundation its name was chosen from respect for the various Native American nations collectively referred to as Apache well known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and their inexhaustible endurance 15 This was in a context in which it seemed that the open internet based on free exchange of open source code appeared to be soon subjected to a kind of conquer by proprietary software vendor Microsoft Apache co creator Brian Behlendorf originator of the name saw his effort somewhat parallel that of Geronimo Chief of the last of the free Apache peoples 16 17 But it conceded that the name also makes a cute pun on a patchy web server a server made from a series of patches There are other sources for the patchy software pun theory including the project s official documentation in 1995 which stated Apache is a cute name which stuck It was based on some existing code and a series of software patches a pun on A PAtCHy server 18 19 But in an April 2000 interview Behlendorf asserted that the origins of Apache were not a pun stating 20 The name literally came out of the blue I wish I could say that it was something fantastic but it was out of the blue I put it on a page and then a few months later when this project started I pointed people to this page and said Hey what do you think of that idea Someone said they liked the name and that it was a really good pun And I was like A pun What do you mean He said Well we re building a server out of a bunch of software patches right So it s a patchy Web server I went Oh all right When I thought of the name no It just sort of connoted Take no prisoners Be kind of aggressive and kick some ass In January 2023 the US based non profit Natives in Tech accused the Apache Software Foundation of cultural appropriation and urged them to change the foundation s name and consequently also the names of the software projects it hosts 21 22 When Apache is running under Unix its process name is httpd which is short for HTTP daemon 23 Feature overview editApache supports a variety of features many implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functionality These can range from authentication schemes to supporting server side programming languages such as Perl Python Tcl and PHP Popular authentication modules include mod access mod auth mod digest and mod auth digest the successor to mod digest A sample of other features include Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security support mod ssl a proxy module mod proxy a URL rewriting module mod rewrite custom log files mod log config and filtering support mod include and mod ext filter Popular compression methods on Apache include the external extension module mod gzip implemented to help with reduction of the size weight of web pages served over HTTP ModSecurity is an open source intrusion detection and prevention engine for Web applications Apache logs can be analyzed through a Web browser using free scripts such as AWStats W3Perl or Visitors Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different websites For example one computer with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve example com example org test47 test server example edu etc Apache features configurable error messages DBMS based authentication databases content negotiation and supports several graphical user interfaces GUIs It supports password authentication and digital certificate authentication Because the source code is freely available anyone can adapt the server for specific needs and there is a large public library of Apache add ons 24 A more detailed list of features is provided below Loadable Dynamic Modules Multiple Request Processing modes MPMs including Event based Async Threaded and Prefork Highly scalable easily handles more than 10 000 simultaneous connections Handling of static files index files auto indexing and content negotiation htaccess per directory configuration support 25 Reverse proxy with caching 26 Load balancing 27 with in band health checks Multiple load balancing mechanisms Fault tolerance and Failover with automatic recovery WebSocket FastCGI SCGI AJP and uWSGI support with caching Dynamic configuration 28 TLS SSL with SNI and OCSP stapling support via OpenSSL or wolfSSL Name and IP address based virtual servers IPv6 compatible HTTP 2 support Fine grained authentication and authorization access control 29 gzip compression and decompression URL rewriting 30 Headers 31 and content 32 33 rewriting Custom logging with rotation Concurrent connection limiting Request processing rate limiting Bandwidth throttling Server Side Includes 34 IP address based geolocation User and Session tracking 35 WebDAV Embedded Perl PHP and Lua scripting CGI support 36 public html per user web pages 37 Generic expression parser 38 Real time status views 39 FTP support by a separate module 40 Performance editInstead of implementing a single architecture Apache provides a variety of MultiProcessing Modules MPMs which allow it to run in either a process based mode a hybrid process and thread mode or an event hybrid mode in order to better match the demands of each particular infrastructure Choice of MPM and configuration is therefore important Where compromises in performance must be made Apache is designed to reduce latency and increase throughput relative to simply handling more requests thus ensuring consistent and reliable processing of requests within reasonable time frames clarification needed For delivering static pages Apache 2 2 series was considered significantly slower than nginx and varnish 41 To address this issue the Apache developers created the Event MPM which mixes the use of several processes and several threads per process in an asynchronous event based loop 42 clarification needed This architecture as implemented in the Apache 2 4 series performs at least as well as event based web servers according to Jim Jagielski and other independent sources 43 44 45 However some independent but significantly outdated benchmarks show that it is still half as fast as nginx e g 46 Licensing editThe Apache HTTP Server codebase was relicensed to the Apache 2 0 License from the previous 1 1 license in January 2004 47 and Apache HTTP Server 1 3 31 and 2 0 49 were the first releases using the new license 48 The OpenBSD project did not like the change and continued the use of pre 2 0 Apache versions effectively forking Apache 1 3 x for its purposes 49 50 51 They initially replaced it with Nginx and soon after made their own replacement OpenBSD Httpd based on the Relayd project 52 53 54 55 Versions edit Version 1 1 The Apache License 1 1 was approved by the ASF in 2000 The primary change from the 1 0 license is in the advertising clause section 3 of the 1 0 license derived products are no longer required to include attribution in their advertising materials only in their documentation Version 2 0 The ASF adopted the Apache License 2 0 in January 2004 The stated goals of the license included making the license easier for non ASF projects to use improving compatibility with GPL based software allowing the license to be included by reference instead of listed in every file clarifying the license on contributions and requiring a patent license on contributions that necessarily infringe a contributor s own patents Development editVersions of Apache HTTP Server Version Initial release Latest release Old version no longer maintained 1 3 1998 06 06 56 2010 02 03 1 3 42 57 Old version no longer maintained 2 0 2002 04 06 58 2013 07 10 2 0 65 59 Old version no longer maintained 2 2 2005 12 01 60 2017 07 11 2 2 34 61 Current stable version 2 4 2012 02 21 62 2024 04 04 2 4 59 63 Legend Old versionOlder version still maintainedLatest versionLatest preview versionFuture release The Apache HTTP Server Project is a collaborative software development effort aimed at creating a robust commercial grade feature rich and freely available source code implementation of an HTTP Web server The project is jointly managed by a group of volunteers located around the world using the Internet and the Web to communicate plan and develop the server and its related documentation This project is part of the Apache Software Foundation In addition hundreds of users have contributed ideas code and documentation to the project 64 65 66 Apache 2 4 dropped support for BeOS TPF A UX NeXT and Tandem platforms 8 Security editThis section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Apache like other server software can be hacked and exploited The main Apache attack tool is Slowloris which exploits a bug in Apache software 67 It creates many sockets and keeps each of them alive and busy by sending several bytes known as keep alive headers to let the server know that the computer is still connected and not experiencing network problems The Apache developers have addressed Slowloris with several modules to limit the damage caused the Apache modules mod limitipconn mod qos mod evasive mod security mod noloris and mod antiloris have all been suggested as means of reducing the likelihood of a successful Slowloris attack 68 69 Since Apache 2 2 15 Apache ships the module mod reqtimeout as the official solution supported by the developers 70 See also edit nbsp Free and open source software portal htaccess htpasswd ApacheBench Comparison of web server software IBM HTTP Server LAMP software bundle XAMPP List of Apache modules List of free and open source software packages POSSE project suEXEC Apache Tomcat another web server developed by the Apache Software FoundationReferences edit About the Apache HTTP Server Project Apache Software Foundation Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 Retrieved 2008 06 25 Apache HTTP Server 2 4 59 Released 4 April 2024 Retrieved 5 April 2024 Apache Software Foundation Index Projects by Programming Language Index Archived from the original on 2016 03 02 Retrieved 2016 02 27 Compiling and Installing httpd apache org The Apache Software Foundation Archived from the original on 7 May 2016 Retrieved 9 May 2016 OS Linux Distributions using Apache secure1 securityspace com Archived from the original on 2018 09 18 Retrieved 2018 09 17 Platform Specific Notes Apache HTTP Server Version 2 4 httpd apache org Archived from the original on 2019 01 22 Retrieved 2019 01 21 Secure Web Server vmssoftware com Archived from the original on 2020 10 22 Retrieved 2020 10 20 a b Upgrading to 2 4 from 2 2 Archived from the original on 2021 05 10 Retrieved 2021 05 12 Platform support has been removed for BeOS TPF and even older platforms such as A UX Next and Tandem These were believed to be broken anyway The Apache EBCDIC Port Apache HTTP Server Version 2 4 httpd apache org Archived from the original on 2019 02 27 Retrieved 2019 08 16 About the Apache HTTP Server Project The Apache HTTP Server Project httpd apache org Retrieved 2024 02 08 Netcraft Market Share Archived 2010 05 20 at the Wayback Machine for Top Servers Across All Domains August 1995 today monthly updated February 2009 Web Server Survey Netcraft 18 February 2009 Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 Retrieved 2009 03 29 March 2022 Web Server Survey Netcraft News 29 March 2022 Archived from the original on 2022 05 28 Retrieved 2022 06 18 Usage Statistics of Web Servers w3techs com Archived from the original on 2023 07 25 Retrieved 2022 06 18 Apache Foundation www apache org Archived from the original on 13 December 2021 Retrieved 22 August 2018 Trillions and Trillions Served documentary feature on The Apache Software Foundation TheApacheFoundation Youtube 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 11 22 A Foundation of Trust Building a Blockchain Future Brian Behlendorf Long Now Foundation YouTube 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Server Tutorial htaccess files Apache org Archived from the original on 2016 02 25 Retrieved 2016 02 19 mod proxy Apache org Archived from the original on 2018 07 29 Retrieved 2016 02 19 mod proxy balancer Apache org Archived from the original on 2016 02 13 Retrieved 2016 02 19 Balancer Manager Apache org Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2016 02 19 Authentication and Authorization Apache org Archived from the original on 2018 01 31 Retrieved 2016 02 19 mod rewrite Apache org Archived from the original on 2016 02 13 Retrieved 2016 02 19 mod headers Apache org Archived from the original on 2016 02 21 Retrieved 2016 02 19 mod sed Apache org Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2016 02 19 mod substitute Apache org Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2016 02 19 Apache httpd Tutorial Introduction to Server Side Includes Apache org Archived from the original on 2016 02 18 Retrieved 2016 02 19 mod usertrack Apache org Archived from the original on 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org Archived from the original on 2020 08 21 Retrieved 2019 04 03 ANNOUNCEMENT Apache HTTP Server 2 4 1 Released 2012 02 21 Archived from the original on 2021 02 12 Retrieved 2015 07 17 Apache HTTP Server 2 4 59 Released apache org Archived from the original on 2017 10 25 Retrieved 2017 10 25 Documentation Group About the Apache HTTP Server Project The Apache HTTP Server Project apache org Archived from the original on 2008 06 07 Retrieved 2021 05 12 The Apache HTTP Server Open Source Project on Ohloh n d Ohloh the open source network Retrieved November 12 2012 Archived from the original on March 9 2012 Retrieved February 8 2012 Chapter 4 The Apache HTTP Server fedoraproject org Archived from the original on 2012 11 25 Retrieved 2012 12 03 Zdrnja Bojan 21 June 2009 Apache HTTP DoS tool mitigation SANS Institute Archived from the original on 12 November 2021 Retrieved 12 November 2021 Slowloris HTTP DoS Archived from the original on 26 April 2015 Retrieved 26 June 2009 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link mod noloris defending against DoS niq s soapbox July 2009 Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 Retrieved 7 January 2012 mod reqtimeout Apache org Archived from the original on 2013 07 03 Retrieved 2013 07 03 External links edit nbsp Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Apache Official website nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Apache HTTP Server amp oldid 1223622069, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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