In 1845, amateur geologists William Guybon Atherstone and Andrew Geddes Bain discovered several fossils near Dassieklip, Cape Province, in the Bushman's River Valley.[2][3] This was the first dinosaur find in Africa and in the Southern Hemisphere.[4] In 1849 and 1853, Bain sent some of the fossils to palaeontologistRichard Owen for identification. Among them was an upper jaw Bain referred to as the "Cape Iguanodon", so the site was named "Iguanodonhoek". Atherstone published a short paper about the discovery in 1857,[2] but lamented in 1871 that it had thus far received no attention in London.[3][5] In 1876 Owen named a series of specimens from the collection Anthodon serrarius, basing the generic name on the resemblance of the teeth to a flower.[3][6] The partial holotype skull BMNH 47337, the left jaw BMNH 47338, the matrix BMNH 47338 including bone fragments and impressions of the anterior skull, and the vertebrae BMNH 47337a were all assigned to Anthodon.[7] In 1882, Othniel Charles Marsh assigned Anthodon to Stegosauridae based on BMNH 47338, and in 1890, Richard Lydekker found that although Anthodon was a pareiasaur, its teeth were similar to those of the Stegosauridae.[7] Lydekker in 1890 also corrected a mistake of Owen, who had incorrectly summarised all the material as coming from a single locality, whereas there was separate material from two clearly distinct localities.[3]
Pareiasaurus parvus (Haughton, 1913) and Propappus parvus (Haughton, 1913) were also synonymised with Anthodon serrarius.[10] The holotype of both species was SAM 2351, a pelvis discovered near Dunedin, Western Cape, South Africa.[11]
Descriptionedit
Anthodon combines the primitive feature of interpterygoid fenestrae with an advanced feature of turtle-like armor. It was about 1.2 to 1.5 meters (3.9 to 4.9 ft) in length, and weighed around 80 to 100 kg (180 to 220 lb). Small dermal ossicles covered the body, while the pattern of armor plates on the back reminiscent of a turtle shell. The tail was further shortened relative to less derived forms. Some other forms are characterized by having smooth skulls and armor on the dorsal midline.[6]
Skulledit
The skull was small, and the cheekbones unornamented as in other pareiasaurs.[12] The skull is 30 cm in length and quite lightly built. The cheekbones form very large quadratojugal "horns" that extend downwards to a great degree, but with a smooth unornamented surface. The mandible has ventral protrusions (further "horns"). The postparietals are fused and, along with the tabulars, located on the skull roof, as in more primitive diadectomorphs. There are 11 to 14 pairs of overlapping teeth, of small and uniform size, each with 8 to 15 cusps, giving them, as with all pareiasaurs, a leaf-like or flower like appearance, hence the generic name "flower tooth".[6]
Referencesedit
^ abOwen, Richard (1876). Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 14–15, 71. hdl:2027/nyp.33433090912332.
^ abAtherstone, W.G. (1857). "Geology of Uitenhage". The Eastern Province Monthly Magazine. 1 (10): 518–532.
^ abcdde Klerk, W.J. (2000). "South Africa's first dinosaur revisited – history of the discovery of the stegosaur Paranthodon africanus (Broom)". Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums. 1: 54–60. ISSN 1562-5273. from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^Durand, J.F. (2005). "Major African contributions to Palaeozoic and Mesozoic vertebrate palaeontology". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 43 (2005): 71. Bibcode:2005JAfES..43...53D. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.07.014.
^Atherstone, W.G. (1871). "From Graham's Town to the Gouph". Selected articles from the Cape Monthly Magazine (New Series 1870–76). Cape Town: Van Riebeeck Society.
^ abcOwen, R. (1876). "Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the collection of the British Museum". Order of the Trustees: 14–15.
^ abGalton, P.M.; Coombs, W.P. Jr. (1981). "Paranthodon africanus (broom) a stegosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of South Africa". Geobios. 14 (3): 299–309. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(81)80177-5.
^Creisler, Ben (2003-07-07). . DOL Dinosaur Omnipedia. Dinosauria On-Line. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
^Haughton, S. H. (1932). On a collection of Karroo vertebrates from Tanganyika Territory. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 88(4):634–671
^ abLee, M. S. Y. (1997). A taxonomic revision of pareiasaurian reptiles: implications for Permian terrestrial paleoecology. Modern Geology 21:231–298
^S. H. Haughton. (1913). On a new species of Propappus. Annals of the South African Museum 12:43–45
^Kazlev, M. Alan (2005-07-05). . Kheper. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
anthodon, reptile, anthodon, meaning, flower, tooth, extinct, genus, pareiasaur, parareptile, from, permian, period, south, africa, tanzania, anthodontemporal, range, changhsingian, preꞒ, drawing, bmnh, 47337, griesbach, 1876, scientific, classification, domai. Anthodon meaning flower tooth is an extinct genus of pareiasaur parareptile from the Permian period of South Africa and Tanzania AnthodonTemporal range Changhsingian 254 252 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Drawing of BMNH 47337 by Griesbach 1876 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Clade Parareptilia Order Procolophonomorpha Clade Pareiasauria Clade Pumiliopareiasauria Genus AnthodonOwen 1876 1 Type species Anthodon serrariusOwen 1876 1 Other species A minisculus Haughton 1932 Synonyms Pareiasaurus parvusHaughton 1913 Propappus parvusHaughton 1913 Contents 1 History 2 Description 2 1 Skull 3 References 4 External linksHistory edit nbsp A cast of BMNH 47337 at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History 2023 In 1845 amateur geologists William Guybon Atherstone and Andrew Geddes Bain discovered several fossils near Dassieklip Cape Province in the Bushman s River Valley 2 3 This was the first dinosaur find in Africa and in the Southern Hemisphere 4 In 1849 and 1853 Bain sent some of the fossils to palaeontologist Richard Owen for identification Among them was an upper jaw Bain referred to as the Cape Iguanodon so the site was named Iguanodonhoek Atherstone published a short paper about the discovery in 1857 2 but lamented in 1871 that it had thus far received no attention in London 3 5 In 1876 Owen named a series of specimens from the collection Anthodon serrarius basing the generic name on the resemblance of the teeth to a flower 3 6 The partial holotype skull BMNH 47337 the left jaw BMNH 47338 the matrix BMNH 47338 including bone fragments and impressions of the anterior skull and the vertebrae BMNH 47337a were all assigned to Anthodon 7 In 1882 Othniel Charles Marsh assigned Anthodon to Stegosauridae based on BMNH 47338 and in 1890 Richard Lydekker found that although Anthodon was a pareiasaur its teeth were similar to those of the Stegosauridae 7 Lydekker in 1890 also corrected a mistake of Owen who had incorrectly summarised all the material as coming from a single locality whereas there was separate material from two clearly distinct localities 3 Richard Owen who described Anthodon thought it was a dinosaur because dinosaurian skull material from the Early Cretaceous had become associated with the Permian material The dinosaur material was later separated out by Robert Broom in 1912 and was renamed as the stegosaurid Paranthodon by Franz Nopcsa in 1929 8 A possible second species A minusculus was named by Sidney Haughton in 1932 based on remains found in the Cistecephalus other zone of the Usili Formation in Tanzania 9 Later authors have suggested that A minusculus may have been the same animal as A serratus 10 Pareiasaurus parvus Haughton 1913 and Propappus parvus Haughton 1913 were also synonymised with Anthodon serrarius 10 The holotype of both species was SAM 2351 a pelvis discovered near Dunedin Western Cape South Africa 11 Description editAnthodon combines the primitive feature of interpterygoid fenestrae with an advanced feature of turtle like armor It was about 1 2 to 1 5 meters 3 9 to 4 9 ft in length and weighed around 80 to 100 kg 180 to 220 lb Small dermal ossicles covered the body while the pattern of armor plates on the back reminiscent of a turtle shell The tail was further shortened relative to less derived forms Some other forms are characterized by having smooth skulls and armor on the dorsal midline 6 Skull edit The skull was small and the cheekbones unornamented as in other pareiasaurs 12 The skull is 30 cm in length and quite lightly built The cheekbones form very large quadratojugal horns that extend downwards to a great degree but with a smooth unornamented surface The mandible has ventral protrusions further horns The postparietals are fused and along with the tabulars located on the skull roof as in more primitive diadectomorphs There are 11 to 14 pairs of overlapping teeth of small and uniform size each with 8 to 15 cusps giving them as with all pareiasaurs a leaf like or flower like appearance hence the generic name flower tooth 6 References edit a b Owen Richard 1876 Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum London Taylor and Francis pp 14 15 71 hdl 2027 nyp 33433090912332 a b Atherstone W G 1857 Geology of Uitenhage The Eastern Province Monthly Magazine 1 10 518 532 a b c d de Klerk W J 2000 South Africa s first dinosaur revisited history of the discovery of the stegosaur Paranthodon africanus Broom Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 1 54 60 ISSN 1562 5273 Archived from the original on 31 January 2019 Retrieved 31 January 2019 Durand J F 2005 Major African contributions to Palaeozoic and Mesozoic vertebrate palaeontology Journal of African Earth Sciences 43 2005 71 Bibcode 2005JAfES 43 53D doi 10 1016 j jafrearsci 2005 07 014 Atherstone W G 1871 From Graham s Town to the Gouph Selected articles from the Cape Monthly Magazine New Series 1870 76 Cape Town Van Riebeeck Society a b c Owen R 1876 Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the collection of the British Museum Order of the Trustees 14 15 a b Galton P M Coombs W P Jr 1981 Paranthodon africanus broom a stegosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of South Africa Geobios 14 3 299 309 doi 10 1016 S0016 6995 81 80177 5 Creisler Ben 2003 07 07 Dinosauria Translation and Pronunciation Guide P DOL Dinosaur Omnipedia Dinosauria On Line Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 10 09 Haughton S H 1932 On a collection of Karroo vertebrates from Tanganyika Territory Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 88 4 634 671 a b Lee M S Y 1997 A taxonomic revision of pareiasaurian reptiles implications for Permian terrestrial paleoecology Modern Geology 21 231 298 S H Haughton 1913 On a new species of Propappus Annals of the South African Museum 12 43 45 Kazlev M Alan 2005 07 05 Pareiasauridae Kheper Archived from the original on 2007 03 13 Retrieved 2007 10 09 External links editElginiidae and Pumiliopareiasauria at Palaeos nbsp Paleontology portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anthodon reptile amp oldid 1215588149, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
